Culture of Albania

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Albanian culture
)

Albanian women dressed in traditional costumes at the Sofra Dardane festival in Bajram Curri
National History Museum in Krujë
This article is part of a series in
Culture of
Albania
History
People
Language
Tradition
Religion and folklore
Art
Cuisine
Festivals
  • Flag Day
  • Summer Day
Literature
Media
Sport
Symbols
 Albania  • icon Society portal

Albanian culture or the culture of Albanians (

Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans
.

The name 'Albanian' derived from the

endonym Shqiptarë or Shqyptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëresh.[6][7][8][9]
The terms Shqipëria and Shqiptarë are popularly interpreted respectively as the "Land of Eagles" and "Children of Eagles" / "Eagle-Men".

Medieval Latin name of the country called by its inhabitants Shqipëri (literally "land of eagles", from shqiponje "eagle") is also believed to come from Medieval Greek 'Albania', possibly stemming from a pre-IE word *alb "hill" (also proposed as the source of Alps) or from the PIE root *albho- "white".[10]

Therefore, the lands of the Albanians might be named after the hills or mountains, or white snow-peaked mountains.

Another connection between the etymology of 'Albanian' and the word "white" might be found in 'alb', one of the liturgical vestments of the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian/ Reformed and Congregational churches, an ample white garment coming down to the ankles and is usually girdled with a cincture (a type of belt, sometimes of rope similar to the type used with a monastic habit, such as by Franciscans and Capuchins), from the Latin albus, meaning white. It is simply the long, white linen tunic used by the ancient Romans. As a simple derivative of ordinary first-century clothing, the alb was adopted very early by Christians, and especially by the clergy for the Eucharistic liturgy. In early Medieval Europe it was also normally worn by secular clergy in non-liturgical contexts. Nowadays, the alb is the common vestment for all ministers at Mass, both clerics and laypersons, and is worn over the cassock, but underneath any other special vestments, such as the stole, dalmatic or chasuble.[10]

The most dominant traditional Albanian folk costumes and dresses are indeed white with black vertical lines, same colors as the liturgical Christian vestment, the 'alb', which might be what the people whose traditional fold costumes resemble the 'alb' were named after.

In addition to the connotations to 'white' color in garments, costumes and dresses, the word 'white' is found in traditional Albanian phraseology (traditional phrases like "Fat bardhë", "faqe bardhë", "ardhshit të bardhë", etc. ) and Albanian oral traditions and mythology ("Bardha", figure of Albanian mythology similar to Zana, white maidens or spirits of the mist).

The word 'white', both in its figurative meanings and the white color in traditional Albanian costumess, dresses and clothing are certainly one of the recognisable element of traditional Albanian culture.

The double-headed eagle is the national and ethnic symbol of all Albanian-speaking people. The symbol appears in a stone carving dating from the tenth century as the Principality of Arbanon was established. It was also used as a heraldic symbol by a numerous noble families in Albania at that time. The double-headed eagle appears as a symbol for bravery, valor, freedom and heroism. The symbol is now commonly displayed on jewellery amongst the Albanian diaspora.

Greece (Arvanites, Chams), southwestern North Macedonia and southern Italy (Arbëreshë
). The diversity between Ghegs and Tosks can be substantial, both sides identify strongly with the common national and ethnic culture.

Home of

Albanian people. It is widely accepted, that Albanians are well known about those values, about a peaceful coexistence among the believers of different religious communities in the country.[14][15]

Thanks to its long history, Albania is home to many valuable monuments such as among others the remains of Butrint, the medieval cities of Berat and Gjirokastër, the Roman amphitheatre of Durrës, the Illyrian Tombs and Fortress of Bashtovë. Other examples of important contributions to architecture may be found in Apollonia, Byllis, Amantia, Phoenice, Shkodër and many others.[16]

Despite being a small country, Albania has

Memory of the World Register
in 2005.

Lifestyle

Kanun

Main article: Kanun
See also: Besa
The Kanun is still today applied by Ghegs in the north of Albania.

The Kanun, a comprehensive compilation of Albanian traditional customs and cultural practices, was codified by Lekë Dukagjini in the Middle Ages. Scholars have conjectured that the Kanun might have derived from Illyrian tribal laws, while others have suggested that it has retained elements from Indo-European Prehistoric eras.[18][19] The Kanun reflects notably the historic development of Albanians through its turbulent history and encompasses in a real statute regulating various aspects of life including customs, traditions and wisdom in Albania.[20]

code of honor and a major component of Albanian culture.[21] It is among the highest and most important concept of the Kanun
with a moral and ethic connotation. The term contains the given word or keeping of a promise or obligation and the guaranteed agreement among honorable men.

Most notably, Besa means taking care of those in need and being hospitable to every single person. Albania saved and protected almost 2000

Holocaust
. Rather than hiding the Jews in attics or the woods, the Albanians gave them clothes, gave them Albanian names and treated them as part of the family.

There is no trace of any discrimination against

Jews in Albania, because Albania happens to be one of the rare lands in Europe today where religious prejudice and hate do not exist, even though Albanians themselves are divided into three faiths.[22] - Herman Bernstein

Fis (clan)

Main article:
Tribes of Albania

The traditional Albanian social structure is based on clans (

social ties. In past times most of them defended their territory and interests against other clans and external forces.[23]

The Albanian tribal society clearly crystallized in the

mountains of northern Albania and adjacent areas of Montenegro, and it was also present in a less developed system in southern Albania.[24] One of the most particular elements of the Albanian tribal structure is its dependence on the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini.[25]

This social structure was inherited from the ancient Illyrians,[26][27] thrived until the early years of the 20th century, and remained largely intact until the rise to power of communist regime in 1944.[24]

Oda

A typical Oda
Main article: Oda

Oda is a typical large room in an

epic songs until late hours. During an oda "session", historical events and traditions are transmitted orally through discussions and songs.[30]

Holidays

Main article: Public holidays in Albania
Independence Day in Pristina, Kosovo[31]

In consideration to the long and eventful

Flag Day on November 28. Various ceremonies, festivals and concerts take place to celebrate the historic day in major cities amongst them in Tirana and Pristina
, holding festive and military parades.

Christmas is celebrated by those following the religion of Christianity. Bajram is considered by Muslims as the holiday of forgiveness, moral victory and peace, fellowship and unity. They sacrifice a sheep for this holiday, giving the meat to their family, friends and to the poor people.

Another pagan holiday is Dita e Verës, particularly popular in Elbasan and Gjirokastër.[32] It is celebrated on March 14 and is intended to commemorate the end of winter, the rebirth of nature and a rejuvenation of spirit amongst the Albanians. The ritual of the day begins on the previous day with the preparation of sweets such as ballokume cooked in a wood oven. During the evening ballokume, dried figs, walnuts, turkey legs, boiled eggs and simite are distributed to members of the family.

Dita e Mësuesit is celebrated on March 7 since 1887 and is regarded by many Albanians as one of the most important holidays of the country. It honors the opening of the first school that taught lessons in Albanian in Korçë.

Cuisine

Main article: Albanian cuisine
See also:
Kosovan cuisine
Olive oil has been used since ancient times in Albanian cooking.[33]

The Albanian cuisine, a representative of the Mediterranean cuisine, has developed through the centuries of social and economic changes and more importantly referable to different factors that stands in close interaction with each other such as the small and mountainous territory of the country with virgin forests, narrow valleys, vast plains and a favourable climate that offers excellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits.

Food is for

vegetable fat in Albanian cooking, which has been produced since antiquity throughout the country particularly along the coasts.[34]

Albanian cuisine uses a variety of ingredients which include a wider availability of vegetables such as zucchini, eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, cabbages and spinach, as well as cereals such as wheat, sweetcorn, barley and rye. Herbs and spices include oregano, mint, garlic, onion and basil. Widely used meat varieties are lamb, goat, beef, veal, chicken and other poultry. Considering the direct proximity to the sea, seafood specialties are particularly popular along the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea Coasts.

custom of Albanian society and serving food is an integral to the hosting of guests and visitors. It is not infrequent for visitors to be invited to eat and drink with locals. The medieval Albanian code of honour, called Besa, resulted to look after guests and strangers as an act of recognition and gratitude.[21]

Religion

See also: Religion in Albania
Mother Teresa was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun and missionary.[35]

Christianity, Islam and Judaism are the traditional religions of Albania. The constitution extends freedom of religion to all citizens and the government generally respects this right in practice. Albania have always been considered as a unique country in terms of religion and religious tolerance is one of the main characteristics of Albanians.

Bishop of Scutari founded in 387 in Shkodër. In the late seventeenth century, Pope Clement XI served as the Pope from 1700 to 1721. He was born to an Albanian father descended from the noble Albani family from the region of Malësi e Madhe
in Albania.

Pope Clement XI, the first pope of Albanian heritage

The history of

Judaism in the country can be traced back to the classical era. Jewish migration from the Roman Empire is considered the most likely source of the first Jews on the country's territory. It may have first arrived in Albania in the first century BC.[38] They build the first synagogue in Sarandë in the early fifth century. In the sixteenth century, there were Jewish settlements in most of major cities such as Berat, Elbasan, Vlorë, Durrës and as well as in Kosovo
region.

Albania was the only country during

Jewish population experienced growth.[39] After the mass emigration to Israel following the fall of communist regime, only 200 Albanian Jews are left in the country today.[40][41] In 2010, a new synagogue "Hechal Shlomo" started providing services for the Jewish community in Tirana
.

declaration of independence
on November 28, 1912, the Albanian republican, monarchic and later the communist regimes followed a systematic policy of separating religion from official functions and cultural life. Albania never had an official state religion either as a republic or as a kingdom.

Arts

Painting

Main article: Albanian art
Epitaph of Gllavenica, the highlight of medieval Albanian art that was commissioned by Gjergj Arianiti in 1373

The

art of Albania has a long and memorable history, represented in many forms such as painting, sculpture, mosaic and architecture. It show a great variety in style, in different regions and periods. Nonetheless, the country also has a tolerable heritage in visual arts, specifically in frescoes, murals and icons, which often can be seen in many of the older structures in the country.[citation needed
]

The surviving monuments of Illyrian, Ancient Greek and Roman art are notable for a tradition concentrating on the human figure and decorations. Through the many archaeological discoveries, in different areas of Albania have been found numerous of pottery, terracotta and metalworking belonging to the Illyrians and several sculptures and mosaics belonging to the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

Albanian medieval art started with the

Balkan Peninsula. The first paintings have been icons and frescoes with an admirable use of colour and gold.[citation needed] The most famous representative of Albanian medieval art were Onufri who was distinguished for its rich use of colours and decorative shades with certain ethnographic national elements that are more visible with his successors David Selenica, Kostandin Shpataraku and the Zografi Brothers.[43]

Memory of the World Register
in 2005.

Motra Tone, created by Kolë Idromeno

In the fifteenth century, during the

art collector Alessandro Albani from the Albani family.[44][45]

The Ottoman Empire ruled over the country and most of the Balkans for nearly five centuries. This influence were absorbed and reinterpreted with an extensive construction of mosques that opened a new section in Albanian art, that of Islamic art.[46]

In the nineteenth century a significant era for Albanian art begins. The great liberation acts starting with

artistic movement, which would reflect life and history more realistically and Impressionism and Realism came into dominance.[47][43]

Contemporary Albanian artwork captures the struggle of everyday

postmodernism
was fairly recently introduced, there is a number of artists and works known internationally.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Albania
See also:
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Albania and Archaeological Parks of Albania
Butrint is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1992.[48]

The country's

archaeological finds
that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history.

Some of the earliest productions, notably from

Ancient architecture can be found in Butrint in the southwest, Apollonia, Durrës and Byllis in the west and Amantia and Phoenice
in the south. Religion and kingship do not seem to have played an important role in the planning of these towns at that time.

In the

Ali Pashe Tepelena
embarked on a major castle building campaign throughout Epirus.

Much earlier, the introduction of Christianity brought churches and monasteries which otherwhile became the center of most towns and cities in the country. Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques are also on the best examples and legacies of Byzantines and Ottomans, which are specifically exemplified in Berat, Gjirokastër and Korçë region.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Albanian medieval towns underwent urban transformations by various Austro-Hungarian and Italian architects, giving them the appearance of western European cities. This can be particularly seen in Tirana and Korçë. They introduced architectural styles such as Historicism, Art Nouveau, Neo-Renaissance and Neoclassicism.

Clothing

Main article:
Traditional Albanian clothing
See also: Traditional clothing of Kosovo
national costume of Albania

Greece
.

Nothing less than each cultural and geographical region of Albania has its own specific variety of clothing being particularly colorful and rich in detail. The costumes are often decorated with pagan symbolic elements of Illyrians among others suns, eagles, moons, stars and snakes, but predominantly the zig-zag and concentric circles decoration, found in ancient times throughout the Balkans but also in national costumes of other Balkan peoples.[50]

These clothes are most often worn with connection to special events and celebrations, mostly at ethnic festivals, religious holidays, weddings and by dancing groups. Some conservative old men and women mainly from the high northern as well as southern lands wear those traditional clothes in their daily lives.

They were made mainly of products from the local

Albanian hat, the Qylafë, the Fustanella, the Xhubleta, the Xhamadan, the Brez, the Çorape, the Opinga
and many others.

One of obvious common cultural trait of Gheg, Tosk and Cham Albanians is the predominance of white color in their national dress/costume, with variations in the shapes and designs (Gheg Albanians traditionally wore white trousers while Tosk and Cham Albanians traditionally wore white kilt). The white color seems to have a special place in Albanian culture, as many phrases include the term "white" ( alb. "bardh"), both literally and figuratively ( "fatbardh" -lit. "white fate"- fig. "good luck", "faqe bardh" - lit. "white" face - fig. "clean face" - "intact honor", "rrofsh sa male te bardha" - "May you live as long as white mountains" - "snow-peaked mountains", etc.). The white Albanian scull cap, popularly knows as

Pilos or Pileus
cap, is one of the well known Albanian cultural brands.

Music

Main article:
Albanian music
See also:
Traditional Kosovan music
The lahuta is used mostly by Gheg Albanians of northern Albania and Kosovo.

The

Folk music is a prominent part of the national identity with major stylistic differences between the traditional music of the northern Ghegs and southern Labs and Tosks. The northern and southern traditions are contrasted by the rugged and heroic tone of the north and the relaxed form of the south. Albanian folk music has been influential in neighboring areas such as Kosovo, Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey, all home to significant numbers of Albanians.[51][52]

The

Albanian iso-polyphony from the south has been declared an UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[53]

Along with the def,

def
as well.

Music in Albania extends to ancient Illyria and Greece, with influences from the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empire.[54] It is evident in archeological findings such as arenas, odeons, theatre buildings and amphitheatres, all over Albania. The remains of temples, libraries, sculptures and paintings of ancient dancers, singers and musical instruments, have been found in territories inhabited by the ancient Illyrians and ancient Greeks.[54]

The tradition of

traditional music.[55] Shën Jan Kukuzeli, a singer, composer and musical innovator of Albanian origin, is one of the earliest known musicians.[56]

Ava Max
Bebe Rexha
Dua Lipa
Rita Ora

Albania has experienced another wave of

Enca, Noizy and Rita Ora
.

Fan Noli and Mikel Koliqi, who embraced national identity and added religious and folk elements to their compositions.[57] Most notable Albanian sopranos and tenors have gained also international recognition, among the best known are Inva Mula, Marie Kraja, Saimir Pirgu and Ermonela Jaho
.

Dance

Main article: List of Albanian dances

The Albanians have a rich tradition of dances with a great diversity of choreography and styles varying on the region due mainly to the fact that Albania is a country with a diverse topography thus the different varieties of dance developed. A couple of dances are ancient and to a certain extent persist nowadays.[58] The dances of the Albanians specifically of the Ghegs from the north have more a solo character than those from the southern Tosks that have more social character, expressed in line and semi circle dances.

Language

Main article: Albanian language
Distribution of speakers of Albanian

Albanian is the most widely spoken language in Albania. It has two major distinct dialects: Tosk spoken in the south and Gheg spoken in the north. The geographical dividing line between those dialects appears to be the river of Shkumbin. Moreover, Albanian dialects are traditional local varieties and are traced back to the different Albanian tribes.

Albanian is an

Illyrian tribes.[59]

Today, the language is spoken primarily in Kosovo, North Macedonia, Greece and Montenegro as well.[60] Due to the large Albanian diaspora around the world, centuries-old communities speaking Albanian-based dialects can be particularly found scattered in Greece (Arvanitika, Cham), Italy (Arbëreshë), Southern Serbia and in Croatia (Arbanasi). However, the total number of speakers is much higher than the native speakers in Southern Europe. The four dialects include Tosk Albanian, Gheg Albanian, Arbëresh and Arvanitika.[61]

Most Albanians are multi-lingual, speaking many regional and foreign languages such as Greek, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, English and others.

Mythology

Main article:
Albanian mythology

The mythology of Albania consist of

Zana e malit
.

Literature

Main article: Albanian literature

The cultural renaissance was first of all expressed through the development of the

catholic region in the North, but also of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the South. The Protestant reforms invigorated hopes for the development of the local language and literary tradition when cleric Gjon Buzuku translated the Catholic liturgy into Albanian, trying to do for Albanian what Luther
did for German.

Excerpt from Meshari by Gjon Buzuku

The Meshari (The Missal) by Gjon Buzuku, published in 1555 is considered one of the first literary works of written Albanian. The refined level of the language and the stabilised orthography must be the result of an earlier tradition of written Albanian, a tradition that is not well understood. However, there is some fragmented evidence, pre-dating Buzuku, which indicates that Albanian was written from at least the 14th century.

The earliest evidence dates from 1332 AD with a Latin report from the French Dominican Guillelmus Adae,

Antivari, who wrote that Albanians used Latin letters in their books though their language was quite different from Latin. Other significant examples include: a baptism formula (Unte paghesont premenit Atit et Birit et spertit senit) from 1462, written in Albanian within a Latin text by the Bishop of Durrës, Pal Engjëlli; a glossary of Albanian words of 1497 by Arnold von Harff, a German who had travelled through Albania, and a 15th-century fragment of the Bible from the Gospel of Matthew
, also in Albanian, but written in Greek letters.

Albanian writings from these centuries must not have been religious texts only, but historical chronicles too. They are mentioned by the humanist

Rrethimi i Shkodrës (The Siege of Shkodër) (1504), confirms that he leafed through such chronicles written in the language of the people (in vernacula lingua) as well as his biography of Skanderbeg Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum principis (History of Skanderbeg)
(1508). The History of Skanderbeg is still the foundation of Scanderbeg studies, and is considered an Albanian cultural treasure, vital to the formation of Albanian national self-consciousness.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the

Lekë Matrënga in 1592, Doktrina e krishterë (The Christian Doctrine) in 1618, and Rituale romanum in 1621 by Pjetër Budi, the first writer of original Albanian prose and poetry, an apology for George Castriot in 1636 by Frang Bardhi, who also published a dictionary and folklore creations, the theological-philosophical treaty Cuneus Prophetarum (The Band of Prophets) in 1685 by Pjetër Bogdani, the most universal personality of Albanian Middle Ages, were published in Albanian
.

Ismail Kadare

Today, Albania's best-known contemporary writer is

The Successor
(2002), Kadare brought Albanian literature into the mainstream of modern European literature.

The central theme of Kadare's works is totalitarianism and its mechanisms.

folk traditions
'up to date' by showing their relevance to the modern world.

In 1992 Kadare was awarded the

Prince of Asturias Award of Arts; and in 2015, the Jerusalem Prize. He was awarded the Park Kyong-ni Prize in 2019, and the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 2020.[65] In 1996, France made him a foreign associate of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France, and in 2016, he was a Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur recipient. He has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature 15 times. Since the 1990s, Kadare has been asked by both major political parties in Albania to become a consensual President of Albania
, but has declined.

His nominating juror for the Neustadt Prize wrote: "Kadare is the successor of

Balzac. Living in Albania during a time of strict censorship, Kadare devised cunning stratagems to outwit Communist censors who had banned three of his books, using devices such as parable, myth, fable, folk-tale, allegory, and legend, sprinkled with double-entendre, allusion, insinuation, satire, and coded messages. In 1990, to escape the Communist regime and its Sigurimi secret police he defected to Paris. The New York Times wrote that he was a national figure in Albania comparable in popularity perhaps to Mark Twain in the United States, and that "there is hardly an Albanian household without a Kadare book." Kadare is regarded by some as one of the greatest writers and intellectuals of the 20th and 21st centuries.[66][67][68]

Wedding traditions

Kolë Idromeno (1860–1939): Wedding in Shkodra, 1924

The dress of the Muslim bride is characterized by its elegance and transparency, in that of the Catholic one can see full colors. The Catholic bride's dress is characterized by its picturesque effects and harmony. There are two types of Muslim wedding dresses. One is worked on a "shajak" (large piece of wool) and with floral motives worked with "gajtan" (kind of rope) black cotton, sometimes mixed with green. The other one is worked in the same material but with red color. Different from the first here the motifs are enriched with full colors. The difference between this two dresses that at the first dress the motifs occupy all the area, at the second it occupies a little part in the front and back. These dresses have a belt worked with gold and grain necklaces in red, rose, orange creating all together a warm surface. Here the motifs are very small.

Dress of Catholic Shkodran Bride

The dress is tripped from the transparent white, shiny, soft, which spreads all over the body, and is intended to suggest tranquility and a warm purity. This concept of tradition is achieved through the white of the base material and the gold thread over. This dress is composed by the "barnaveke": some kind of very long pants which seem a skirt.

Paja

Ritual songs name various elements which contain "paja" (pronounced paya) of the girl, which are the goods parents give to the daughter to wear, to furnish the house, gifts for her husband and the intimate cousins. Elements are typically made by weaving clothes using looms. The preparation of the "paja" for the parents of the bride is a pleasure which means also accomplishing the obligations toward the daughter.

Dhuntia

"Dhunti" in Shkodra means the gifts that the groom prepares for the bride during the engagement, mainly clothes, jewelry, gold ornaments and tricks, which are sent to her a few days before the wedding. In addition to those received by the family of his father, the bride takes many gifts from the groom and his family. "Dhuntia", which had a considerable monetary value, was prepared with great care by the family of the boy, because in some way embodied respect and love for his young bride, to whom these gifts were made, love for their son that he married at the same time was also a representation of the family in its economic and aesthetic. In "dhunti" there were enough clothes and items for use at all times, in joy and in sorrow, which expressed particular attention to the role of women.

Sports

See also: Sport in Albania

Sport is a popular culture activity in Albania and really popular amongst the population. Albanian's participate in several sports activities and this since the 19th century.

Football

See also: Football in Albania

Association football is the most popular sport in Albania. It dates back to before the early 20th century.

The Football Association of Albania was founded in June 1930. It was accepted as a FIFA member in 1932 and was a UEFA founding member in 1954.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Albania.

References

  1. ^ Lloshi 1999, p. 277. "The Albanians of today call themselves shqiptarë, their country Shqipëri, and their language shqipe. These terms came into use between the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Foreigners call them albanesi (Italian), Albaner (German), Albanians (English), Alvanos (Greek), and Arbanasi (old Serbian), the country Albania, Albanie, Albanien, Alvania, and Albanija, and the language Albanese, Albanisch, Albanian, Alvaniki, and Arbanashki respectively. All these words are derived from the name Albanoi of an Illyrian tribe and their center Albanopolis, noted by the astronomer of Alexandria, Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD. Alban could he a plural of alb- arb-, denoting the inhabitants of the plains.
  2. ^ Malcolm 1998, p. 29. "Nor is there any mystery about the origin of this name. In the second century Ptolemy referred to a tribe called the 'Albanoi', and located their town, 'Albanopolis', somewhere to the east of Durres."
  3. ^ Mëniku & Campos 2012, p. 2. "Albanian is an Indo-European language, but like modern Greek and Armenian, it does not have any other closely related living language. Within the Indo-European family, it forms a group of its own. In Albanian, the language is called shqip. Albania is called Shqipëri, and the Albanians call themselves shqiptarë. Until the fifteenth century the language was known as Arbërisht or Arbnisht, which is still the name used for the language in Italy and Greece. The Greeks refer to all the varieties of Albanian spoken in Greece as Arvanitika. In the second century AD, Ptolemy, the Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, used the name Albanoi to refer to an Illyrian tribe that used to live in what is now central Albania. During the Middle Ages the population of that area was referred to as Arbanori or Albanon. It is clear that the words Arbëresh, Arvanitika, and even Albanian and Albania are all related to the older name of the language."
  4. ^ Ramadan Marmullaku - 1975, Albania and the Albanians - Page 5
  5. ISBN 9781780765020
    .
  6. ^ "www.pinocacozza.it". www.pinocacozza.it.
  7. ^ Casanova. "Radio-Arberesh.eu". Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  8. ^ Kristo Frasheri. History of Albania (A Brief Overview). Tirana, 1964.
  9. ^ Lloshi, Xhevat. "The Albanian Language" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  10. ^ a b "Alb | Etymology, origin and meaning of alb by etymonline".
  11. ISBN 9780857739322
    .
  12. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Geographical location". albanianlanguage.
  13. ISBN 9781317391531.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ^ UNESCO. "Island of Peace: Documentary on Religious Coexistence in Albania". unesco.org. p. 1. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  15. ^ BBC. "The country that's famous for tolerance". bbc.com. p. 1.
  16. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Butrint". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
  17. ^ UNESCO. "MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER NOMINATION FORM Codex Beratinus 1 and 2" (PDF). unesco.org.
  18. ^ Dukagjini, L., Gjecov, S., Fox, L. Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit. Gjonlekaj Publishing Co., 1989. p. xvi.
  19. ISBN 90-04-14221-5
    .
  20. ^ Malmö University. "THE KANUN OF LEKË DUKAGJINI AMONG KOSOVAALBANIANS IN SWEDEN" (PDF). muep.mau.se. Malmö.
  21. ^ a b Sadiku, Mirjona (10 July 2014). "Page 1 A Tradition of Honor, Hospitality and Blood Feuds:Exploring the Kanun Customary Law inContemporary Albania" (PDF). Balkan Social Science Review. 3: 11–14.
  22. ^ The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. "Besa: A Code of Honor - Muslim Albanians Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust". yadvashem.org.
  23. ISBN 978-1-78453-401-1
    .
  24. ^ a b Elsie 2015, pp. 1.
  25. ISBN 1789201713
    .
  26. ^ Galaty 2002, pp. 109–121.
  27. ISBN 84-249-1787-1
    .
  28. ISBN 0-415-34806-4
    ..
  29. ISBN 3-412-32205-9
    ..
  30. ^ Lanzinger 2006, pp. 244.
  31. ^ "Kosovo celebrates today Albanian Independence Day". gazetaexpress.com. Pristina. 28 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  32. ^ "Dita e verës, festimet kanë nisur para Krishtit". shqiptarja.com (in Albanian). 14 March 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  33. ^ "THE OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL VALUE CHAIN IN ALBANIA" (PDF). eastagri.org. pp. 38–39.
  34. ^ S. Velo; D. Topi. "The Production Potential of the Olive Oil from Native Cultivars in Albania" (PDF). ijoer.com. Tirana.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ISBN 978-0-8308-3775-5
    . Retrieved 3 September 2016. When asked about her personal history, Mother Teresa said: 'By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.'
  36. ^ Tonnes, Bernhard. "Religious Persecution in Albania" (PDF). biblicalstudies.org.uk.
  37. ^ "Early Christianity – Albania – Reformation Christian Ministries – Albania & Kosovo". reformation.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
  38. ^ Jewish Virtual Library. "Albania". Virtual Jewish History Tour: Albania. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  39. ^ Samer, Haroey (1997), "Rescue in Albania: One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from Holocaust", The Jews of Albania, California: Brunswick Press, archived from the original on 2008-05-10, retrieved 21 October 2012
  40. ^ "1st chief rabbi inaugurated in Albania – Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  41. ^ Scheib, Ariel. "Albania Virtual Jewish Tour". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  42. ISBN 9789004255869
    . Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  43. ^ a b "Robert Elsie: Arti Shqiptar". www.albanianart.net. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  44. ^ Walker Art Gallery. Annual Report and Bulletin of the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. Andrea Alessi, architect and sculptor, was a native of Durazzo in Albania and possibly of local rather than Italian origin.
  45. ^ Babinger, Franz (1962). "L'origine albanese del pittore Marco Basaiti (ca. 1470 - ca. 1530)". Atti. Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Classe di Scienze Morali e Lettere. CXX: 497–500.
  46. ^ Edmond Manahasa, İlknur Aktug Kolay. "Observations on the existing Ottoman mosques in Albania" (PDF). az.itu.edu.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  47. ISBN 9780761418528
    .
  48. ^ UNESCO. "Butrint". whc.unesco.org.
  49. ISBN 9780313376368
  50. ISBN 9780313376368
  51. ^ BBC (4 August 2016). "Discovering the craze for Albania's Saze folk music". bbc.co.uk.
  52. ^ "History of music in Turkey". Les Arts Turcs. May 1, 1999. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  53. ^ UNESCO. "Albanian folk iso-polyphony". ich.unesco.org.
  54. ^ a b Mahony, Marinela. "An investigation of the polyphonic folk music of Albania" (PDF). repository.up.ac.za. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  55. ^ a b Charles University. "Choral Music in Albania". is.cuni.cz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-26. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  56. ISBN 9780810873803
    .
  57. ^ "The Tradition of Classical Music In Albania". frosina.org. 8 December 2008.
  58. ISBN 9781443875783
    .
  59. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
    ("Although there are some lexical items that appear to be shared between Romanian (and by extension Dacian) and Albanian, by far the strongest connections can be argued between Albanian and Illyrian." page 11) Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World By Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: illustrated Published by Elsevier, 2008
    ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7
    ("Albanian constitutes a single branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It is often held to be related to Illyrian, a poorly attested language spoken in the Western Balkans in classical times" page 22)
  60. ^ Euromosaic project (2006). "L'arvanite/albanais en Grèce" (in French). Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  61. ^ Mejdini, Fatjona (2013-05-03). "Albania Aims to Register its Huge Diaspora". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  62. ISBN 0-226-06457-3
    .
  63. ^ "Kadare feston ditëlindjen, 60 vjet krijimtari e përkthyer në 45 gjuhë të botës – Gazeta Mapo". mapo.al. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  64. ^ Fundacion Princessa de Asturias (24 June 2009). "Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature". Fundacion Princessa de Asturias. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  65. ^ Semeni, Llazar (5 October 2020). "Albania's writer Ismail Kadare awarded Neustadt Prize". AP News.
  66. ^ "Ismaíl Kadaré - Laureates - Princess of Asturias Awards for Literature 2009". The Princess of Asturias Foundation.
  67. ^ "Ismaíl Kadare, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Literature". Fundacion Princessa de Asturias. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  68. ISBN 978-84-947802-0-2
    . Y que este libro sea el principio de toda una serie de ensayos que pueda cosntruir para abundar y ahondar en la obra del escritor que considero como más importante del Siglo XXI, y uno de los más importantes de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX.

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Albania&oldid=1215021394"