Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

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Albert, Prince Consort
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Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
St George's Chapel;
18 December 1862
Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore
Spouse
Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom
(m. 1840)
Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
Names
Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel
House
Father
Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
SignatureAlbert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's signature

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel;

his death
in 1861.

Albert was born in the

Queen's household, office and estates. He was heavily involved with the organisation of the Great Exhibition
of 1851, which was a resounding success.

Victoria came to depend more and more on Albert's support and guidance. He aided the development of Britain's

ducal
house to which Albert belonged.

Early life

Albert (left) with his elder brother, Ernest, and mother, Louise, shortly before her exile from court

Prince Albert was born on 26 August 1819 at

Saxon duchies the following year; and Albert's father became the first reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[6]

Albert and his elder brother,

Princess Marie of Württemberg; their marriage was not close, however, and Marie had little—if any—impact on her stepsons' lives.[9]

The brothers were educated privately at home by Christoph Florschütz and later studied in Brussels, where Adolphe Quetelet was one of their tutors.[10] Like many other German princes, Albert attended the University of Bonn, where he studied law, political economy, philosophy and the history of art. He played music and he excelled at sport, especially fencing and riding.[11] His tutors at Bonn included the philosopher Fichte and the poet Schlegel.[12]

Marriage

Portrait by John Partridge, 1840

The idea of marriage between Albert and his cousin Victoria was first documented in an 1821 letter from his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who said that he was "the pendant to the pretty cousin".

Duchess of Kent, was the sister of both Albert's father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and King Leopold. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victoria's mother, to invite the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his two sons to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of meeting Victoria. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was well aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.[15] She wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."[16] Alexander, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".[16]

Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy."[17] Although the parties did not undertake a formal engagement, both the family and their retainers widely assumed that the match would take place.[18]

Victoria came to the throne on 20 June 1837, aged eighteen. Her letters of the time show interest in Albert's education for the role he would have to play, although she resisted attempts to rush her into marriage.

Baron Stockmar.[20]

bookplate
of Prince Albert

Albert returned to the United Kingdom with Ernest in October 1839 to visit the Queen, with the objective of settling the marriage.

Privy Council on 23 November,[23] and the couple married on 10 February 1840 at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace.[24] Just before the marriage, Albert was naturalised by Act of Parliament,[25] and granted the style of Royal Highness by an Order in Council.[26]

Initially Albert was not popular with the British public; he was perceived to be from an impoverished and undistinguished minor state, barely larger than a small English county.

Victoria explained, in a letter to Lord Palmerston on 15 March 1857, that she was: "... inclined ... to content herself by simply giving her husband by Letters Patent the title of 'Prince Consort' which can injure no one while it will give him an English title consistent with his position, & avoid his being treated by Foreign Courts as a junior Member of the house of Saxe-Coburg".

Consort of the Queen

Portrait by Winterhalter, 1842

The position in which Albert was placed by his marriage, while one of distinction, also offered considerable difficulties; in his own words, "I am very happy and contented; but the difficulty in filling my place with the proper dignity is that I am only the husband, not the master in the house."

Baroness Lehzen. Albert referred to her as the "House Dragon", and manoeuvred to dislodge the Baroness from her position.[37]

Within two months of the marriage, Victoria was pregnant. Albert started to take on public roles; he became President of the Society for the Extinction of Slavery (slavery was still lawful in most parts of the world beyond the British Empire); and helped Victoria privately with her government paperwork.[38]

In June 1840, while on a public carriage ride, Albert and the pregnant Victoria were shot at by

Regency Act 1840 to designate him regent in the event of Victoria's death before their child reached the age of majority.[40] Their first child, Victoria, named after her mother, was born in November. Eight other children would follow over the next seventeen years. All nine children survived to adulthood, which was remarkable for the era; biographer Hermione Hobhouse credited the healthy running of the nursery on Albert's "enlightened influence".[41] In early 1841, he successfully removed the nursery from Lehzen's pervasive control, and in September 1842, Lehzen left Britain permanently—much to Albert's relief.[42]

Etching by Queen Victoria and Albert of their first child, Victoria, the Princess Royal

After the

Royal Commission in charge of redecorating the new Palace of Westminster. The Palace had burned down seven years before, and was being rebuilt. As a patron and purchaser of pictures and sculpture, the commission was set up to promote the fine arts in Britain. The commission's work was slow, and the palace's architect, Charles Barry, took many decisions out of the commissioners' hands by decorating rooms with ornate furnishings that were treated as part of the architecture.[43] Albert was more successful as a private patron and collector. Among his notable purchases were early German and Italian paintings—such as Lucas Cranach the Elder's Apollo and Diana and Fra Angelico's St Peter Martyr—and contemporary pieces from Franz Xaver Winterhalter and Edwin Landseer.[44] Ludwig Gruner, of Dresden, assisted Albert in buying artworks of the highest quality.[45]

Albert and Victoria were shot at again on both 29 and 30 May 1842, but were unhurt. The culprit, John Francis, was detained and condemned to death,[46] although he was later reprieved.[47] Some of the couple's early unpopularity came about because of their stiffness and adherence to protocol in public, though in private the couple were more easy-going.[48] In early 1844, Victoria and Albert were apart for the first time since their marriage when he returned to Coburg on the death of his father.[49]

Osborne House, Isle of Wight, UK

By 1844, Albert had managed to modernise the royal finances and, through various economies, had sufficient capital to purchase

model farm at Windsor (Shaw Farm) was admired by his biographers,[53] and under his stewardship the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall—the hereditary property of the Prince of Wales—steadily increased.[54]

Unlike many landowners who approved of child labour and opposed Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws, Albert supported moves to raise working ages and free up trade.[55] In 1846, Albert was rebuked by Lord George Bentinck when he attended the debate on the Corn Laws in the House of Commons to give tacit support to Peel.[56] During Peel's premiership, Albert's authority behind, or beside, the throne became more apparent. He had access to all the Queen's papers, was drafting her correspondence[57] and was present when she met her ministers; he would even see them alone in her absence.[58] The clerk of the Privy Council, Charles Greville, wrote of him: "He is King to all intents and purposes."[59]

In 1847, Victoria and Albert spent a rainy holiday in the west of Scotland at

Sir Robert Gordon, died suddenly in early October, and Albert began negotiations to take over the lease from the owner, the Earl Fife.[60] In May the following year, Albert leased Balmoral, which he had never visited. In September 1848 he, his wife and their older children went there for the first time.[61] They came to relish the privacy it afforded.[62]

Reformer and innovator

hand-colouring
, 1848

Foreign affairs

Palmerston's independent foreign policy, which they believed further destabilised Continental European powers.[63] Albert was concerned for many of his royal relatives, a number of whom were deposed by revolutionaries. He and Victoria, who gave birth to their daughter Louise during that year, spent some time away from London in the relative safety of Osborne. Although there were sporadic demonstrations in England, no effective revolutionary action took place.[64]

Domestic reforms

According to historian G. M. Trevelyan, regarding the Prince and home affairs:

His influence over the Queen was on the whole liberal; he greatly admired Peel, was a strong free-trader, and took more interest in scientific and commercial progress, and less in sport and fashion than was at all popular in the best society.[65]

In 1847, Albert was elected Chancellor of the University of Cambridge after a close contest with the Earl of Powis.[66] Albert used his position as chancellor to campaign successfully for reformed and more modern university curricula by expanding the subjects taught beyond the traditional mathematics and classics to include modern history and the natural sciences.[67]

Albert gained public acclaim when he expressed paternalistic yet well-meaning and philanthropic views.[64] In an 1848 speech to the Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Labouring Classes, of which he was president, he expressed his "sympathy and interest for that class of our community who have most of the toil and fewest of the enjoyments of this world".[68] It was the "duty of those who, under the blessings of Divine Providence, enjoy station, wealth, and education" to assist those less fortunate than themselves.[68]

Great Exhibition of 1851 was housed in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London
.

His progressive and relatively liberal ideas were expressed by his support of emancipation, technological progress, science education, the ideas of Charles Darwin, and the welfare of the working classes. Albert led reforms in university education, welfare and the royal finances, and supported the campaign against slavery. He also had a special interest in applying science and art to manufacturing industry.[69]

The

Lord Brougham fulminated against the proposal to hold the exhibition in Hyde Park.[72] Opponents of the exhibition prophesied that foreign rogues and revolutionists would overrun England, subvert the morals of the people, and destroy their faith.[73] Albert thought such talk absurd and quietly persevered, trusting always that British manufacturing would benefit from exposure to the best products of foreign countries.[54]

The Queen opened the exhibition on 1 May 1851 in a specially designed and built glass building known as

Science Museum, Imperial College London and what would later be named the Royal Albert Hall and the Victoria and Albert Museum.[75] The area was referred to as "Albertopolis" by sceptics.[76]

Family and public life

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, 1854

In 1852,

Ottoman empires. Palmerston was more bellicose, and favoured a policy that would prevent further Russian expansion.[80] Palmerston was manoeuvred out of the cabinet in December 1853, but at about the same time a Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman fleet at anchor at Sinop. The London press depicted the attack as a criminal massacre, and Palmerston's popularity surged as Albert's fell.[81] Within two weeks, Palmerston was re-appointed a minister. As public outrage at the Russian action continued, false rumours circulated that Albert had been arrested for treason and was being held prisoner in the Tower of London.[82]

By March 1854, Britain and Russia were embroiled in the

Prince Albert, Queen Victoria and their nine children, 1857. Left to right: Alice, Arthur, Albert (Prince Consort), Albert Edward (Prince of Wales), Leopold, Louise, Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred, Victoria and Helena[86]

Albert promoted many public educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with them, he spoke of the need for better schooling.

British Association for the Advancement of Science when it met at Aberdeen in 1859.[88] His espousal of science met with clerical opposition; he and Palmerston unsuccessfully recommended a knighthood for Charles Darwin, after the publication of On the Origin of Species, which was opposed by the Bishop of Oxford.[89]

Portrait by John Phillip, 1859

Albert continued to devote himself to the education of his family and the management of the royal household.

Philip Magnus wrote in his biography of Albert's eldest son that Albert "tried to treat his children as equals; and they were able to penetrate his stiffness and reserve because they realised instinctively not only that he loved them but that he enjoyed and needed their company".[98]

Albert was a talented amateur musician and composer. For his wedding, he composed a

Jubilate, and an anthem, Out of the Deep. His secular compositions included a cantata, L'Invocazione all'armonia, and Melody for the Violin, which Yehudi Menuhin later described as "pleasant music without presumption".[99]

Illness and death

Portrait by Winterhalter, 1859

In August 1859, Albert fell seriously ill with stomach cramps.[100] His steadily worsening medical condition led to a sense of despair; the biographer Robert Rhodes James describes Albert as having lost "the will to live".[101] Albert later had an accidental brush with death during a trip to Coburg in October 1860, when he was driving alone in a carriage drawn by four horses that suddenly bolted. As the horses continued to gallop toward a wagon waiting at a railway crossing, Albert jumped for his life from the carriage. One of the horses was killed in the collision, and Albert was badly shaken though his only physical injuries were cuts and bruises. He confided in his brother and eldest daughter that he sensed that his time had come.[102]

Victoria's mother and Albert's aunt, the Duchess of Kent, died in March 1861, and Victoria was grief-stricken. Albert took on most of the Queen's duties despite his continuing chronic stomach trouble.[103] The last public event over which he presided was the opening of the Royal Horticultural Gardens on 5 June 1861.[104] In August, Victoria and Albert visited the Curragh Camp, Ireland, where the Prince of Wales was attending army manoeuvres. At the Curragh, the Prince of Wales was introduced by his fellow officers to Nellie Clifden, an Irish actress.[105]

By November, Victoria and Albert had returned to Windsor, and the Prince of Wales had returned to Cambridge, where he was a student. Two of Albert's young cousins,

Ferdinand, died of typhoid fever within five days of each other in early November.[106] On top of that news, Albert was informed that gossip was spreading in gentlemen's clubs and the foreign press that the Prince of Wales was involved with Nellie Clifden.[107] Albert and Victoria were horrified by their son's indiscretion and feared blackmail, scandal or pregnancy.[108] Although Albert was ill and at a low ebb, he travelled to Cambridge to see the Prince of Wales on 25 November[109] and discuss the indiscreet affair.[54] In his final weeks, Albert suffered from pains in his back and legs.[110]

The Prince Consort in his deathbed, December 1861

Also in November 1861, the

Lincoln administration to surrender the Confederate commissioners who had been seized from the Trent and to issue a public apology to London without losing face. The key idea, based on a suggestion from The Times, was to give Washington the opportunity to deny that it had officially authorised the seizure and thereby to apologise for the captain's mistake.[112]

On 9 December, one of Albert's doctors,

abdominal cancer was the cause of death.[116]

The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the tepid feelings that the public had for Albert were replaced by sympathy.[117] The widowed Victoria never recovered from Albert's death; she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been even with hot water brought in the morning and linen and towels changed daily.[118] Such practices were common in the houses of the very rich.[119]

Funeral

Albert's funeral was held on 23 December 1861 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[120] His body was temporarily entombed in the chapel's Royal Vault.[121][122] A year after his death, his remains were deposited at the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, which remained incomplete until 1871.[123] The sarcophagus, in which both he and the Queen were eventually laid, was carved from the largest block of granite that had ever been quarried in Britain.[124] Despite Albert's request for no effigies of him to be raised, many public monuments were erected all over the country and across the British Empire.[125] The most notable are the Royal Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial in London. The plethora of memorials erected to Albert became so great that Charles Dickens told a friend that he sought an "inaccessible cave" to escape from them.[126]

Legacy

The Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London
Royal Albert Hall, London

After Albert's death, Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to remodel the monarchy as a national institution by setting a moral, if not political, example.

Sir Robert Peel by refusing to accept substitutions that Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting.[129]

Albert showed a keen interest in the improvement of army training, and was involved in the establishment and development of Aldershot in Hampshire as a garrison town and training base in the 1850s. A wooden Royal Pavilion was built there in which he and Victoria would often stay when they attended military reviews.[130] Albert established and endowed the Prince Consort's Library at Aldershot, which still exists.[131]

Biographies published after his death were typically heavy on eulogy.

magnum opus was authorised and supervised by Queen Victoria, and her influence shows in its pages. Nevertheless, it is an accurate and exhaustive account.[132] Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria (1921) was more critical, but it was discredited in part by mid-20th-century biographers such as Hector Bolitho and Roger Fulford, who, unlike Strachey, had access to Victoria's journal and letters.[133]

Popular myths about Prince Albert, such as the claim that he introduced Christmas trees to Britain, are dismissed by scholars.[134] Recent biographers such as Stanley Weintraub portray Albert as a figure in a tragic romance who died too soon and was mourned by his lover for a lifetime.[54] In the 2009 film The Young Victoria, Albert, played by Rupert Friend, is made into a heroic character. In the fictionalised depiction of the 1840 shooting, he is struck by a bullet, which did not happen in real life.[135][136]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Knight Grand Cross of the Bath
, 1842

In the United Kingdom, Albert was styled "His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" in the months before his marriage.[25] He was granted the style of Royal Highness on 6 February 1840,[26] and given the title of Prince Consort on 25 June 1857.[34]

British honours

Military appointments

Foreign honours

Arms

Coat of arms of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as granted in 1840

Upon his marriage to Queen Victoria in 1840, Prince Albert received a personal

Barry of ten Or and Sable, a crown of rue in bend Vert".[162] The arms are unusual, being described by S. T. Aveling as a "singular example of quartering differenced arms, [which] is not in accordance with the rules of Heraldry, and is in itself an heraldic contradiction."[163] Prior to his marriage Albert used the arms of his father
undifferenced, in accordance with German custom.

Albert's

The
supporters were the crowned lion of England and the unicorn of Scotland (as in the Royal Arms) charged on the shoulder with a label as in the arms. Albert's personal motto is the German Treu und Fest (Loyal and Sure).[165] This motto was also used by Prince Albert's Own or the 11th Hussars
.

Issue

Name Birth Death Notes[166]
Victoria, Princess Royal 21 November 1840 5 August 1901 married 1858, Crown Prince Frederick, later Frederick III, German Emperor; had issue
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
9 November 1841 6 May 1910 married 1863,
Princess Alexandra of Denmark
; had issue
Princess Alice 25 April 1843 14 December 1878 married 1862, Prince Louis, later
Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
; had issue
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 6 August 1844 30 July 1900 married 1874,
Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia
; had issue
Princess Helena 25 May 1846 9 June 1923 married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; had issue
Princess Louise 18 March 1848 3 December 1939 married 1871,
John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne
, later 9th Duke of Argyll; no issue
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1 May 1850 16 January 1942 married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia; had issue
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany 7 April 1853 28 March 1884 married 1882,
Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont
; had issue
Princess Beatrice 14 April 1857 26 October 1944 married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg; had issue

Prince Albert's 42 grandchildren included four reigning monarchs:

Victoria Eugenie of Spain, and Marie of Romania
. Albert's many descendants include royalty and nobility throughout Europe.

unbreeched at two years); the Prince of Wales; the Queen; Prince Albert; and Princesses Alice, Helena and Victoria

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The children present were Edward, Alice, Louise, Helena and Arthur. Victoria was in Germany, Leopold in France and Alfred at sea. Beatrice, the youngest, remained outside of the room.[113]

References

  1. ^ Dunn, Charlotte (21 September 2017). "Prince Albert". The Royal Family.
  2. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 2; Weintraub 1997, p. 20; Weir 1996, p. 305.
  3. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 20.
  4. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 21.
  5. ^ Ames 1968, p. 1; Hobhouse 1983, p. 2.
  6. ^ e.g. Montgomery-Massingberd 1977, pp. 259–273.
  7. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 25–28.
  8. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 4; Weintraub 1997, pp. 25–28.
  9. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 40–41.
  10. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 16.
  11. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 60–62.
  12. ^ Ames 1968, p. 15; Weintraub 1997, pp. 56–60.
  13. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 15.
  14. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 15–16; Weintraub 1997, pp. 43–49.
  15. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 43–49.
  16. ^ a b Victoria quoted in Weintraub 1997, p. 49.
  17. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 51.
  18. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 53, 58, 64, 65.
  19. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 62.
  20. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 17–18; Weintraub 1997, p. 67.
  21. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 42; Weintraub 1997, pp. 77–81.
  22. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 42–43; Hobhouse 1983, p. 20; Weintraub 1997, pp. 77–81.
  23. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 45; Hobhouse 1983, p. 21; Weintraub 1997, p. 86.
  24. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 52; Hobhouse 1983, p. 24.
  25. ^ a b "No. 19826". The London Gazette. 14 February 1840. p. 302.
  26. ^ a b c "No. 19821". The London Gazette. 7 February 1840. p. 241.
  27. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 45.
  28. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 88.
  29. ^ Abecasis-Phillips 2004.
  30. ^ Murphy 2001, pp. 28–31.
  31. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 8–9, 89.
  32. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 47; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 23–24.
  33. ^ Quoted in Jagow 1938, p. 37.
  34. ^ a b "No. 22015". The London Gazette. 26 June 1857. p. 2195.
  35. ^ Albert to William von Lowenstein, May 1840, quoted in Hobhouse 1983, p. 26.
  36. ^ Or more properly "Lady Attendant".
  37. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 59–74.
  38. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 102–105.
  39. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 106–107.
  40. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 107.
  41. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 28.
  42. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 73–74.
  43. ^ Ames 1968, pp. 48–55; Fulford 1949, pp. 212–213; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 82–88.
  44. National Gallery, London, received 25 paintings in 1863 presented by Queen Victoria at the Prince Consort's wish Archived 8 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. See external links for works in the Royal Collection
    .
  45. ^ Cust 1907, pp. 162–170.
  46. ^ Old Bailey Proceedings Online, Trial of John Francis. (t18420613-1758, 13 June 1842).
  47. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 134–135.
  48. ^ Ames 1968, p. 172; Fulford 1949, pp. 95–104; Weintraub 1997, p. 141.
  49. ^ Ames 1968, p. 60; Weintraub 1997, p. 154.
  50. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 79; Hobhouse 1983, p. 131; Weintraub 1997, p. 158.
  51. ^ Ames 1968, pp. 61–71; Fulford 1949, p. 79; Hobhouse 1983, p. 121; Weintraub 1997, p. 181.
  52. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 127, 131.
  53. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 88–89; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 121–127.
  54. ^ a b c d e Weintraub 2004.
  55. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 116.
  56. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 116; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 39–40.
  57. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 36–37.
  58. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 118.
  59. ^ Greville's diary volume V, p. 257 quoted in Fulford 1949, p. 117.
  60. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 189–191.
  61. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 193, 212, 214, 203, 206.
  62. ^ Extracts from the Queen's journal of the holidays were published in 1868 as Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands.
  63. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 119–128; Weintraub 1997, pp. 193, 212, 214 and 264–265.
  64. ^ a b Weintraub 1997, pp. 192–201.
  65. ^ G. M. Trevelyan, British history in the nineteenth century and after 1782–1919 (1937) p. 299.
  66. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 195–196; Hobhouse 1983, p. 65; Weintraub 1997, pp. 182–184.
  67. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 198–199; Hobhouse 1983, p. 65; Weintraub 1997, pp. 187, 207.
  68. ^ a b The text of the speech was widely reproduced, e.g. "The Condition of the Labouring Classes". The Times, 19 May 1848, p. 6.
  69. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 216–217; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 89–108.
  70. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 219–220.
  71. ^ e.g. Fulford 1949, p. 221.
  72. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 220.
  73. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 217–222.
  74. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 222; Hobhouse 1983, p. 110.
  75. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 110.
  76. ^ Ames 1968, p. 120; Hobhouse 1983, p. x; Weintraub 1997, p. 263.
  77. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 145.
  78. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 270–274, 281–282.
  79. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 42–43, 47–50; Weintraub 1997, pp. 274–276.
  80. ^ e.g. Fulford 1949, pp. 128, 153–157.
  81. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 288–293.
  82. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 156–157; Weintraub 1997, pp. 294–302.
  83. ^ Stewart 2012, pp. 153–154.
  84. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 303–322, 328.
  85. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 326, 330.
  86. ^ Finestone 1981, p. 36.
  87. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 63.
  88. ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 84; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 61–62; Weintraub 1997, p. 232.
  89. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 232.
  90. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 71–105; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 26–43.
  91. ^ Lady Lyttelton's journal quoted in Fulford 1949, p. 95 and her correspondence quoted in Hobhouse 1983, p. 29.
  92. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 252; Weintraub 1997, p. 355.
  93. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 253–257; Weintraub 1997, p. 367.
  94. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 255.
  95. ^ Diary of Sir James Clark quoted in Fulford 1949, p. 256.
  96. ^ Fulford 1949, p. 260.
  97. ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 261–262.
  98. Magnus, Philip (1964) King Edward VII, pp. 19–20, quoted in Hobhouse 1983
    , pp. 28–29.
  99. ^ Green, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Prince Albert: how music shaped the life and death of Queen Victoria's consort". www.classical-music.com. BBC Music Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  100. ^ Stewart 2012, p. 182.
  101. ^ Rhodes James 1983, p. 269.
  102. ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 392–393.
  103. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 150–151; Weintraub 1997, p. 401.
  104. ^ Stewart 2012, p. 198.
  105. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 404.
  106. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 405.
  107. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 152; Weintraub 1997, p. 406
  108. ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 406.
  109. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 154; Fulford 1949, p. 266
  110. ^ Stewart 2012, p. 203.
  111. ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 154–155; Martin 1874–1880, pp. 418–426, vol. V; Weintraub 1997, pp. 408–424.
  112. S2CID 145782920
    .
  113. ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 156
  114. ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 3; Hobhouse 1983, p. 156 and Weintraub 1997, pp. 425–431.
  115. PMID 8108541
    .
  116. ^ e.g. Hobhouse 1983, pp. 150–151.
  117. ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 1; Hobhouse 1983, p. 158; Weintraub 1997, p. 436.
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Sources

Further reading

  • Eyck, Frank. The Prince Consort: a political biography (Chatto, 1959), a scholarly study online.
  • Haspel, Paul. "England's Unsung Hero of the American Civil War" North & South: The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society (July 2007), 10#2 pp 48–52; how Prince Albert aided the peaceful resolution of the 'Trent' affair in 1861.
  • Hough, Richard. Victoria & Albert: Their Love & Their Tragedies (1996)
  • Lalumia, Christine. "Scrooge and Albert" History Today (2001) 51#12 pp. 23–29.
  • LeMay, G. H. L. "Prince Albert and the British Constitution" History Today (1953) 3#6 pp. 411–416.
  • Rappaport, Helen. Magnificent obsession: Victoria, Albert and the death that changed the monarchy (Random House, 2011).
  • Richardson, Joanna. Victoria and Albert: A Study of a Marriage (J. M. Dent, 1977).
  • Walton, Oliver. "Distant patron: Prince Albert and the Development of the Coburg-Gotha Economy." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 2008.1 (2008): 117–130. online

External links

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 26 August 1819 Died: 14 December 1861
British royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
as queen consort
Prince Consort
" 1857)

1840–1861
Vacant
Title next held by
Alexandra of Denmark
as queen consort
Military offices
Preceded by Colonel of the
11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars

1840–1842
Succeeded by
Sir Arthur Benjamin Clifton
Preceded by Colonel of the
Scots Fusilier Guards

1842–1852
Succeeded by
Preceded by Colonel of the Grenadier Guards
1852–1861
Colonel-in-Chief of the
Rifle Brigade

1852–1861
Succeeded by
Court offices
Preceded by Lord Warden of the Stannaries
1842–1861
Succeeded by
Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne
Academic offices
Preceded by
Chancellor of the University of Cambridge

1847–1861
Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Great Master of the Order of the Bath

1847–1861
Acting 1843–1847
Vacant
Title next held by
Edward, Prince of Wales