Alcmaeon of Croton
Alcmaeon of Croton | |
---|---|
Era | Pre-Socratic philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Pythagoreanism |
Main interests | Natural philosophy |
Notable ideas | Humorism |
Alcmaeon of
Biography
Alcmaeon was born in Croton, Magna Graecia, and was the son of Peirithous.[3] Alcmaeon is said by some to have been a pupil of Pythagoras, and he is believed to have been born c. 510 BC.[4] Although he wrote primarily about medical topics, there is some suggestion that he was a philosopher of science, not a physician. He also practiced astrology and meteorology. Nothing more is known of the events of his life.[5]
Work
During Alcmaeon's time, the medical school in Magna Graecia was regarded as the most famous; illnesses were studied in a scientific and experimental manner.[2] Alcmaeon was considered by many an early pioneer and advocate of anatomical dissection and was said to be the first to identify Eustachian tubes. His celebrated discoveries in the field of dissection were noted in antiquity, but whether his knowledge in this branch of science was derived from the dissection of animals or of human bodies is disputed.[6] Calcidius, on whose authority the fact rests, merely says "qui primus exsectionem aggredi est ausus," and the word exsectio would apply equally well in either case;[7] some modern scholars doubt Calcidius' word entirely.[8]
Alcmaeon also was the first to dwell on the internal causes of illnesses. It was he who first suggested that health was a state of equilibrium between opposing
Surviving fragments attributed to Alcmaeon include, "The earth is the mother of plants and the sun their father", and maybe also, "Experience is the beginning of learning", attributed to an Spartan poet named Alcman.
The equality (isonomia) of the powers (wet, dry, cold, hot, bitter, sweet, etc.) maintains health but that monarchy among them produces disease.[3]
Study of the senses
Other studies
Alcmaeon said that sleep occurs by the withdrawal of blood, away from the surface of the body, to larger blood-flowing vessels, and that one becomes awake again once the blood returns. And if the blood withdraws entirely, death occurs. It has been suggested that Hippocratic authors, and Aristotle, adopted Alcmaeon's views on sleep.[16][17] There are also accounts of him about embryology, how a child develops, and analogies with animals and plants about human physiology. Because of the little evidence, there exists controversy to what extent Alcmaeon can be considered as a Presocratic cosmologist, or if at all.[3]
Pythagorean
Although Alcmaeon is often described as a pupil of Pythagoras, there are reasons to doubt whether he was a Pythagorean at all;[18] his name seems to have crept into lists of Pythagoreans given us by later writers.[19] Aristotle mentions him as nearly contemporary with Pythagoras, but distinguishes between the stoicheia (στοιχεῖα) of opposites, under which the Pythagoreans included all things;[20] and the double principle of Alcmaeon, according to Aristotle, less extended, although he does not explain the precise difference. Since 1950 the scholarly consensus holds that Alcmaeon of Croton is a figure independent of the Pythagoreans.[3]
Other doctrines of Alcmaeon have been preserved. He said that the human soul was immortal and partook of the divine nature, because like the heavenly bodies it contained in itself a principle of motion.[21][22] The eclipse of the moon, which was also eternal, he supposed to arise from its shape, which he said was like a boat. All his doctrines which have come down to us relate to physics or medicine; and seem to have arisen partly out of the speculations of the Ionian School, with which rather than the Pythagorean, Aristotle appears to connect Alcmaeon, partly from the traditional lore of the earliest medical science.[19]
Modern influence
Alcmaeon of Croton, an ancient Greek philosopher, physician, and scientist who lived during the 5th century BCE, is widely regarded as one of the founders of the medical tradition in ancient Greece and made some significant contributions to the fields of anatomy and physiology and the overall field of medicine as well. Alcmaeon's work had a large impact on the development of Western medicine and science. His ideas continue to influence our understanding of the human body and mind today.
One of Alcmaeon's most significant contributions to medicine was his understanding of the brain and the role that it played in human physiology. He was one of the first people to recognize the importance of the brain as the point of intelligence and consciousness (or soul).[23] Alcmaeon believed that the brain was the most important organ in the body and that it was responsible for controlling all of the body's functions. He also believed that the brain was the site of the senses and that different areas of the brain were responsible for detecting different sensory experiences.[23]
Alcmaeon's work also had a significant impact on the study of anatomy. He was one of the first physicians to perform dissections on human cadavers, which allowed him to gain a better understanding of the structure and function of the human body and all of its parts.[24] Alcmaeon was particularly interested in the eyes and ears and made important discoveries about their structures and how they worked. He also recognized the importance of the heart in regards to the circulating of blood throughout the body, although his understanding of the circulatory system was not as advanced as that of later physicians.
Alcmaeon's ideas about the brain and the senses had a huge impact on the development of ancient Greek philosophy. His understanding of the brain as the area where intelligence and consciousness were created challenged the beliefs about the nature of the soul and the mind at the time.[24] Alcmaeon's work laid the foundation for later philosophical and scientific debates about the relationship between the body and the mind, and his ideas continue to influence our thinking about these issues today.
Alcmaeon's work had an important impact on the development of Western medicine as well. His emphasis on
Alcmaeon of Croton was a pioneer in the history of medicine and science. His work on the brain, the senses, and human anatomy allowed for later advances in these fields, and his emphasis on observation and experimentation helped to create a scientific approach to medicine that remains central to our understanding of the human body and mind today. Alcmaeon's ideas continue to influence our thinking about the conscious, the relationship between the body and the mind, and the physiological mechanisms of diseases. His legacy as a scientist, philosopher, and physician continues to be seen today, almost 2,500 years after his death.
See also
- Galen of Pergamon– influenced by Alcmaeon of Croton
- Hippocrates
Notes
- ^ Huffman, Carl (2021). "Alcmaeon". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ S2CID 7737957.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Carl Huffman (2017). "Alcmaeon". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
- ^ "There is disagreement about the date of his birth: Aristotle says that "Alcmaeon of Croton lived when Pythagoras was old," [Metaphysics, 1, v, 30, 986a] but it would appear that the passage is interpolated. Diogenes Laertius states that he was a disciple of Pythagoras, [viii. 83] and this could have been possible if we assume that the latter died about 490 and that Alcmaeon was born about 510 BC." Plinio Prioreschi, (1996), A History of Medicine: Greek medicine, page 167.
- ^ Greenhill, William Alexander (1867). "Alcmaeon (3)". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 104–105. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11.
- ^ Dict. of Ant., p. 756, a
- ^ Calcidius, Comment. in Plat. "Tim." p. 368, ed. Fabr.
- ^ Owen, Gwilym Ellis Lane (1996). "Alcmaeon (2)". In Hornblower, Simon (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 83.
- ^ Clement of Alexandria, Stromata i. p. 308
- ^ fabulas, Isid. Orig. i. 39
- ^ Stobaeus, Eclog. Phys.
- ^ Plutarch, De Phys. Philos. Decr.
- ^ Galen, Histor. Philosoph.
- PMID 26487317.
- ^ Albert S. Lyons, M.D., F.A.C.S., R. Joseph Petrucelli, II, M.D., Medicine: An Illustrated History, pp. 187, 192
- 8vo.; Isensee, Gesch. der Medicin.
- ^ Jowett, Benjamin (1867). "Alcmaeon (3)". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 105. Archived from the original on 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b Christian August Brandis, Geschichte der Philosophie vol. i. p. 507-508
- ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics A. 5
- ^ Aristotle, de Anima, i. 2, p. 405
- ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum i. 11
- ^ S2CID 45507924.
- ^ S2CID 250438858.
References
- Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Vol. 2:8. Translated by Hicks, Robert Drew(Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.
Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Alcmaeon". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
Further reading
- Andriopoulos, D.Z. (1990). "Alcmeon's and Hippocrates's Concept of Aetia". In Nicolacopoulos, Pantelis (ed.). Greek Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
- Codellas, P.S. (1931–1932). "Alcmaeon of Croton: His Life, Work, and Fragments". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 25 (7): 1041–1046. PMID 19988748.
- Foca, A. (2002). "The Origin of Experimental Medicine in the School of Alcmaeon from Kroton and the Diffusion of His Philosophy within the Mediterranean Area". Skepsis. 13–14: 242–253.
- ISBN 0-521-29420-7.
- Jones, W.H.S. (1979). Philosophy and Medicine in Ancient Greece. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-10606-8.
- Lloyd, Geoffrey (1975). "Alcmaeon and the Early History of Dissection". Sudhoffs Archiv. 59 (2): 113–147. PMID 138982.
- Longrigg, James (1993). Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02594-X.
- Mansfeld, Jaap (1975). "Alcmaeon: 'Physikos' or Physician?". In de Vogel, C.J.; Mansfeld, Jaap; de Rijk, Lambertus Marie (eds.). Kephalaion: Studies in Greek Philosophy and its Continuation Offered to Professor C. J. de Vogel. Assen: Van Gorcum.
- Sigerist, Henry E., ed. (1961). A History of Medicine:Early Greek, Hindu, and Persian Medicine. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press.
External links
- Huffman, Carl. "Alcmaeon". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Kudlien, Fridolf (2008) [1970–80]. "Alcameon of Crotona". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com.