Alappuzha

Coordinates: 9°29′N 76°20′E / 9.49°N 76.33°E / 9.49; 76.33
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alappuzha
Alleppey
UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
688001
Telephone code0477
Vehicle registration
  • KL
    -04 Alappuzha,
  • KL-29 Kayamkulam
  • KL-30 Chengannur
  • KL-31 Mavelikkara
  • KL-32 Cherthala
  • KL-66 Kuttanad
Sex ratio1079 /
Websitealappuzha.gov.in

Alappuzha or Alleppey (Malayalam:

Backwaters of Alappuzha are one of the most popular tourist attractions in India which attracts millions of domestic and international tourists.[3]

Alleppey is a city and a municipality in Kerala with an urban population of 174,164[4] and ranks third among the districts in literacy rate in the state. In 2016, the Centre for Science and Environment rated Alappuzha as the cleanest town in India.[5] Alappuzha is considered to be the oldest planned city in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the city is the first of its kind along the Laccadive Sea coast.[6]

The city is 55 km from

Venice of the East."[8]
Hence, it is known as the "Venetian Capital" of Kerala.

It is an important tourist destination in India.

Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, on the second Saturday of August every year. This is amongst the most popular and competitive boat races in India.[10]

Alappuzha was home to the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising against the Separate American Model independent Travancore proposal and also the revolt against the Feudal raj. Over 200 Communist party members were killed by the army of the Diwan at Punnapra.[11] Coir is the most important commodity manufactured in Alappuzha.[12] The Coir Board was established by the Central Government under the provisions of the Coir Industry Act, 1955. A Central Coir Research Institute is located at Kalavoor.[13]

Etymology

Carved out of the erstwhile

The name Ᾱlappuzha is a toponym. ‘Ᾱlayam’ means ‘home’ and ‘puzha’, according to Dr. Herman Gundert's dictionary, means ‘watercourse’ or ‘river’. The name refers to the network of waterways and backwaters in Alappuzha and its surrounding areas. The district is bounded on the north by

Karunagappally taluks of Kollam district and on the west by Laccadive Sea.[15]

The present Alappuzha district comprises six taluks, namely Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Karthikappally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara.[16] The area of the district is 1,414 km2 (546 sq mi). Its headquarters is located at Alappuzha.

History

Stone Bridge in 1900.
Walkway in Commercial Canal

Kuttanad, the

Sangam age.[17]

Literary works such as Unnuneeli Sandesam give some insight into the ancient period of this district. Archaeological antiquities, such as the stone inscriptions, historical monuments found in the temples, churches, and rock-cut caves, also emphasise the historic importance of Alappuzha District.

Christianity had a foothold in this district, even from the 1st century AD. The church located at

Cranganore or Kodungallur, in 52 AD and preached Christianity in South India
.

The district flourished in religion and culture under the second Chera Empire, during 9th to 12th centuries AD. The literary work, `Ascharya Choodamani`, a Sanskrit drama written by

P. Unni Krishnan on Lord Ayyappa, titled 'Sabarimalai Va Charanam Solli Va', has songs illustrating the history of this temple and Lord Ayyappa's stay here before he went to conquer the Mahishi Demon.[18]

Since landing in Calicut in 1498, the Portuguese started playing an influential role in Alappuzha. They began by spreading Catholicism and converting already existing Christians into Catholics. St Andrew's Basilica was built during this period.[19]

In the 17th century, as the Portuguese power declined, the Dutch gained a predominant position in the principalities of this district. They built many factories and warehouses for storing pepper and ginger, relying on several treaties signed between the Dutch and the Rajas of Purakkad, Kayamkulam and Karappuram. In course of time they also delved into the political and cultural affairs of the district. At that time Maharaja Marthanda Varma (1706–1758), who was the 'Maker of modern Travancore', intervened in the political affairs of those princedoms.

Travancore Dewan Ramayyan Dalawa (d. 1756) resided in Mavelikkara where he had a palace built by Marthanda Varma. After the death of his wife, Ramayyan consorted with a Nair lady from Mavelikkara of the Edassery family (PGN Unnithan, a member of this family, later became the last Dewan of Travancore in 1947). After his death Ramayyan's descendants left Travancore to settle in Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu. His Nair consort was given gifts and presents and special allowances from the Travancore government in recognition of his services to the state while his own descendants were bestowed with the honorific title of Dalawa.

In the 19th century the district saw progress in many spheres. One of the five subordinate courts opened in the state in connection with the reorganization of the judicial system by Colonel George Monro was located at Mavelikkara. The first post office and first telegraph office in the former Travancore state were established in this district. The first manufacturing factory for the coir mats was established in 1859. In 1894 the city Improvement Committee was set up.

The district played a role in the freedom struggle of the country. The struggles of Punnapra and Vayalar in 1946 arrayed the people against Sir

Cochin states were integrated on 1 July 1949. This arrangement continued until the formation of Kerala State on 1 November 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act 1956
. The district came into existence as a separate administrative unit on 1 August 1957.

Raja Kesavadas and Alappuzha

Raja Kesavadas, the Dewan of Travancore during the reign of Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma in 18th century was well known for his planning skills and administrative acumen. He was the master mind in developing the Alappuzha town.[20]

He found Alappuzha as an ideal location and constructing a well planned port city in Travancore. Alappuzha was most suitable, because of the geographical and oceanic reasons. He constructed two parallel canals for bringing goods to port from backwaters and offered infrastructural facilities to merchants and traders from Surat, Mumbai and Kutch to start industrial enterprises, trading, and cargo centres. Alappuzha attained progress and became the financial nerve centre of Travancore during his time.[21] The port was opened in 1762, mainly for the export of coir-matting and coir-yarn. Kesavadas built three ships for trade with Calcutta and Bombay, and alleppey afforded a convenient depot for the storage and disposal of goods produce in the east.[22]

Geography

Vembanad Lake

Alappuzha is located at 9°32′N 76°24′E / 9.54°N 76.40°E / 9.54; 76.40.[23] The average elevation is 1 metre (3.3 ft)[24] Alappuzha covers an area of 1,414 square kilometres (546 sq mi) and is flanked by 2,195 square kilometres (847 sq mi) of

National Waterway 3.[25]

The district is a sandy strip of land intercepted by lagoons, rivers and canals. There are no mountains or hills in the district except some scattered hillocks lying between Bharanikkavu and Chengannur blocks in the eastern portion of the district. There are no forest area in this district.

Alappuzha is bounded by the Laccadive Sea on its west. The town has a network of lakes, lagoons and

prawns on the Alappuzha coast called ‘[Chakara]’. This annual shifting of sandbank appears during the post-monsoon period and contributes to the local economy and is a festive season for the people of Kerala. The annual floods rejuvenate and cleanse the soil and water due to which there is abundance of marine life like prawns, lobsters, fishes, turtles and other flora
in the sea.

The

common teal, ducks and cormorants every year who reach here from long distances. A major feature of the area is the region called Kuttanad, the 'granary of Kerala'. Kuttanad is also known as the rice bowl of Kerala and is one of the few places in the world where farming is done below sea level. The paddy fields lie about 0.6 to 2 m below mean sea level.[17]

Climate

Owing to its proximity to the sea, the climate of Alappuzha is humid and hot during the summer, although it remains fairly cool and pleasant during the months of October and November. The average monthly temperature is 27 degree Celsius. The district gets the benefit of two seasonal monsoons, as in other parts of the state. Alappuzha town experiences a long monsoon season with heavy showers as both the

Northeast monsoon influences the weather of Alappuzha. The South-west monsoon affects the climate in the months from June to September. On the other hand, the North-east monsoon brings rain from October to November. The average rainfall received by the region is 2763 mm.[26]

Climate data for Alappuzha (1981–2010, extremes 1944–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.7
(98.1)
37.4
(99.3)
37.9
(100.2)
38.2
(100.8)
36.7
(98.1)
37.2
(99.0)
34.0
(93.2)
34.2
(93.6)
34.8
(94.6)
35.6
(96.1)
35.4
(95.7)
36.6
(97.9)
38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.6
(90.7)
32.8
(91.0)
33.5
(92.3)
33.5
(92.3)
32.7
(90.9)
30.3
(86.5)
29.2
(84.6)
29.2
(84.6)
30.1
(86.2)
31.2
(88.2)
31.8
(89.2)
32.5
(90.5)
31.6
(88.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3)
23.5
(74.3)
24.9
(76.8)
25.5
(77.9)
25.3
(77.5)
23.8
(74.8)
23.2
(73.8)
23.4
(74.1)
23.8
(74.8)
23.8
(74.8)
23.6
(74.5)
22.7
(72.9)
23.8
(74.8)
Record low °C (°F) 17.3
(63.1)
18.7
(65.7)
18.8
(65.8)
19.2
(66.6)
20.0
(68.0)
19.5
(67.1)
19.9
(67.8)
19.4
(66.9)
20.4
(68.7)
19.3
(66.7)
20.0
(68.0)
17.8
(64.0)
17.3
(63.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 19.2
(0.76)
41.1
(1.62)
54.8
(2.16)
136.1
(5.36)
260.3
(10.25)
613.0
(24.13)
481.2
(18.94)
343.9
(13.54)
301.5
(11.87)
342.5
(13.48)
194.5
(7.66)
38.0
(1.50)
2,826.1
(111.26)
Average rainy days 1.1 1.9 3.2 6.7 11.2 21.9 21.1 17.1 13.3 14.1 8.9 2.4 122.9
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
68 70 73 75 78 86 87 87 83 81 77 69 78
Source: India Meteorological Department[27][28]

Demographics

Religion in Alappuzha City (2011)
Percent
Hinduism
49.85%
Christianity
26.23%
Islam
23.62%
Others
0.30%
Jain Temple, Alappuzha

According to the 2011 census, Alappuzha Municipality+Outgrowths had a population of 240,991 with 116,439 men and 124,552 women. The City spreads over Alappuzha municipality and the outgrowths of

literacy rate of Alappuzha city stands at 95.81% with 209,201 literates where 101,927 are males (97.3%) and 107,274 are females (94.43%). Alappuzha had a sex ratio of 1070.[30]

The population is predominantly Hindus, and there are sizeable numbers of Christians and Muslims. The most widely spoken language is Malayalam, although many people speak Konkani.

The standard dialect of Malayalam spoken is Central Travancore dialect.

Kodungalloor, and Kollam. A majority of these people got settled in Alappuzha.[32][33][34]

Economy

A Houseboat in Alleppey

The economy of the district is based on agriculture and marine products. The agricultural activities predominantly revolve around the

toddy tapping have been active from the very early times. The district is known as the traditional home of coir industry in Kerala.[35]

Alappuzha has extensive backwaters used for transportation and tourism purposes too.

The availability of raw materials and the existence of backwaters and canals suitable for the getting of green husk and accessibility of transportation are the main factors of the development of this industry. Arabs had carried on trade in coir products from very ancient period. The manufacture of mats and mattings were first introduced in 1859 by James Durragh.[36]

The Coir Board was established by the Central Government under the provisions of the Coir Industry Act in 1955.[37] A coir research institute functions at Kalavoor.[38] The National Coir Training and Designing Centre was established at Alappuzha in 1965.

Coir is the most important commodity manufactured in Alappuzha, Kayamkulam, Kokkothamangalam, Komalapuram, Mannancherry, Muhamma and Vayalar.[39] Coir products are available in Cherthala and Mannancherry, lime shell in Arookutty and Kodamthuruth, plywood in Chengannur, Keltron controls in Aroor,[40] potassium chloride in Mavelikkara, and coconuts and coconut oil in Thanneermukkom. Other important commodities manufactured in these towns are copra, glass, mats and matches.[41]

In recent times, tourism has become a major source of revenue. This is mainly due to the presence of

Wayanad. Furthermore, as per the Tourist Statistics by Kerala Tourism, there is a 74.55% increase in tourists arriving in Alleppey between 2021 and 2020 while the average for the entire state stands at 51.09%.[42]

Backwater paddy cultivation

Paddy fields in Kuttanad

The major occupation in Alappuzha is farming. The Rice Bowl of Kerala, Kuttanadu is located in Alappuzha. Large farming areas near

Vembanad Lake
or from the periphery of river Pamba. These reclamations constituted small areas of paddy fields called Padsekharam. The bailing out of water from those fields were done manually using water wheels (Chakram). Gradually the manual method used for bailing out of water gave way to steam engines.

Three stages can be identified in the reclamation of lands from the Vembanad Lake. In the first stage it was carried out by private entrepreneurs without any financial support from the part of the government. The Pattom Proclamation, made by the Travancore Kingdom in the year 1865, gave a great boost to the reclamation activities between 1865 and 1890. During this period de-watering of the polders were done manually, using waterwheels, restricting large-scale reclamations. Only about 250 hectares of land were reclaimed during this period. Venadu Lake and Madathil Lake that were reclaimed during this period are considered as the first Kayal Nilam (lake-reclaimed land) which were reclaimed from Vembanad Lake.[43] The pioneering reclamation activity of lake-reclamation and cultivation was made by Pallithanam Luca Matthai.[44] The period between 1865 and 1890 is usually considered as the first phase of lake-cultivation.

The introduction of kerosene engines for dewatering resulted in the reclamation of wider areas of the lake for cultivation. It made the farmers consider venturing into the deeper parts of the lake. During the period between 1898 and 1903, reclamation activity was led by Pallithanam Luca Mathai (alias Pallithanathu Mathaichen) who reclaimed the Cherukara and Pallithanam Moovayiram kayals.

The second phase (1890 to 1903) of reclamation activities came to a halt because of the ban on lake reclamation imposed by the Madras Government in 1903. Cherukali Kayal, Rama Rajapuram Kayal, Aarupanku Kayal, Pantharndu Panku Kayal, and Mathi Kayal were the other major reclamations during this period.

In 1912, the Madras Government approved a proposal from the Travencore Government for further reclamations in three stages. Under this reclamation scheme areas were notified for reclamation in blocks each named by an alphabet letter. Out of the total area of 19,500 acres of reclaimed land 12,000 acres were reclaimed between 1913 and 1920. The reclamations between 1914 and 1920 are known as new reclamations, which were carried out in three periods. In the first period Blocks A to G measuring 6300 Acres were reclaimed. C Block, D Block (Attumukham Aarayiram (Attumuttu Kayal), Thekke Aarayiram and Vadakke Aarayiram) and E Block (Erupathinalayiram Kayal) F Block (Judge's Aarayiram Kayal) and G Block (Kochu Kayal) are the major reclamations during this period. During the second period of new reclamation, blocks H to N measuring 3600 acres were reclaimed. During the third period of new reclamation, R Block measuring 1,400 acres were reclaimed.

Due to the steep decline in the price of rice during 1920 to 1940, the reclamation activities became sluggish, but they gained momentum again in the early 1940s. During this period, in order to increase the agricultural output, government initiated a Grow More Food campaign and provided incentives to encourage new reclamations. The advent of electric motors made the reclamation easier, cheaper and less risky as compared to the earlier periods. The last tract of the reclamations namely Q, S and T block were made during this period.[45]

Transport

Road

National highways

Kalarkode. National Highway 66 connects Alappuzha city to other major cities like Mumbai, Udupi, Mangalore, Kannur, Kozhikode, Ernakulam, Kollam and Trivandrum. There is a plan to upgrade State Highway 11 to a national highway in order to help connect Alappuzha to Kodaikanal as part of promoting the coastal-hill tourism project.[46]

State highways

Alappuzha KSRTC bus station
State Highway 11

There are eight state highways in Alappuzha district, of which three of them originates from Alappuzha town. State Highway 11 starts from Kalarcode and ends at Perunna. This highway is locally known as AC road (Alappuzha-Changanassery road) and it covers a distance of 24.2 km. It is an important road which connects Alappuzha town with Kottayam district. Stateway High 40 is an interstate highway in Alappuzha district which connects Alappuzha town with Madurai in Tamil Nadu. It is the only interstate highway in Alappuzha district. State Highway 66 originates from Alappuzha town and terminates at Thoppumpady.[47]

There are two bus terminals are situated in Alappuzha town, one for KSRTC buses (situated near state water transport corporation headquarters, boat jetty road) and the V K soman memorial municipal bus stand for private buses and interstate bound contract carriage buses (situated near Vazhicherry). KSRTC buses connect Alappuzha with, among other places,

Trivandrum, and Thiruvalla. SETC and TNSTC ply many daily services to the city. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation have two daily services originating from Alappuzha.[citation needed
]

Water

The presence of a lot of backwaters and canals makes water transport a popular means of transport.

National Waterway-3 passes through Alappuzha. There is a SWTD boat jetty in the city that lies opposite to the KSRTC bus stand. It is served by boat services to Kottayam and Kollam cities besides other small towns and jetties. Availing an SWTD
boat is a cheaper alternative to houseboats for visiting tourists.

Public water transport organised by Kerala State Transport Agency for long-distance transport within the back waters of Kerala (India)

Rail

Tatanagar. There are a lot of local trains running throughout the day, which connect Alappuzha to other towns near by. Since Alappuzha is a prime destination, trains from important cities like Delhi, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mangalore, Kozhikode and Amritsar pass through this station.[49]

Air

Calicut (236 kilometres (147 mi)) and Coimbatore
(254 kilometres (158 mi)) airports. A helipad in the town is reserved for government uses.

Administration and politics

Alappuzha city officials
District Collector
John V Samuel IAS
Municipal chairperson (Mrs) jayamma [50]
SP & District Police Chief
Chaitra Teresa John IPS[51]
Alleppey Bar Association

The two administrative systems prevailing in the district are

Karthikapally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara taluks consisting of 44 villages. For census purposes, Aroor, Arookutty, Kodamthuruth, Thanneermukkom Vadakku, Thaneermukkam Thekku, Vayalar East and Kokkothamangalam village, except the portions included in Cherthala municipality are treated in the 1981 census as census towns based on the threefold criteria adopted for treating a place as census town.[citation needed
]

Under the local self-government system, the district is divided into five statutory towns and development blocks consisting of 71

panchayats. The jurisdiction of a Development Block includes the areas falling in census towns also.[52]

There were nine

Alappuzha assembly constituency is part of Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency). The other Lok Sabha constituency of the district is Mavelikkara.[54]

Parliament representatives
Name Lok-Sabha constituency Year Political party
P. K. Vasudevan Nair Alappuzha 1962–1977 Communist Party of India (as Ambalappuzha seat)
R.Achuthan Mavelikara 1962–1967 Indian National Congress
G.P. Mangalathumadom Mavelikara 1967–1971 Samyukta Socialist Party
R. Balakrishna Pillai Mavelikara 1971–1977 Kerala Congress
B.K. Nair Mavelikara 1977–1980 Indian National Congress
Suseela Gopalan Alappuzha 1980–1984 Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Prof. P.J. Kurien Mavelikara 1980–1984,1989-1998 Indian National Congress
Vakkom Purushotham Alappuzha 1984–1991 Indian National Congress
Thampan Thomas Mavelikara 1984–1989 Janata Party
T. J. Anjalose Alappuzha 1991–1996 Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Ramesh Chennithala Mavelikara 1999–2004 Indian National Congress
C.S. Sujatha Mavelikara 2004–2009 Communist Party of India (Marxist)
V.M Sudheeran Alappuzha 1977–1980, 1996–2004 Indian National Congress
Dr. K.S Manoj Alappuzha 2004–2009 Communist Party Of India (Marxist)
K.C Venugopal MP Alappuzha 2009- 2014 Indian National Congress
Kodikunnil Suresh MP Mavelikara 2009-2014 Indian National Congress
K.C Venugopal MP Alappuzha 2009- 2014 Indian National Congress
Kodikunnil Suresh MP Mavelikara 2009-2014 Indian National Congress
K.C Venugopal MP Alappuzha 2014- 2019 Indian National Congress
Kodikunnil Suresh MP Mavelikara 2014-2019 Indian National Congress
A. M. Ariff Alappuzha 2019- Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Kodikunnil Suresh MP Mavelikara 2019- Indian National Congress

Education

St. Joseph's College for Women, Alappuzha
Government T. D. Medical College, Alappuzha

There are schools, computer institutes and colleges all over the district, with nine training schools, 405 lower primary schools, 105 high schools and 87 higher secondary schools.[55]

The first school in Alappuzha, the

Cochin. The first polytechnic college in Alappuzha was the Carmel Polytechnic College, established by Fr. Gilbert Palaekunnel and it is managed by CMI Congregation. Carmel is the academically top-ranked polytechnic in the state still.[56]

College of Engineering and Management, Punnapra

Colleges in Alappuzha offer both

postgraduate courses for their students.[57]

Major college institutes

Religious buildings and shrines

Mar Sleeva Forane Church

Hindu temples in Alappuzha (Alleppey)

Christian churches in Alappuzha (Alleppey)

Muslim mosques in Alappuzha (Alleppey)

  • Makidusha Jumah Masjid Alappy
  • Kizhake Masthan Jumah Masjid
  • Padinjaare Jumah Masjid
  • Thekke Jumah Masjid
  • Kadhar Ali Bava Thykaav Dargah
  • Purakkad Mosque Dargah
  • Zilla Court Jumah Makidusha
  • Kakkazhom Jumah Masjid

Sports

The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is a popular sport held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha

Alappuzha is globally famous for snake boat races, especially the Nehru Trophy Boat Race held in the

KCA Cricket Stadium Alappuzha, which is an A-class cricket stadium.[75]
Another stadium named as EMS Stadium or municipal stadium is under construction as of 2021.

Notable people

Religion

Politics

  • UDF
    Ministry, former Indian Defence Minister
  • V. S. Achuthanandan - former chief minister of Kerala and one of the most senior communist politicians of India
  • Ramesh Chennithala - former Home Minister and Former Leader of the opposition of Kerala, current legislative assembly member of Haripad constituency.
  • Suseela Gopalan- Former Kerala Industries Minister and Communist Leader
  • land reforms
    in Kerala, Agriculture minister in Kerala UDF Ministry
  • Vayalar Ravi - former Home minister of Kerala in UDF Ministry, former Union Cabinet Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs
  • C. K. Chandrappan - communist leader and former Member of Parliament
  • S. Ramachandran Pillai - Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and General Secretary of All India Kisan Sabha (Peasants Union)
  • G. Sudhakaran - member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and former PWD minister of Kerala
  • P. Parameswaran - Director of Bharatheeya Vichara Kendram; philosopher

Cinema

Sport

See also

References

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