Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |||||
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Spouse |
Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (m. 1840) | ||||
Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg | |||||
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House |
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Father | Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg | ||||
Signature |
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel;
Albert was born in the
Victoria came to depend more and more on Albert's support and guidance. He aided the development of Britain's
Early life
Prince Albert was born on 26 August 1819 at
Albert and his elder brother,
The brothers were educated privately at home by Christoph Florschütz and later studied in Brussels, where Adolphe Quetelet was one of their tutors.[10] Like many other German princes, Albert attended the University of Bonn, where he studied law, political economy, philosophy and the history of art. He played music and he excelled at sport, especially fencing and riding.[11] His tutors at Bonn included the philosopher Fichte and the poet Schlegel.[12]
Marriage
The idea of marriage between Albert and his cousin Victoria was first documented in an 1821 letter from his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who said that he was "the pendant to the pretty cousin".
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy."[17] Although the parties did not undertake a formal engagement, both the family and their retainers widely assumed that the match would take place.[18]
Victoria came to the throne on 20 June 1837, aged eighteen. Her letters of the time show interest in Albert's education for the role he would have to play, although she resisted attempts to rush her into marriage.
Albert returned to the United Kingdom with Ernest in October 1839 to visit the Queen, with the objective of settling the marriage.
Initially Albert was not popular with the British public; he was perceived to be from an impoverished and undistinguished minor state, barely larger than a small English county.
Consort of the Queen
The position in which Albert was placed by his marriage, while one of distinction, also offered considerable difficulties; in his own words, "I am very happy and contented; but the difficulty in filling my place with the proper dignity is that I am only the husband, not the master in the house."
Within two months of the marriage, Victoria was pregnant. Albert started to take on public roles; he became President of the Society for the Extinction of Slavery (slavery was still lawful in most parts of the world beyond the British Empire); and helped Victoria privately with her government paperwork.[38]
In June 1840, while on a public carriage ride, Albert and the pregnant Victoria were shot at by
After the
Albert and Victoria were shot at again on both 29 and 30 May 1842, but were unhurt. The culprit, John Francis, was detained and condemned to death,[46] although he was later reprieved.[47] Some of the couple's early unpopularity came about because of their stiffness and adherence to protocol in public, though in private the couple were more easy-going.[48] In early 1844, Victoria and Albert were apart for the first time since their marriage when he returned to Coburg on the death of his father.[49]
By 1844, Albert had managed to modernise the royal finances and, through various economies, had sufficient capital to purchase
Unlike many landowners who approved of child labour and opposed Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws, Albert supported moves to raise working ages and free up trade.[55] In 1846, Albert was rebuked by Lord George Bentinck when he attended the debate on the Corn Laws in the House of Commons to give tacit support to Peel.[56] During Peel's premiership, Albert's authority behind, or beside, the throne became more apparent. He had access to all the Queen's papers, was drafting her correspondence[57] and was present when she met her ministers; he would even see them alone in her absence.[58] The clerk of the Privy Council, Charles Greville, wrote of him: "He is King to all intents and purposes."[59]
In 1847, Victoria and Albert spent a rainy holiday in the west of Scotland at
Reformer and innovator
Foreign affairs
Domestic reforms
According to historian G. M. Trevelyan, regarding the Prince and home affairs:
His influence over the Queen was on the whole liberal; he greatly admired Peel, was a strong free-trader, and took more interest in scientific and commercial progress, and less in sport and fashion than was at all popular in the best society.[65]
In 1847, Albert was elected Chancellor of the University of Cambridge after a close contest with the Earl of Powis.[66] Albert used his position as chancellor to campaign successfully for reformed and more modern university curricula by expanding the subjects taught beyond the traditional mathematics and classics to include modern history and the natural sciences.[67]
Albert gained public acclaim when he expressed paternalistic yet well-meaning and philanthropic views.[64] In an 1848 speech to the Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Labouring Classes, of which he was president, he expressed his "sympathy and interest for that class of our community who have most of the toil and fewest of the enjoyments of this world".[68] It was the "duty of those who, under the blessings of Divine Providence, enjoy station, wealth, and education" to assist those less fortunate than themselves.[68]
His progressive and relatively liberal ideas were expressed by his support of emancipation, technological progress, science education, the ideas of Charles Darwin, and the welfare of the working classes. Albert led reforms in university education, welfare and the royal finances, and supported the campaign against slavery. He also had a special interest in applying science and art to manufacturing industry.[69]
The
The Queen opened the exhibition on 1 May 1851 in a specially designed and built glass building known as
Family and public life
In 1852,
By March 1854, Britain and Russia were embroiled in the
Albert promoted many public educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with them, he spoke of the need for better schooling.
Albert continued to devote himself to the education of his family and the management of the royal household.
Albert was a talented amateur musician and composer. For his wedding, he composed a
Illness and death
In August 1859, Albert fell seriously ill with stomach cramps.[100] His steadily worsening medical condition led to a sense of despair; the biographer Robert Rhodes James describes Albert as having lost "the will to live".[101] Albert later had an accidental brush with death during a trip to Coburg in October 1860, when he was driving alone in a carriage drawn by four horses that suddenly bolted. As the horses continued to gallop toward a wagon waiting at a railway crossing, Albert jumped for his life from the carriage. One of the horses was killed in the collision, and Albert was badly shaken though his only physical injuries were cuts and bruises. He confided in his brother and eldest daughter that he sensed that his time had come.[102]
Victoria's mother and Albert's aunt, the Duchess of Kent, died in March 1861, and Victoria was grief-stricken. Albert took on most of the Queen's duties despite his continuing chronic stomach trouble.[103] The last public event over which he presided was the opening of the Royal Horticultural Gardens on 5 June 1861.[104] In August, Victoria and Albert visited the Curragh Camp, Ireland, where the Prince of Wales was attending army manoeuvres. At the Curragh, the Prince of Wales was introduced by his fellow officers to Nellie Clifden, an Irish actress.[105]
By November, Victoria and Albert had returned to Windsor, and the Prince of Wales had returned to Cambridge, where he was a student. Two of Albert's young cousins,
Also in November 1861, the
On 9 December, one of Albert's doctors,
The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the tepid feelings that the public had for Albert were replaced by sympathy.[117] The widowed Victoria never recovered from Albert's death; she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been even with hot water brought in the morning and linen and towels changed daily.[118] Such practices were common in the houses of the very rich.[119]
Funeral
Albert's funeral was held on 23 December 1861 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[120] His body was temporarily entombed in the chapel's Royal Vault.[121][122] A year after his death, his remains were deposited at the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, which remained incomplete until 1871.[123] The sarcophagus, in which both he and the Queen were eventually laid, was carved from the largest block of granite that had ever been quarried in Britain.[124] Despite Albert's request for no effigies of him to be raised, many public monuments were erected all over the country and across the British Empire.[125] The most notable are the Royal Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial in London. The plethora of memorials erected to Albert became so great that Charles Dickens told a friend that he sought an "inaccessible cave" to escape from them.[126]
Legacy
After Albert's death, Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to remodel the monarchy as a national institution by setting a moral, if not political, example.
Albert showed a keen interest in the improvement of army training, and was involved in the establishment and development of Aldershot in Hampshire as a garrison town and training base in the 1850s. A wooden Royal Pavilion was built there in which he and Victoria would often stay when they attended military reviews.[130] Albert established and endowed the Prince Consort's Library at Aldershot, which still exists.[131]
Biographies published after his death were typically heavy on eulogy.
Popular myths about Prince Albert, such as the claim that he introduced Christmas trees to Britain, are dismissed by scholars.[134] Recent biographers such as Stanley Weintraub portray Albert as a figure in a tragic romance who died too soon and was mourned by his lover for a lifetime.[54] In the 2009 film The Young Victoria, Albert, played by Rupert Friend, is made into a heroic character. In the fictionalised depiction of the 1840 shooting, he is struck by a bullet, which did not happen in real life.[135][136]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
In the United Kingdom, Albert was styled "His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" in the months before his marriage.[25] He was granted the style of Royal Highness on 6 February 1840,[26] and given the title of Prince Consort on 25 June 1857.[34]
British honours
- KG: Royal Knight Companion of the Garter, 16 December 1839[137]
- GCB:
- GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 15 January 1842[137]
- KT: Extra Knight of the Thistle, 17 January 1842[137]
- KP: Extra and Principal Knight of St. Patrick, 20 January 1842[137]
- KSI: Extra Knight of the Star of India, 25 June 1861[140]
Military appointments
- Field Marshal of the British Army, 8 February 1840[141]
- 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars, 30 April 1840 – 1842[141]
- Scots Fusilier Guards, 25 April 1842 – 1852[141]
- Captain-general and Colonel of the Honourable Artillery Company, 1843[141]
- Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle, 1843[142]
- Colonel-in-chief of the 60th (The King's Royal Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot, 15 August 1850 – 1852[141]
- Colonel of the 1st Grenadier Guards, 23 August 1852[141]
- Colonel-in-chief of the Rifle Brigade, 23 September 1852[141]
Foreign honours
- Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, February 1836[143]
- Portugal:[144]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ, 23 April 1836
- Grand Cross of the St. James), 30 September 1857
- Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 25 November 1858
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 18 November 1839 – wedding gift[145]
- Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1839[146]
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 13 January 1840[147]
- Queen Isabella II[148]
- Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 30 January 1842[149]
- Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class
- Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 13 December 1842[150]
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion, 1842[151]
- Knight of the Elephant, 10 January 1843[152]
- Russia:[153]
- Knight of St. Andrew, 1 July 1843
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1 July 1843
- Knight of the White Eagle, 1 July 1843
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, 1 July 1843
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 5 September 1843[154]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1843[155]
- Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1843[156]
- Baden:[157]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1845
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1845
- Knight of St. Hubert, 1845[158]
- Two Sicilies: Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit, 1846[151]
- Hanover:[159]
- Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion[142]
- Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 12 February 1856[160]
- Ottoman Empire: Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class in Diamonds, 1856[151]
Arms
Upon his marriage to Queen Victoria in 1840, Prince Albert received a personal
Albert's
Issue
Name | Birth | Death | Notes[166] |
---|---|---|---|
Victoria, Princess Royal | 21 November 1840 | 5 August 1901 | married 1858, Crown Prince Frederick, later Frederick III, German Emperor; had issue |
Edward VII of the United Kingdom
|
9 November 1841 | 6 May 1910 | married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark ; had issue
|
Princess Alice | 25 April 1843 | 14 December 1878 | married 1862, Prince Louis, later Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine ; had issue
|
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | 6 August 1844 | 30 July 1900 | married 1874, Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia ; had issue
|
Princess Helena | 25 May 1846 | 9 June 1923 | married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; had issue |
Princess Louise | 18 March 1848 | 3 December 1939 | married 1871, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne , later 9th Duke of Argyll; no issue
|
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn | 1 May 1850 | 16 January 1942 | married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia; had issue |
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany | 7 April 1853 | 28 March 1884 | married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont ; had issue
|
Princess Beatrice | 14 April 1857 | 26 October 1944 | married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg; had issue |
Prince Albert's 42 grandchildren included four reigning monarchs:
Ancestry
Ancestors of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | |||||||||||||
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7. Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | |||||||||||||
15. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg | |||||||||||||
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Dunn, Charlotte (21 September 2017). "Prince Albert". The Royal Family.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 2; Weintraub 1997, p. 20; Weir 1996, p. 305.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 20.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 21.
- ^ Ames 1968, p. 1; Hobhouse 1983, p. 2.
- ^ e.g. Montgomery-Massingberd 1977, pp. 259–273.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 25–28.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 4; Weintraub 1997, pp. 25–28.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 16.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 60–62.
- ^ Ames 1968, p. 15; Weintraub 1997, pp. 56–60.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 15.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 15–16; Weintraub 1997, pp. 43–49.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 43–49.
- ^ a b Victoria quoted in Weintraub 1997, p. 49.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 51.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 53, 58, 64, 65.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 62.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 17–18; Weintraub 1997, p. 67.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 42; Weintraub 1997, pp. 77–81.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 42–43; Hobhouse 1983, p. 20; Weintraub 1997, pp. 77–81.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 45; Hobhouse 1983, p. 21; Weintraub 1997, p. 86.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 52; Hobhouse 1983, p. 24.
- ^ a b "No. 19826". The London Gazette. 14 February 1840. p. 302.
- ^ a b c "No. 19821". The London Gazette. 7 February 1840. p. 241.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 45.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 88.
- ^ Abecasis-Phillips 2004.
- ^ Murphy 2001, pp. 28–31.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 8–9, 89.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 47; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Quoted in Jagow 1938, p. 37.
- ^ a b "No. 22015". The London Gazette. 26 June 1857. p. 2195.
- ^ Albert to William von Lowenstein, May 1840, quoted in Hobhouse 1983, p. 26.
- ^ Or more properly "Lady Attendant".
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 59–74.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 102–105.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 106–107.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 107.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 28.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Ames 1968, pp. 48–55; Fulford 1949, pp. 212–213; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 82–88.
- National Gallery, London, received 25 paintings in 1863 presented by Queen Victoria at the Prince Consort's wish Archived 8 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. See external links for works in the Royal Collection.
- ^ Cust 1907, pp. 162–170.
- ^ Old Bailey Proceedings Online, Trial of John Francis. (t18420613-1758, 13 June 1842).
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Ames 1968, p. 172; Fulford 1949, pp. 95–104; Weintraub 1997, p. 141.
- ^ Ames 1968, p. 60; Weintraub 1997, p. 154.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 79; Hobhouse 1983, p. 131; Weintraub 1997, p. 158.
- ^ Ames 1968, pp. 61–71; Fulford 1949, p. 79; Hobhouse 1983, p. 121; Weintraub 1997, p. 181.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 127, 131.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 88–89; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 121–127.
- ^ a b c d e Weintraub 2004.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 116.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 116; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 118.
- ^ Greville's diary volume V, p. 257 quoted in Fulford 1949, p. 117.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 189–191.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 193, 212, 214, 203, 206.
- ^ Extracts from the Queen's journal of the holidays were published in 1868 as Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 119–128; Weintraub 1997, pp. 193, 212, 214 and 264–265.
- ^ a b Weintraub 1997, pp. 192–201.
- ^ G. M. Trevelyan, British history in the nineteenth century and after 1782–1919 (1937) p. 299.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 195–196; Hobhouse 1983, p. 65; Weintraub 1997, pp. 182–184.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 198–199; Hobhouse 1983, p. 65; Weintraub 1997, pp. 187, 207.
- ^ a b The text of the speech was widely reproduced, e.g. "The Condition of the Labouring Classes". The Times, 19 May 1848, p. 6.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 216–217; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 89–108.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 219–220.
- ^ e.g. Fulford 1949, p. 221.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 220.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 217–222.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 222; Hobhouse 1983, p. 110.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 110.
- ^ Ames 1968, p. 120; Hobhouse 1983, p. x; Weintraub 1997, p. 263.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 145.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 270–274, 281–282.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 42–43, 47–50; Weintraub 1997, pp. 274–276.
- ^ e.g. Fulford 1949, pp. 128, 153–157.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 288–293.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 156–157; Weintraub 1997, pp. 294–302.
- ^ Stewart 2012, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 303–322, 328.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 326, 330.
- ^ Finestone 1981, p. 36.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 63.
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 84; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 61–62; Weintraub 1997, p. 232.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 232.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 71–105; Hobhouse 1983, pp. 26–43.
- ^ Lady Lyttelton's journal quoted in Fulford 1949, p. 95 and her correspondence quoted in Hobhouse 1983, p. 29.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 252; Weintraub 1997, p. 355.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 253–257; Weintraub 1997, p. 367.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 255.
- ^ Diary of Sir James Clark quoted in Fulford 1949, p. 256.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 260.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 261–262.
- Magnus, Philip (1964) King Edward VII, pp. 19–20, quoted in Hobhouse 1983, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Green, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Prince Albert: how music shaped the life and death of Queen Victoria's consort". www.classical-music.com. BBC Music Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ Stewart 2012, p. 182.
- ^ Rhodes James 1983, p. 269.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 392–393.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 150–151; Weintraub 1997, p. 401.
- ^ Stewart 2012, p. 198.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 404.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 405.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 152; Weintraub 1997, p. 406
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 406.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 154; Fulford 1949, p. 266
- ^ Stewart 2012, p. 203.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 154–155; Martin 1874–1880, pp. 418–426, vol. V; Weintraub 1997, pp. 408–424.
- S2CID 145782920.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 156
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 3; Hobhouse 1983, p. 156 and Weintraub 1997, pp. 425–431.
- PMID 8108541.
- ^ e.g. Hobhouse 1983, pp. 150–151.
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 1; Hobhouse 1983, p. 158; Weintraub 1997, p. 436.
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, pp. 1–4; Weintraub 1997, p. 436.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, p. 438.
- ^ "The Funeral of Prince Albert, The Prince Consort, 23 December 1861". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 21; Hobhouse 1983, p. 158
- ^ "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St George. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 28; Hobhouse 1983, p. 162.
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, p. 25.
- ^ Darby & Smith 1983, pp. 2, 6, 58–84.
- ^ Charles Dickens to John Leech, quoted in Darby & Smith 1983, p. 102 and Hobhouse 1983, p. 169.
- ^ Weintraub 1997, pp. 441–443.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. 57–58, 276; Hobhouse 1983, pp. viii, 39.
- ^ Fulford 1949, p. 67; Hobhouse 1983, p. 34.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Hobhouse 1983, p. 53.
- ^ Fulford 1949, pp. ix–x.
- ^ e.g. Fulford 1949, pp. 22–23, 44, 104, 167, 209, 240.
- ^ Armstrong 2008.
- ^ Jurgensen 2009.
- ^ Knight 2009.
- ^ a b c d Shaw, William Arthur (1906). The Knights of England. Vol. 1. London: Sharrett & Hughes. pp. 56, 83, 101, 334.
- ^ Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1842). History of the Orders of Knighthood of the British Empire; of the Order of the Guelphs and of the Medals, Clasps, and Crosses Conferred for the Naval and Military Services. Vol. 3. London: John Hunter. p. 190. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ "No. 20737". The London Gazette. 25 May 1847. p. 1950.
- ^ "No. 22523". The London Gazette. 25 June 1861. p. 2622.
- ^ a b c d e f g "H.R.H. Prince Albert, The Prince Consort (1819–1861)". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Genealogie des Herzogliche Hauses", Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (in German), Coburg and Gotha: Meusel, 1854, pp. 9–10
- ^ "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden", Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha für das Jahr 1837 (in German), Coburg and Gotha: Meusel, 1837, p. 11
- ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 7, 12. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ H. Tarlier (1854). Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi (in French). Vol. 1. Brussels. p. 37.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Königliche Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1860 (in German). Leipzig: Heinrich. 1860. p. 4.
- ^ "Großherzogliche Hausorden", Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogthum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (in German), Weimar: Böhlau, 1859, p. 10
- ^ "Badge of the Order of the Golden Fleece". Royal Collection. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm IV. ernannte Ritter", Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (in German), Berlin: Decker, 1851, p. 22
- ^ Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Florence: Eredi Botta. p. 110. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-4757140738.
- ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
- ^ Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917). Moscow. p. 25.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" (in Hungarian), Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Württemberg (1858). "Königliche Orden". Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1858 (in German). Stuttgart: Guttenberg. p. 31.
- ^ "Großherzogliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogthums Baden (in German), Karlsruhe, 1858, pp. 33, 47
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Königliche Orden". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1846 (in German). Munich: Landesamt. 1846. p. 9.
- ^ Staat Hannover (1859). "Königliche Orden". Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1859 (in German). Hannover: Berenberg. pp. 37, 73.
- ^ "No. 21851". The London Gazette. 19 February 1856. p. 624.
- ^ Louda & Maclagan 1999, pp. 30, 32.
- ^ Pinches & Pinches 1974, p. 239.
- ^ Aveling & Boutell 1890, p. 285.
- ^ Pinches & Pinches 1974, pp. 309–310.
- ^ Pinches & Pinches 1974, p. 241.
- ^ Weir 1996, pp. 306–321.
- ^ Huberty, M., Giraud, A., Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976–1994). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Vols I-VII. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud
Sources
- Abecasis-Phillips, John (2004). "Prince Albert and the Church – Royal versus Papal Supremacy in the Hampden Controversy". In Davis, John (ed.). Prinz Albert – Ein Wettiner in Großbritannien / Prince Albert – A Wettin in Great Britain. Munich: de Gruyter. pp. 95–110. ISBN 978-3-598-21422-6.
- Ames, Winslow (1968). Prince Albert and Victorian Taste. London: Chapman and Hall.
- Armstrong, Neil (2008). "England and German Christmas Festlichkeit, c. 1800–1914". German History. 26 (4): 486–503. .
- Aveling, S. T.; Boutell, Charles (1890). Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry (2nd ed.). London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
- Cust, Lionel (1907). "The Royal Collection of Pictures". The Cornhill Magazine. New Series. XXII: 162–170.
- Darby, Elizabeth; Smith, Nicola (1983). The Cult of the Prince Consort. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03015-0.
- Finestone, Jeffrey (1981). The Last Courts of Europe. London: The Vendome Press. ISBN 978-0-86565-015-2.
- Fulford, Roger (1949). The Prince Consort. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Hobhouse, Hermione (1983). Prince Albert: His Life and Work. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-11142-0.
- Jagow, Kurt, ed. (1938). The Letters of the Prince Consort, 1831–61. London: John Murray.
- Jurgensen, John (4 December 2009). "Victorian Romance: When the dour queen was young and in love". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- Knight, Chris (17 December 2009). "A Duchess, a reader and a man named Alistair". National Post. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- Louda, Jiří; ISBN 978-0-316-84820-6.
- Martin, Theodore (1874–1880). The Life of H. R. H. the Prince Consort. 5 volumes, authorised by Queen Victoria.
- ISBN 978-0-85011-023-4.
- Murphy, James (2001). Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1076-6.
- ISBN 978-0-900455-25-4.
- Rhodes James, Robert (1983). Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-40763-6.
- Stewart, Jules (2012). Albert: A Life. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. OCLC 760284773.
- ISBN 978-0-7195-5756-9.
- . Retrieved 4 August 2009. (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5.
Further reading
- Eyck, Frank. The Prince Consort: a political biography (Chatto, 1959), a scholarly study online.
- Haspel, Paul. "England's Unsung Hero of the American Civil War" North & South: The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society (July 2007), 10#2 pp 48–52; how Prince Albert aided the peaceful resolution of the 'Trent' affair in 1861.
- Hough, Richard. Victoria & Albert: Their Love & Their Tragedies (1996)
- Lalumia, Christine. "Scrooge and Albert" History Today (2001) 51#12 pp. 23–29.
- LeMay, G. H. L. "Prince Albert and the British Constitution" History Today (1953) 3#6 pp. 411–416.
- Rappaport, Helen. Magnificent obsession: Victoria, Albert and the death that changed the monarchy (Random House, 2011).
- Richardson, Joanna. Victoria and Albert: A Study of a Marriage (J. M. Dent, 1977).
- Walton, Oliver. "Distant patron: Prince Albert and the Development of the Coburg-Gotha Economy." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 2008.1 (2008): 117–130. online
External links
- Prince Albert at the official website of the British monarchy
- Prince Albert at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Portraits of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Works by Albert, Prince Consort at Project Gutenberg
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 495–496.
- Prince Albert (1819–1861), BBC History
- UK Parliamentary Archives, Oaths of Prince Albert, Duke of Saxe, Prince of Saxe Coburg and Gotha Archived 18 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine