Alcalde

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Two sitting men and one standing man. All wear a haedscarf and a hat and a stick in their hands.
Mayan alcaldes from Guatemala, 1891

Alcalde (

judicial and administrative functions. An alcalde was, in the absence of a corregidor, the presiding officer of the Castilian cabildo (the municipal council) and judge of first instance of a town. Alcaldes were elected annually, without the right to reelection for two or three years, by the regidores (council members) of the municipal council. The office of the alcalde was signified by a staff of office, which they were to take with them when doing their business.[1][2]
A woman who holds the office is termed an Alcaldesa.

In New Spain (Mexico), alcaldes mayores were chief administrators in colonial-era administrative territories termed alcaldías mayores; in colonial-era Peru the units were called corregimientos.[3]

Alcalde was also a title given to Indigenous (Native American) leaders inside the Spanish missions, who performed a large variety of duties for the Franciscan missionaries.[4]

Medieval origins

The office of the alcalde evolved during the Reconquista as new lands were settled by the expanding kingdoms of León and Castile. As fortified settlements in the area between the Douro and Tagus rivers became true urban centers, they gained, from their feudal lords or the kings of Leon and Castile, the right to have councils. Among the rights that these councils had was to elect a municipal judge (iudex in Latin and juez in Spanish). These judges were assisted in their duties by various assistant judges, called alcaldes, whose number depended on the number of parishes the town had.[5] The title alcalde was borrowed from the Arabic al qaḍi (قاضي), meaning "the judge."[6]

The word alcalde originally was used for simple judges, as in

audiencias; Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad, who formed the highest tribunal in Castile and also managed the royal court; alcaldes mayores, a synonym for corregidor; and alcaldes de barrio, who were roughly the equivalent of British parish constables
. Because of this, the municipal alcalde was often referred to as an alcalde ordinario.

The classic cabildo, fifteenth to nineteenth centuries

By the end of the fourteenth century the definite form of the Castilian municipal council, the ayuntamiento or cabildo, had been established. The council was limited to a maximum of twenty-four members (regidores), who may be appointed for life by the crown, hold the office as an inherited possession or be elected by the citizens (vecinos) of the municipality. (Many cabildos had a mix of these different types of regidores.) The number of magistrates, now definitely called alcaldes, was limited to one or two, depending on the size of the city and who were elected annually by the regidores. To ensure control over cabildos, the Castilian monarchs often appointed a corregidor, who took over the role of the presiding officer of the council. The cabildo was taken to the Americas and Philippines by the Spanish conquistadors. Towns and villages in the Americas with the right to a council (villas and lugares in the Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias, 1680) had one alcalde. Cities (ciudades) had two, which was the maximum number anywhere. Early in the conquest, adelantados had the right to appoint the alcaldes in the districts they settled, if they could attract the legally specified number of settlers to the area. This right could be inherited for one generation, after which the right of election returned to the municipal council.

Modern usage

In modern Spanish, the term alcalde is equivalent to a

alcaldes-presidentes
have greater powers than their peninsular colleagues.

Because the

county judge was based on that of the alcalde which had existed in the state prior to the Texas Revolution
. Like the alcaldes before them, county judges under the Texas Constitution wield both judicial and chief executive functions. Although in larger counties today the county judge usually functions solely as county chief executive, in smaller counties, the role of the county judge continues to have many of the combined judicial and administrative functions of the alcalde.

The city of Sonoma, California, has a tradition to name an honorary title of Alcalde/Alcaldesa, to preside over ceremonial events of the city, with "mayor" being the official position of city governor.

In Belize, any rural community may appoint an alcalde. The alcalde serves both judicial and administrative functions and is paid a small stipend by the government. The alcalde is responsible for managing communal land, judging disputes, and determining punishment for petty crimes. This type of local government is most commonly used by Maya communities in southern Belize.[10]

See also

References

  1. Luís de Velasco granting the staffs of office to the alcaldes and alguaciles
    of the Mexica municipality of Mexico City.
  2. ^ For a contemporary recording of an alcalde receiving the staff of office from the ayuntaminto, see The Installation of the new Ayuntamiento of Figueres.
  3. ^ Mark A. Burkholder, "Alcalde Mayor" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 1, p. 45. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  4. .
  5. ^ O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, 269-271.
  6. ^ The second L in alcalde evolved from the Castilian and Portuguese attempts at pronouncing the emphatic consonant ḍād. The old Portuguese cognate alcalde was never applied to the presiding municipal officer and retained its original meaning of "judge." "Alcalde" in Corominas, Diccionario crítico, Vol. A-CA (1), 127.
  7. ^ Corominas, "Alcalde", 127.
  8. ^ For example, it was in use in San Francisco, as evidenced by Surocco v. Geary, Supreme Court of California, 3 Cal. 69, 58 Am.Dec. 385, "Geary, at that time Alcalde of San Francisco..."
  9. ^ Colombia), Esquina Latina (Organización (29 March 1989). "El enmaletado". uv.mx. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  10. ^ "Government of Belize - Local Government". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-11-15.

Sources

  • Alcalde from the Handbook of Texas Online
  • "Alcalde" in the
    Diccionario de la Real Academia Española
    .
  • Corominas, Joan and José A Pascual. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 7 vols. Madrid, Editorial Gredos, 1981.
  • Haring, C. H., The Spanish Empire in America. New York, Oxford University Press, 1947.
  • O'Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca,