Alcatraz Island Lighthouse

Coordinates: 37°49′34.5″N 122°25′19.8″W / 37.826250°N 122.422167°W / 37.826250; -122.422167
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Alcatraz Island Light
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Alcatraz Island Light
Alcatraz Island Lighthouse
Map
LocationAlcatraz Island, San Francisco Bay, California, United States
Coordinates37°49′34.5″N 122°25′19.8″W / 37.826250°N 122.422167°W / 37.826250; -122.422167
Tower
Constructed1854 (first)
FoundationMasonry basement
ConstructionReinforced concrete
Automated1963
Height84 feet (26 m)
ShapeTapered octagonal tower with balcony and lantern
MarkingsUnpainted tower, black lantern
OperatorGolden Gate National Recreation Area[1][2]
HeritageNational Register of Historic Places contributing property Edit this on Wikidata
Light
First lit1909 (current)
Focal height214 feet (65 m)
LensThird order Fresnel lens (removed), DCB-24 aerobeacon (current)
Range22 nautical miles (41 km; 25 mi)
CharacteristicFl W 5s.
Alcatraz Island Lighthouse
Part of
Alcatraz (ID76000209[3]
)
Designated CPJune 23, 1976

Alcatraz Island Lighthouse is a

Alcatraz Water Tower
, but as it lies on higher ground it looks much taller.

History

Original lighthouse
Alcatraz Lighthouse, 1909, U.S. Coast Guard Archive

Even though the

Spanish rule in 1775 when naval officer and explorer Juan de Ayala surveyed the harbor and the San Francisco Bay. Since he observed pelicans in large numbers on the island he named the island as "Isla de los Alcatraces" meaning the "Island of Pelicans". The island is separated from the main land by more than 1 mile (1.6 km).[6]

The

Cape Disappointment in Washington state. Equipment were shipped on Oriole, reached San Francisco on January 29, 1853. The Alcatraz Lighthouse was the first to be completed in July 1853, making it the oldest major navigational light on the West Coast. However, the foundation for building the light house had begun much before the equipment reached San Francisco.[5]

Alcatraz Light at sunset

In the original order placed for supply of the equipment Argand lamps and parabolic reflectors had been specified as the Fresnel lens, created by

Cape St. Elias Lighthouse in Alaska and replaced by a revolving fourth-order Fresnel lens, producing a white flash every five seconds.[5]

In 1909–12, the present cell house of Alcatraz was built. Since the new structure would interfere with the operation of the lighthouse, a taller 25.6 metres (84 ft), concrete tower was built south of the original lighthouse. The original lighthouse had been damaged during the great

San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and was eventually torn down. In 1963, the Alcatraz Lighthouse was automated by the United States Coast Guard. In 1970 a fire destroyed the warden's house, the keepers' quarters and other buildings on the island. The only remaining building is the tall cement tower equipped with a modern beacon. The lighthouse has been a museum since 2000 and can be visited.[5] In over 50 years, the lighthouse has not been seriously damaged despite many prison escapes, the Battle of Alcatraz and fires.[8]

Structural details

Alcatraz Lighthouse, 2007

The first lighthouse was 50 feet (15 m) in height, and was based on a design that was typical of early "

Pacific Coast. The old lighthouse was damaged in the earthquake which occurred on Wednesday the April 18, 1906. A new lighthouse was built to the south east of the old one. The old lighthouse existed alongside the new structure for a while and used as a storehouse, but was eventually demolished between 1912 and 1913.[9]

The existing lighthouse is built to a height of 84 feet (26 m),[5] 214 feet (65 m) above sea level,[9] to the south of the original lighthouse. Its foundation is made of masonry while the octagonal pyramidal shaped tower is made of concrete. Initially, a third order Fresnel reflector was installed in 1854, and was replaced by a fourth order reflector in 1903. The foghorn bell was replaced by electronic Klaxon. Near the base of the tower was family accommodation also built to house three keepers and their families.[5][8] Similar "Cape-cod style" lighthouses, encircling the thick light brick tower, were built at Point Loma in San Diego, Point Pinos near Monterey and also on the Southeast Farallon Island about 30 miles (48 km) west of the San Francisco Strait.[7]

Coastguard building blueprint

There was also a telephone installed, in the 1930, in the keepers quarters (moved to the hall later) known to and accessed only by the keepers. When the Federal Penitentiary was established on the island more telephones were installed and was made accessible to others also.[9]

The lighthouse was operated and maintained by the keepers whose responsibility included operation of fog signals found located on the northern and southern tips of the island. The prison guards facilitated the keepers to blow the fog horns as they were in advantageous position stationed on the elevated watch towers; the guards who were in position to see "a bank of fog started to roll through the Golden Gate", would inform notify the keepers so that the fog horns could be activated.[5]

Navigation aids

The leading marks which guide the ships while entering the island are the lime point which is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) east and the black point which is lime 1 mile (1.6 km) north. The island itself is interspersed with several buildings and military towers. The highest point of the island is where the light house is located. Northwestern and southeastern tips of the island have small buildings which housed the fog signals (the electric horns were installed in small buildings known as "mid twentieth century foghorn shacks".[7]). The white light is shown by a grey tower flashes white that lasts for 0.5 seconds and eclipses' for 4.5 seconds and forming with the Fort Point light House a range for crossing the bar for the main ship. Fog signals are electric sirens, one on the southeast end sounding two blasts of 4 seconds duration, every 30 seconds while the one on the northwest end gives a single blast every 20 seconds of 5 seconds duration.[10]

Keepers

The three lighthouse keepers, known as "wickies", were dressed in prescribed formal uniforms which consisted of a "navy blue hat, sack coat, vest and trousers". Decorative buttons and insignia patches adorned their uniforms. The keepers worked on an eight-hour shift with the beacon lighted all through the year; during day time the lens was covered and protected from sun rays.[9]

The island's head lighthouse keepers included:[5]

  • Michael Cassin (1853–1855)
  • John Sloan (1855–1856)
  • Underwhill Van Wagner (1856–1862)
  • Hartford Joy (1862–1872)
  • Amasa Bushnell (1872–1874)
  • William W. Scott (1874–1875)
  • John A. F. McFarland (1875–1878, 1882–1888)
  • John T. Huie (1878–1882)
  • Benjamin F. Leeds (1888–1905)
  • Henry W. Young (1905–1909)
  • James Anderson (1909 – at least 1912)
  • Frederick Arthur Harrington (1919–1938) was the keeper of both the light houses and remained as keeper till his death in 1938.[9]
  • Harry Davis (1938 – at least 1940)
  • Edward H. Schneider (1950 – 1959)
  • Norman Fornachon (at least 1962 – 1963)

Gallery

  • Hopi inmates and original light
    Hopi inmates and original light
  • Original lighthouse, c.1894
    Original lighthouse, c.1894
  • Top of light
    Top of light
  • Viewed from inland
    Viewed from inland
  • Light on
    Light on
  • Viewed from inland
    Viewed from inland
  • Sunrise view of Lighthouse
    Sunrise view of Lighthouse

See also

References

  1. ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of the United States: Northern California". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  2. ^ California Historic Light Station Information & Photography United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 9 June 2016
  3. ^ "NPS Focus". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
  4. ^ a b "Alcatraz Island Lighthouse". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Alcatraz Island, CA". lighthousefriends.com. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  6. ISBN 9780815313502
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7627-4578-4. Retrieved September 10, 2012.[permanent dead link
    ]
  8. ^ a b "Historic Light Station Information& Photography, California". Alcatraz Island Light. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  9. ^
    ISBN 9781468587531
    .
  10. ISBN 9781468587531
    .

External links

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