Albanian revolt of 1912
Albanian revolt of 1912 | |
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Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire ,
Sanjak of Dibra | |
Result |
Albanian victory • De-jure establishment of the Albanian Vilayet • Establishment Of Independent Albania |
The Albanian revolt of 1912 (
History of Albania |
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Timeline |
Prelude
The main reasons for all these revolts were changes for Albanians introduced by Young Turks, including tax increases, conscription for Albanians in the Ottoman army, and the disarming of the Albanian civil population.[5]
Albanians were not the only group to start a rebellion against the Young Turks government. There were
The first major
- The establishment of Albanian schools.
- Military service is to be restricted to the territory of Kosovo Vilayet.
- Suspension of all conscription and taxes for two years.
- Appointment of government officials who speak the Albanian language.
At the end of 1911 a group of Albanian Members, led by
In January 1912,
Events
Since the participation of
The revolt started in the western part of Kosovo Vilayet
Albanian soldiers and officers deserted the Ottoman military service and joined the insurgents.[11][21]
List of demands
The Albanian rebels in Kosovo Vilayet demanded a number of actions from the Young Turk administration. These demands were printed in
Albanian rebels were divided; some supported the Young Turk government, others the Liberal Union, while some even wished to return to
On 9 August 1912, Albanian rebels presented a new list of demands (the so-called list of Fourteen Points), related to the Albanian Vilayet, that can be summarized as follows:[23]
- an autonomous system of administration and justice in four vilayets populated with Albanians (Albanian Vilayet),
- Albanians to perform military service only in the four principally-Albanian vilayets, except in time of war,
- employment of officials who knew local language and customs (though not necessarily Albanians),
- new lycées and agricultural schools in the bigger districts,
- reorganization and modernization of the religious schools and the use of the Albanian language in secular schools,
- freedom to establish private schools and societies,
- the development of trade, agriculture and public works,
- general amnesty for all the Albanians involved in the revolt,
- court martialof those Ottoman officers who had attempted to suppress the revolt.
The
Aftermath
The success of the Albanian Revolt and news from the Italo-Turkish War sent a strong signal to the neighboring countries that the Ottoman Empire was weak.[26] The members of the Balkan League decided that they could not waste such a golden opportunity to strike at a weakened Ottoman state.[27] Demonstration of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and promises of Albanian autonomy threatened Serbian ambitions for the incorporation of these territories into its domain. The Kingdom of Serbia opposed the plan for this rather large Albanian state (whose territories are now considered to be the concept of Greater Albania), preferring a partition of the European territory of the Ottoman Empire among the four Balkan allies.
See also
- Hasan Prishtina
- Isa Boletini
- Albanian Revolt of 1910
- First Balkan War
- Albanian historiography
References
- ISBN 978-0-275-98247-8. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-841-0.
An Albanian uprising in Kosovo for independent schools in May 1912 led to capture of Skopje by rebels in August
- ISBN 978-81-261-1419-1.]
The Albanians once more raise against Ottoman Empire in May 1912 and took Macedonian capitol of Skopje by August
[permanent dead link - ^ Parker, Franklin; Parker, Betty June. In the Balkan wars, Muslim Albanians generally fought against the Ottoman Empire, then governed by the Young Turks, an aggressively nationalist revolutionary group. As Malcolm writes, the Albanian Muslims "pulled down the columns of the Ottoman Empire upon their own head." The wars were marked by terrible atrocities on all sides, setting the tone for the horrors of the twentieth century." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Gurakuqi, Romeo (November 2007). "The Highland Uprising of 1911". Shoqata Dedë Gjo' Luli Association. Archived from the original (php) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
It was provoked by the laws passed by the new regime that claimed to loyally implement the old fiscal policy on the extremely impoverished population, impose new heavy taxes upon people, forcefully recruit Albanians for the Turkish army, continue the process of the entire population disarmament, extend its absolute power all over Albania, even over those regions that had always enjoyed certain privileges.
- ^ Kayalı, Hasan (1997). "Arabs and the Young Turks, Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918". University of California Press. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 ... confronted insurgencies in Syria, Albania, and Arabia (i.e., the Arabian Peninsula).
- ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (November 2001) [1997]. "Balkanski ratovi". Istorija srpskog naroda (in Serbian). Belgrade: Ars Libri. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
Taj ustanak pomagale su donekle Bugarska i Crna Gora,
- ^ "Marrja e Grykës së Kaçanikut". Bota Sot. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6.
and proclaimed amnesty for those who participated in 1910 uprising
- ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
In June 1911 the sultan himself visited Kosova to calm the situation, signing decree of amnesty and introducing many concessions, including Albanians schools, military service to be performed only in the province, suspension of all conscriptions and taxes for two years, and the use of the officials conversant in Albanian.
- ^ a b c Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). "Albania and Albanian Identities". International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
In December 1911, a group of Albanian members of the Ottoman parliament, guided by Ismail Qemal, started a parliamentary debate in order to make Constantinople grant the Albanians national rights in the cultural and administrative spheres.
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Ismail Kemal Bey ... proposed that we meet for dinner at my house... We discussed ... and finally decided to put an end to Turkish outrages with an uprising.
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
on the next day at the Pera Palace Hotel... meeting with the following men: Mufid Bey Libohova, Essad Pasha Toptani, Aziz Pasha Vrioni and Syreja Bey Vlora.... we realised that they held the same views as we did, we decided to hold a meeting at the home of Syreja Bey, in Taksim... we all swear an oath... decided to organise an uprising
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Kosovo was to play a central role in the matter. For this reason, it was decided to find and send fifteen thousand Mauser rifles into Kosovo, through Montenegro.
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
I went to meet Mr Pavlof, one-time deputy for Skopje ... for the rights of the Albanians and Bulgarians... I believe that the time has come to ... joint uprising with a view to creating an autonomous Albanian-Macedonian state.
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
... providing strong support for an Albania taking up arms for the cause of freedom.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5309-6.
1912 spring: beginning of uprising in many parts of western Kosova
- ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Ismail Kemal was ... staying in Europe to help gather weapons and money and to win over European public opinion ... agreed to keep in contact through the British Consulate in Skopje.
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Essad Pasha assured us that he could manage things in Central Albania and Mirdita.
- ^ Bogdanović, Dimitrije (November 2000) [1984]. "Albanski pokreti 1908–1912.". In Antonije Isaković (ed.). Knjiga o Kosovu (in Serbian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
... ustanici su uspeli da ... ovladaju celim kosovskim vilajetom do polovine avgusta 1912, što znači da su tada imali u svojim rukama Prištinu, Novi Pazar, Sjenicu pa čak i Skoplje... U srednjoj i južnoj Albaniji ustanici su držali Permet, Leskoviku, Konicu, Elbasan, a u Makedoniji Debar...
- ^ Bogdanović, Dimitrije (November 2000) [1984]. "Albanski pokreti 1908–1912.". In Antonije Isaković (ed.). Knjiga o Kosovu [Books about Kosovo] (in Serbian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
... već sredinom marta 1912. u jednom emigrantskom listu koji je izlazio u Bugarskoj objavljen zahtev albanskih ustanika: imenovanje Albanaca za činovnike u vilajetu, otvaranje albanskih škola, vojna služba za Albance samo u granicama vilajeta....
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
The Albanians themselves were divided, some supporting the CUP and others Liberal Union, with some even wishing to return to Abdulahmid's autocracy.
- ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Therefore, with only the final point being ignored, on September 4, 1912, the government accepted proposals and the Albanian revolt was over
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the originalon July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
I told the honoured gentlemen that we would organise another uprising in three or four months' time and would then declare independence ... the Balkan War soon broke out, which destroyed all of our plans.
- ISBN 978-1-84162-199-9.
At the same time the rebellion sent strong signal to Kosovo neighbors that the Ottoman Empire was weak.
- ^ Glenny, Misha. The Balkans 1804–1999: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999. p. 228
Further reading
- Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane, archived from the originalon July 23, 2011, retrieved January 10, 2011
- Bogdanović, Dimitrije (January 2000) [1984], "Albanski pokreti 1908–1912.", in Antonije Isaković (ed.), Knjiga o Kosovu (in Serbian), vol. 2, Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, archived from the original on January 31, 2011, retrieved January 9, 2011
- Josef Redlich; Baron d'Estournelles; M. Justin Godart; Walter Shucking; Francis W. Hirst; H. N. Brailsford; Paul Milioukov; Samuel T. Dutton (1914), "Origins of the Two Balkan Wars", Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and the Conduct of the Balkan Wars, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Piece, retrieved January 10, 2011
- Hrabak, Bogumil (1990), "Orijentacija kosovskih i debarskih Albanaca u prvim mesecima 1912. godine", Zbornik radova (in Serbian), vol. 30, Kosovska Mitrovica: Filozofski fakultet u Prištini, pp. 21–61, archived from the original on January 18, 2011, retrieved January 17, 2011
- Tallon, James (2012). The Failure of Ottomanism: The Albanian Rebellions of 1909–1912 (PhD thesis). University of Chicago. ISBN 978-1267610843.