Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels
The Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels are subject of
Despite the similarities,
Overview
Albanian
Forming a separate branch of the
Tosk/Gheg differentiation leading to regular correspondences,[10] affect native words, Latin loans, and Classical Greek loans, but not Slavic loans, led researchers to the conclusion that the dialectal split preceded the
Eastern Romance
Balkan linguistic area
Albanian and Eastern Romance, along with
The existence of an
Literature
Johann Erich Thunmann, who published Theodore Kavalliotis' Greek–Aromanian–Albanian dictionary in 1774, was the first scholar to notice that Albanian and Aromanian share a number of elements of their vocabulary.[24] Gustav Meyer listed most common lexical elements of the two languages in his Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache ("Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language") in 1891.[24] The Romanian philologist Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu who studied the pre-Latin elements of the Romanian language came to the conclusion (in 1901) that the origin of the shared vocabulary was most probably to be searched in the earliest phase of the two peoples' ethnogenesis. Thereafter, a number of Romanian linguists—Alexandru Philippide, Alexandru Rosetti, Grigore Brâncuș and others—studied the similarities of Albanian and Romanian, especially in connection with their research on the origin of the Romanians. The Albanian linguist Eqrem Çabej was the first to emphasize the similar phonological and morphological elements of the two languages. He also drew attention to the similarities between Albanian and Romanian proverbs and the parallel development of the formation of sentences.
Common features
Phonology
A common feature between
Proto-Albanian | Vulgar Latin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Late Proto-Albanian | Balkan Proto-Romance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a > ə[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gheg Alb. | Tosk Alb. | Comm. Rom. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
-n- > -r-[27] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balk. Rom. without -n- > -r- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Tosk dialect of Albanian, spoken in Southern Albania, in particular is held to have experienced developments parallel to Common Romanian. These notably include the centralization of /a/ before nasals, rhotacism of intervocalic /n/ (regular in Tosk, limited to some varieties in Romanian : see lamina > lamura). It has been pointed out that /n/ rhotacism is present in other Romance languages such as Franco-Provençal, therefore this sound change is not necessarily a unique similarity between Albanian and Romanian.[28] But among Albanian and Eastern Romance languages, those common innovation are limited only to some of their language varieties.[27] Gheg Albanian apparently separated from the Proto-Albanian–Proto-Romanian contact zone before the rise of stressed ə < a.[3] Some Eastern Romance varieties that do not display the rhotacism r < n apparently separated from the Proto-Romanian–Tosk Albanian contact zone before the rise of this phonetic change, which occurred before the 7th century CE (i.e. before contacts with Slavic).[27][29] The interaction between Tosk and Romanian is held to have been the last stage of the crucial Albanian–Romanian period of convergence.[30] Some words of the shared Albanian–Romanian lexicon, such as vatrë/vatră (both pronounced /ˈvatrə/), in Romanian are clearly borrowed form the Tosk Albanian and not the Gheg Albanian form.[31]
Morphology
When comparing the morphological elements of the four core languages of the Balkan linguistic area, scholars have concluded that Albanian and Eastern Romance share most common features.[24] Albanian and Eastern Romance use postponed articles with proper names, while this feature is absent from Bulgarian and Macedonian.[24]
Lexicon
There are
Proposed explanations
Noel Malcolm argues the Albanian–Eastern Romance contact area was in the Kosovo region and adjacent areas, within the ancient Illyrian region of Dardania, where both Albanian and Eastern Romance speakers appear during the medieval period.[19] Dutch linguist Michiel de Vaan, although he does not reach to any definite conclusions, suggests the same thing.[37][38]
Montenegrin highlands had a well-established
Other scholars have differentiated different groups of Latin loans in Albanian representing different stages and historical scenarios. Albanian/Latin convergence began during the first century CE, with the dating of Latin loans used to differentiate between Early
See also
- Albania–Romania relations
- Aromanians in Albania
- Balkan sprachbund
- Eastern Romance languages
- History of Romanian
Notes
- ^ The map also depicts the "Jireček Line" (yellow), the Latin- and Greek-speaking territories (pink and blue areas, respectively), and the Albanians' supposed homeland (yellow areas).
References
- ISBN 978-9004290365.
- ^ Schramm 1997, pp. 312–313.
- ^ a b c Rusakov 2013, pp. 132, 138–143.
- ^ Demiraj & Esposito 2009, p. 22.
- ^ a b c Demiraj & Esposito 2009, p. 23.
- ^ Fortson 2004, p. 390.
- ISBN 9789027263179.
- ISSN 0563-5780.
- JSTOR jj.3508401.16.
- ^ Demiraj & Esposito 2009, p. 23: "In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin."
- ^ Fortson 2004, p. 392: "The dialectal split into Gheg and Tosk happened sometime after the region become Christianized in the fourth century AD; Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk murgu "monk" (Geg mungu) from Lat. monachus."
- ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show those changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD.
- ^ Hamp 1963, p. 98: "The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line."
- ^ a b c d e Augerot 2009, p. 901.
- ^ Friedman 2009, pp. 224–225.
- ^ Petrucci 1999, p. 4.
- ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
- ISBN 978-973-675-584-2.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b c Malcolm, Noel (1998). "Origins: Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs". Kosovo, A Short History. London: Macmillan. pp. 22–40. Retrieved 5 February 2022. (pp. 39–40).
- ^ Schramm, 'Fruhe Schicksale
- ^ a b c Thomason 2001, p. 105.
- ^ Thomason 2001, p. 108.
- ^ a b c Thomason 2001, p. 109.
- ^ a b c d Schütz 2002, p. 26.
- ^ Brâncuș, Grigore (2012). "Atlasul dialectal al limbii albaneze. Elemente comune cu româna" [The Dialectal Atlas of the Albanian Language. Common Elements with Romanian]. Diacronia.ro. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- JSTOR 44941881.
- ^ a b c Bednarczuk 2023, p. 43.
- ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
- ^ Vermeer 2008, p. 606.
- JSTOR 40997529.
- ^ Vermeer 2008, p. 606: "As is well known, the rise of Tosk as a recognizable dialec-tal unit involves two innovations that have parallels in early Romanian: Romanian centralized its *a in nasal contexts and part of the dialects under-went the development of intervocalic -n- to -r-. Romanian also famously borrowed vatër 'hearth' with patently Tosk va- and proceeded to spread it to wherever Vlachs expanded subsequently. The shared Tosk-Romanian innovations obviously constitute the final stage of the crucial and well-publicized period of Albanian-Romanian convergence. Since these inno-vations are found either not at all or only marginally in the Slavic loans into Romanian and Albanian, it follows that the rise of Tosk preceded both the expansion of Romanian and the influx of Slavic Ioans."
- ^ ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
- ^ Schramm 1997, p. 312.
- ^ Sala 2005, p. 79.
- OCLC 186020548.
- ^ Hamp, Eric P. (1977). "Strunga". Balkansko Ezikoznanie: Linguistique Balkanique. 20–22: 113–118.
- ^ Old Albanian
- ^ Introduction to Albanian
- ^ Sufflay, Srbi i Arbanasi, p. 75
- ^ Radusinovic, Stanovnistvo, p. 31
- ^ Sufflay, Serbs and Albanians
- ^ Jirecek, 'Albanien', p. 69
- ^ Sufflay, 'Povijest', p. 227
- ISBN 90-04-11647-8.
We reconstruct it in two forms: Early Proto-Albanian—immediately before the beginning of linguistic contacts with speakers of Latin/Proto-Romance (1st century CE), and Late Proto-Albanian—following the contacts with Proto-Romance and ancient Slavic dialects still close to Proto-Slavic (6th–7th centuries CE).
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5846-6.
Bibliography
- Augerot, J. (2009). "Romanian". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. pp. 900–904. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7.
- ISSN 0080-3588.
- Demiraj, B.; Esposito, A. (2009). "Albanian". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7.
- Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-0315-2.
- Friedman, Victor A. (2009). "The Diffusion of Macedonian Inflections into Megleno-romanian: a reconsideration of the evidence" (PDF). In Franks, Steven; Chidambaram, Vrinda; Joseph, Brian (eds.). A Linguist's Linguist: Studies in South Slavic Linguistics in Honor of E. Wayles Browne. Slavica. pp. 223–233. ISBN 978-0-89357-364-5.
- Hamp, Eric P. (1963). "The Position of Albanian". University of California.
- Isac, Daniela (2024). Definiteness in Balkan Romance. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198865704.
- Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-599-0.
- Prendergast, Eric (2017). The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area (Ph.D). UC Berkeley.
- Rusakov, Alexander (2013). "Некоторые изоглоссы на албанской диалектной карте (К вопросу о возникновении и распространении балканизмов албанского языка)" [Some isoglosses on the Albanian dialectal map (On the issue of the emergence and spread of Balkanisms of the Albanian language)]. Исследования по типологии славянских, балтийских и балканских языков (преимущественно в свете языковых контактов) [Studies in the Typology of Slavic, Baltic and Balkan Languages (with primary reference to language contact)] (in Russian). Aletheia. pp. 113–174.
- Sala, Marius (2005). From Latin to Romanian: The Historical Development of Romanian in a Comparative Romance Context. University, Mississippi. ISBN 1-889441-12-0.
- Schramm, Gottfried (1997). Ein Damm bricht. Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5-7. Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter [A Dam Breaks: The Roman Danube frontier and the Invasions of the 5th–7th Centuries in the Light of Names and Words] (in German). R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 978-3-486-56262-0.
- Schütz, István (2002). Fehér foltok a Balkánon: Bevezetés az albanológiába és a balkanisztikába [Black Spots on in the Balkans: An Introduction to Albanology and Balkan Studies]. Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 9635064721.
- Thomason, Sarah Grey (2001). Language Contact. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0719-8.
Further reading
- George, Caragata (1939). "On the Albanian-Romanian language relations". Hylli i Dritës. XVI (3–7).
- Kastrati, Suela (2012). "On the history of the Albanian language and its relations with other languages" (PDF). Science and Technologies. 2 (7): 6–7. ISSN 1314-4111.