Alcathoe bat
Alcathoe bat | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Chiroptera |
Family: | Vespertilionidae |
Genus: | Myotis |
Species: | M. alcathoe
|
Binomial name | |
Myotis alcathoe O. von Helversen and K.-G. Heller, 2001
| |
Distribution of the Alcathoe bat (Myotis alcathoe). Legend:
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The Alcathoe bat (Myotis alcathoe) is a European
With a forearm length of 30.8 to 34.6 mm (1.21 to 1.36 in) and body mass of 3.5 to 5.5 g (0.12 to 0.19 oz), Myotis alcathoe is a small bat. The fur is usually reddish-brown on the upperparts and brown below, but more grayish in juveniles. The
Usually found in
Taxonomy
The
Von Helversen and Heller argued that none of the old names now considered
On the basis of
The population of Myotis alcathoe in
The
Description
Myotis alcathoe is the smallest European Myotis species. The fur is brownish on the upperparts, with a reddish tone in old specimens, and a slightly paler gray-brown below.[3] Younger animals may be completely gray-brown.[22] The brown fur distinguishes adult M. alcathoe from other whiskered bats, but juveniles cannot be unambiguously identified on the basis of morphology.[23] M. alcathoe is similar to Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) and M. emarginatus in color.[24] On the upper side of the body, the hairs are 6 to 8 mm long and have dark bases and brown tips. The hairs on the lower side of the body are only slightly paler at the tip than at the base.[5]
The face and the upper lips are reddish to pink,
The wings are brown, but lighter than those of M. mystacinus.
The skull is similar in shape to that of M. mystacinus and M. brandtii, but the front part of the
As usual in Myotis species, M. alcathoe has a
M. alcathoe has the highest-frequency
Head and body length is about 4 cm (1.6 in) and wingspan is around 20 cm (7.9 in).[39] Forearm length is 30.8 to 34.6 mm (1.21 to 1.36 in), tibia length is 13.5 to 15.9 mm (0.53 to 0.63 in), hindfoot length is 5.1 to 5.8 mm (0.20 to 0.23 in), and body mass is 3.5 to 5.5 g (0.12 to 0.19 oz).[3] In the subspecies circassicus, forearm length is 30.1 to 34.2 millimetres (1.19 to 1.35 in) and ear length is 13.0 to 14.6 millimetres (0.51 to 0.57 in).[15]
Distribution and habitat
Although Myotis alcathoe was initially known only from Greece and Hungary and was thought to be restricted to
Known records are as follows:
- Albania
- A single specimen was caught in 2006 in a forest of planes (Platanus orientalis) and poplars (Populus spp.) next to a small stream. M. mystacinus was recorded at the same place.[47]
- Austria
- Three specimens of M. alcathoe were recorded in Burgenland, southeastern Austria, in 2006.[48] As of 2015, the species is known from 65 localities in the east of the country, in the states of Lower Austria, Styria, Vienna, and Burgenland. In Carinthia only echolocation records are known.[49]
- Azerbaijan
- The species was recorded around 2009.[50]
- Belgium
- The species was first recorded in 2011 and is now known from several localities in the provinces of Luxembourg.[51]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- A specimen was caught in 2018 near Sarajevo.[52]
- Bulgaria
- The species is known from six localities in the south and west of the country;[53] the first record dates from 2003.[54] Habitats include river and mountain forests.[53]
- Croatia
- In 2003, M. alcathoe was recorded here on the basis of two specimens;[55] three additional specimens were found in 2004.[56]
- Czech Republic
- Here, the species was recorded at nine sites clustered in three regions, with the first record dating from 2001,[57] in addition to records from roadkilled specimens at three further sites.[58] The typical habitat was mature oak-hornbeam forest near water with dead, decaying trees,[59] at altitudes ranging from 170 to 390 m (560 to 1,280 ft).[60] Both M. mystacinus and M. brandtii occur in some of the same places in this country.[59] M. alcathoe has a limited, patchy distribution within the country, but reaches a high abundance in suitable habitat.[61]
- France
- M. alcathoe was informally recognized in France in 2000 as a small Myotis similar to M. mystacinus, the "Murin cantalou"; in 2002, it was realized that this bat represents M. alcathoe.[62] A large number of sites are known, mostly in the north of the country. The species reaches altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It is usually found close to water, but it has been found in a variety of habitats, including farmlands, swamps, forests, and wooden grounds. In late summer and autumn, it occurs in caves.[53]
- Germany
- The species is known from two different areas in the country. In 2005 and 2006, specimens were caught in an old moist forest near the Rhine in western Baden-Württemberg. Two other bats were found in highway tunnels close to this site.[63] The species is also known from the Kyffhäuser hill range of Thuringia in central Germany, an island of relatively warm habitat with some unusual wildlife. There, bats were caught near a spring in a karst landscape amid oak-dominated deciduous forest.[64] The species was also recorded in deciduous forest at a former Soviet military training site in eastern Thuringia.[65] M. alcathoe has also been recorded in the nearby states of Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony, where it occurs in mixed deciduous forest. Many Saxony-Anhalt records are from near water.[66] However, the species was also recorded in the center of the city of Chemnitz in Saxony.[67]
- Greece
- The species has been recorded in the
- Hungary
- M. alcathoe is not uncommon in the mountain forests of northeastern Hungary. It has been found at brooks and lakes in oak, beech, alder, and hornbeam (Carpinetum) forests at 230 to 670 m (750 to 2,200 ft) altitude. Both M. brandtii and M. mystacinus occur together with M. alcathoe there.[69]
- Italy
- M. alcathoe has been recorded in beech forest in
- Latvia
- A small Myotis was captured at a cave in Latvia between 2007 and 2010; pending genetic testing, it is suspected to be M. alcathoe.[75] However, this record had not been confirmed in the subsequent national report to EUROBATS in 2014.
- Luxembourg
- A single male was caught in 2011 and confirmed as M. alcathoe on the basis of genetic data. Elsewhere in the country it has been recorded on the basis of acoustic data.[76]
- Montenegro
- A female was captured in 2002 near M. mystacinus were recorded at the same place.[77]
- Poland
- The species was recorded in four caves in southern Poland in 2005 and 2006,[69] and later at several other sites in the south of the country.[43] It is known from 182 to 1,294 m (597 to 4,245 ft) above sea level, most often in beech forest (Fagus sylvatica), but also in several other forest types.[78]
- Portugal
- A single specimen at first thought to be Myotis mystacinus was discovered in 2005 at the Peneda-Gerês National Park.[79] In 2020, a genetic analysis of that same specimen later revealed it was actually M. alcathoe.[80]
- Romania
- A single M. alcathoe was captured in 2007 in a nature reserve in the eastern Carpathians; the reserve contains riverine and conifer forest.[81] The species was additionally recorded in a forested valley containing a small stream in Alba County.[82]
- Russia
- Bats collected in
- Serbia
- The species was reported on the basis of three specimens shortly before 2009, but is probably rare.[84]
- Slovakia
- Here, M. alcathoe was first reported from a single site in 2003,[85] but by 2010 it was known from more than twenty sites in eastern Slovakia at altitudes ranging from 100 to 540 metres (330 to 1,770 ft), mostly in oak and beech forests.[86]
- Slovenia
- A single specimen was recorded in Slovenia in 2007, although it is not clear how many bats previously recorded as Myotis mystacinus belong to this species.[87] Several additional specimens were later found in Kočevski Rog (SE Slovenia).[88]
- Spain
- In La Rioja, where it was recorded in 2004, and occurs amidst beech and riverine forest at 790 to 1,390 m (2,590 to 4,560 ft) altitude.[91] It has also been found at seven localities in Navarre, with the first record dating from 2004. There, it occurs in beech and oak forest at altitudes from 140 to 980 m (460 to 3,220 ft).[92] In Galicia, it is known from three localities at 300 to 680 m (980 to 2,230 ft) above sea level.[93]
- Sweden
- The species was recorded at five sites in the south of the country, starting in 2008, on the basis of echolocation calls.[94]
- Switzerland
- M. alcathoe has been recorded from the Col du Marchairuz in the Jura Mountains (canton of Vaud).[95] The species was acoustically detected in 2003 in the canton of Geneva, and subsequent captures led to the discovery of the first breeding sites for the country.[96]
- Turkey
- Eight individuals have been caught at three sites in close vicinity in the European part of the country[69] in 2006.[97] A parasitological study found three specimens in Bursa Province.[98]
- Ukraine
- In 2009, the possible occurrence of M. alcathoe in Ukraine was recorded.[99] In 2011, the species was definitively recorded there on the basis of two bats caught in the far southwest of the country in 2009.[100]
- United Kingdom
- M. alcathoe has been recorded in England since 2003, and is known from two swarming sites in the south and a third site in the north of the country.[101] The northern England site, in Ryedale, is in a protected area with many old trees, and the southern sites (in Sussex) are in woodland.[102]
Early records of Myotis ikonnikovi—now known to be an eastern Asian species—from Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Romania may also pertain to this species.[68] Because whiskered bats in many cases cannot easily be distinguished from each other without the use of genetic methods, some listings do not differentiate between them; records of M. alcathoe and/or M. mystacinus and/or (in some cases) M. brandtii have been reported from Bulgaria,[103] Belgium,[104] and Montenegro.[105]
Ecology and behavior
Myotis alcathoe is a rare species with narrow ecological requirements.[106] According to a study in the Czech Republic, the diet of Myotis alcathoe mostly consists of nematoceran flies, but caddisflies, spiders, small lepidopterans, and neuropterans are also taken.[107] However, in eastern Slovakia moths were most common, though ants and nematocerans were also common prey items.[86] The presence of spiders in the diet suggests that the species gleans prey from foliage. It forages mainly high in the canopy and over water,[61] and is often found in dense vegetation.[108] When caught, individuals of M. alcathoe are much calmer than M. mystacinus or M. brandtii.[109]
M. alcathoe lives in small groups.
In Saxony-Anhalt, the species forages deep in valleys when temperatures are above 10 °C (50 °F), but on warmer slopes or rocky areas when it is colder.[115] There, M. alcathoe is relatively easy to capture in August, because M. brandtii and M. mystacinus already start swarming in late July.[116] Although there are some records of M. alcathoe in caves during the winter, it is also possible that animals spend the winter in tree cavities, and whether swarming behavior occurs in M. alcathoe is unclear.[117] An animal found in a cave in Saxony-Anhalt in January was not sleeping deeply.[115] Reproduction may also take place in caves, but pregnant females have been found as late as June.[118] Relatively many juveniles are caught between July and September.[11] In England, one individual of M. alcathoe was captured in 2003 (and identified at the time as M. brandtii) and again in 2009.[119] Three individuals that were telemetrically tracked (in eastern France, Thuringia, and Baden-Württemberg, respectively) moved only 800 m (2,600 ft), 935 m (3,068 ft), and 1,440 m (4,720 ft) from their night quarters; M. brandtii and M. mystacinus tend to move over longer distances.[120] A study in Poland suggested frequent hybridization among M. alcathoe, M. brandtii, and M. mystacinus sharing the same swarming sites, probably attributable to male-biased sex ratios (1.7:1 in M. alcathoe), a polygynous mating system, and the high number of bats at swarming sites.[121] M. alcathoe showed a particularly high proportion of hybrids, perhaps because it occurs at lower densities than the other two species.[7]
The following parasites have been recorded from Myotis alcathoe:
- Babesia vesperuginis, an apicomplexan blood parasite, in Romania[122]
- Bat flies in the genus Basilia:
- Basilia italica in Hungary[123] and Slovakia[124]
- Basilia mongolensis nudior in Thuringia[125]
- true bug, found on a bat tentatively identified as Myotis alcathoe from Bulgaria[126]
- Ticks in the genus Ixodes:
- Ixodes ariadnae in Hungary[127]
- Ixodes simplex in Slovakia[128]
- Ixodes vespertilionis in Romania[129] and Slovakia[124]
- Spinturnix mystacina, a parasitic mite, in Switzerland and Slovakia. The mites on M. alcathoe, M. brandtii, and M. mystacinus are genetically closely related.[130]
- Helminths, all in Turkey:[131]
Conservation status
Because Myotis alcathoe remains poorly known, it is assessed as "
In
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