Alcohol-related crime
Alcohol-related crime refers to criminal activities that involve
Crime perpetrators are much more likely to be intoxicated than crime victims. Alcohol availability and consumption rates and alcohol rates are positively associated with nuisance, loitering, panhandling, and disorderly conduct in open spaces; domestic violence; as well as violent crimes, though specifics differ between particular countries and cultures.[1] Research found that factors that increase the likelihood of alcohol‐related violence include difficult temperament, hyperactivity, hostile beliefs, history of family violence, poor school performance, delinquent peers, criminogenic beliefs about alcohol's effects, impulsivity, and antisocial personality disorder.[1]
In the early 2000s, the monetary cost of alcohol-related crime in the United States alone has been estimated at over $205 billion, twice the economic cost of all other
The relation between
Types
Some crimes are uniquely tied to alcohol, such as
Domestic violence and child abuse
Domestic violence typically co‐occurs with alcohol abuse. Alcohol use has been reported as a factor by two-thirds of domestic abuse victims. Moderate drinkers are more frequently engaged in intimate violence than are light drinkers and abstainers, however generally it is heavy and/or binge drinkers who are involved in the most chronic and serious forms of aggression. The odds, frequency, and severity of physical attacks are all positively correlated with alcohol use. In turn, violence decreases after behavioral marital alcoholism treatment. Studies also suggest there may be links between alcohol abuse and child abuse.[1]
Driving under the influence
Driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI), is the crime of driving a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs including those prescribed by physicians.[13]
With alcohol consumption, a
Drug facilitated sexual assault
Alcohol abuse increases the risk of individuals either experiencing or perpetrating sexual violence.[15] Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a sexual assault carried out after the victim has become incapacitated due to having consumed alcohol or other drugs. Alcohol remains the most commonly used predator drug,[16] being readily available as well as legal, and is said to be used in the majority of sexual assaults.[11] Many assailants use alcohol because their victims often willingly imbibe it, and can be encouraged to drink enough to lose inhibitions or consciousness. Sex with an unconscious victim is considered rape in most if not all jurisdictions, and some assailants have committed "rapes of convenience" whereby they have assaulted a victim after he or she had become unconscious from drinking too much.[17]
Rum-running
Rum-running, the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law.
Straw purchase
In England and Wales, buying alcohol on behalf of a person under 18 is a summary offence under section 149 of the Licensing Act 2003, punishable by an unlimited fine (level 5 on the standard scale). There is an exception for beer, wine or cider served to a 16 or 17 year old with a meal at a table.[18]
Manufacturing
Moonshine
Moonshine (bootleg liquor) is illegal to produce in most countries and territories.
Methanol poisoning incidents
Public drunkenness
Public drunkenness or intoxication is a common problem in many jurisdictions. The offenders are often lower class individuals and this crime has a very high recidivism rate, with numerous instances of repeated instances of the arrest, jail, release without treatment cycle. The high number of arrests for public drunkenness often reflects rearrests of the same offenders.[6]
Robbery and violent crimes
Robbery and violent crimes often involve alcohol use, and there is a positive correlation between such crimes and alcohol use.[1] 15% of robberies, 63% of intimate partner violence incidents, 37% of sexual assaults, 45-46% of physical assaults and 40-45% of homicides in the United States involved use of alcohol.[23][7] A 1983 study for the United States found that 54% of violent crime perpetrators, arrested in that country, had been consuming alcohol before their offenses.[6] In the United Kingdom, in 2015/2016, 39% of those involved in violent crimes were under alcohol influence.[24] International studies are similar, with an estimate that 63% of violent crimes worldwide involves the use of alcohol.[7]
Prevention and enforcement
Criminologist Hung‐En Sung has concluded in 2016 that with regards to reducing drunk driving, law enforcement has not generally proven to be effective. Worldwide, the majority of those driving under the influence do not end up arrested. At least two thirds of alcohol‐involved fatalities involve repeat drinking drivers. Sung, commenting on measures for controlling drunk driving and alcohol‐related accidents, noted that the ones that have proven effective include "lowering legal blood alcohol concentrations, controlling liquor outlets, nighttime driving
Alcohol use is stereotypically associated with crime, and therefore policing alcohol‐related street disorder and enforcing compliance checks of alcohol‐dispensing businesses has proven successful in reducing public perception of and fear of criminal activities.[1]
Taxes
- Pigovian taxes, which are to pay for the damage to society caused by these goods.
- Sin taxes are used to increase the price in an effort to lower their use, or failing that, to increase and find new sources of revenue.
See also
- Alcohol myopia
- Rum-running
- Drug-related crime
- Legal drinking age
- List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
- Prohibition of alcohol
References
- ^ ISBN 9781405165518
- ISBN 9780335212576.
- ^ "Drunk Driving Statistics in the US and Across the World". Law Office of Douglas Herring. 13 November 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ "Drunk Driving Increasing Concern Worldwide". Voice of America. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ISBN 9783764399238
- ^ ISBN 9780495093350.
- ^ ISBN 9781118411063.
- ^ ISBN 9781118411063.
- ^ "WHO | Governments confront drunken violence". WHO. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ a b "Global status report on alcohol and health" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0763744632.
- ISBN 9781134029709.
- ^ Driving Under the Influence: A Report to Congress on Alcohol Limits. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1992. pp. 1–.
- ^ Nelson, Bruce. "Nevada's Driving Under the Influence (DUI) laws". NVPAC. Advisory Council for Prosecuting Attorneys. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- S2CID 3100905.
- ^ Alcohol Is Most Common 'Date Rape' Drug Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved on 1 June 2011.
- ^ Date Rape. Survive.org.uk (20 March 2000). Retrieved on 1 June 2011.
- ^ "Licensing Act 2003: Section 149", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 2003 c. 17 (s. 149)
- ^ "Application to Include Fomepizole on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). November 2012. p. 10.
- ^ .
- ^ "Methanol Poisoning Overview". Antizol. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011. dead link
- ^ Methanol (CASRN 67-56-1)
- ^ "Alcohol-Related Crimes: Statistics and Facts". Alcohol Rehab Guide. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
- ^ "Alcohol statistics". Alcohol Change UK. Retrieved 22 September 2019.