Alejandro (song)

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Alejandro (Lady Gaga song)
)

"Alejandro"
Greyscale image of Gaga with unkempt black hair which falls around her face. A crow sits on top of her head.
Single by Lady Gaga
from the EP The Fame Monster
LanguageEnglish and Spanish
ReleasedApril 20, 2010
Recorded2009
StudioFC Walvisch (Amsterdam)
GenreSynth-pop
Length4:34
Label
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
  • RedOne
  • Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga singles chronology
"Telephone"
(2010) 		"Alejandro"
(2010) 		"Dance in the Dark"
(2010)
Music video
"Alejandro" on
YouTube

"Alejandro" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third extended play (EP), The Fame Monster (2009)—the reissue of her debut studio album, The Fame (2008). Written and produced by Gaga and RedOne, it was released on April 20, 2010, as the third single from the EP. Interscope Records intended the track "Dance in the Dark" to be the EP's third single after "Alejandro" initially received limited airplay, but Gaga insisted on the latter. A synth-pop track with Europop and Latin pop beats, it opens with a sample from the main melody of Vittorio Monti's "Csárdás". The song was inspired by Gaga's fear of men and is about her bidding farewell to her Latino lovers named Alejandro, Roberto and Fernando.

Some critics praised the track's catchiness and production while others criticized it as unoriginal, mainly due to the influence from the pop acts ABBA and Ace of Base. Retrospective reviewers ranked the song as one of Gaga's best. Following the album's release, the song charted in the UK and Hungary. Upon its release as a single, "Alejandro" topped the Czech, Finnish, Mexican, Venezuelan, Polish, Russian and Romanian charts, and reached the top five in the US, Australia, Canada and Sweden. In a 2017 journal, which studied structural patterns in melodies of earworm songs, American Psychological Association called "Alejandro" one of the catchiest in the world.

The accompanying music video, directed by fashion photographer

ninth season of American Idol and many of her concert tours and residency shows
.

Background and release

mastered by Gene Grimaldi. Johnny Severin did vocal editing. "Alejandro" was recorded at FC Walvisch Studios in Amsterdam.[1]

Fuse TV that the inspiration behind "Alejandro" was her "Fear of Men Monster".[6] According to NME, Gaga longs for the affection of her ex-lovers but rejects them, fearing commitment and abandonment.[7]

Music and lyrics

"Alejandro" is a

Spanish accent: "I know that we are young, and I know that you may love me/But I just can't be with you like this anymore, Alejandro." In a Cambridge University Press-published journal analyzing Gaga's "musical intertexts" on The Fame Monster, authors Lori Burns, Alyssa Woods and Marc Lafrance described her voice during this passage as "compressed and filtered to create a distant but focused effect".[11] Gaga sings the pre-chorus where she describes her relationship as problematic and lets her lover know about making a choice: "You know that I love you, boy/Hot like Mexico, rejoice!/At this point I've got to choose/Nothing to lose."[12] By the song's end, Gaga bids her lovers—Alejandro, Fernando, and Roberto—farewell.[9]

"Alejandro"
A 27-second sample of the song's
chorus
, backed by synth-beats. The lyrics have Gaga reject her three lovers.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by

Vulture praised Gaga's outspoken sex-positive feminism in the song, exemplified by the lyrics "don't want to kiss, don't want to touch/Just smoke my cigarette and hush".[19]

In the European Journal of Media Studies, Anne Kustritz wrote that "Alejandro" showed Gaga's use of "unending semiotic shell game".[20] She felt that the names Alejandro, Roberto and Fernando, the word "Mexico", and the brief Spanish lyrics confirmed either that the song is set in Latin America or Gaga's lover is Hispanic. Kustritz believed that, beyond these instances, the song conveyed little about Mexico, Latin America or intercultural relationships. Confused by the song's constant shift of viewpoint from "I" to "You" to "She",[21] Kustritz noted how certain phrases[a] introduce themes but do not develop them further and "merely appear, like drunken lyrical mad lib fill-ins. Words seem to have been positioned in 'Alejandro' not because they convey meaning but because of how they sound, a strategy which reverses the usual insistence that the signified trumps the formal properties of the signifier."[22]

Critical reception and accolades

Earlier critical reception to "Alejandro" was mixed. The song was called a summer-friendly track (BBC),[23] a "lush paean to a love that's 'hot like Mexico'" (MTV News),[15] "brilliantly catchy, deceptively simple and wonderfully melancholy" (MusicOMH),[24] and light-hearted (NME and Los Angeles Times).[25][26] Robert Copsey of Digital Spy praised the song's melodies, describing them as "deceptively catchy" and the lyrics as "wistful".[27] In a mixed review, Jon Blistein of L Magazine wrote that "Alejandro" and "Monster", another track from The Fame Monster, are "half-decent club/pop songs in their own right—and much more well-organized than 'Bad Romance'—they don't seem like complete thoughts".[28]

A black and white picture of two men standing and putting their hands on the shoulder of women sitting on a chair
"Alejandro" was compared in multiple reviews to the music of Swedish band ABBA (pictured in 1974), particularly their 1975 single, "Fernando".

Comparisons with other artists, especially ABBA and Ace of Base's work, were constant in reviews.[29] Reviews from Slant Magazine and Rolling Stone believed the song paid a delightful tribute to ABBA.[14][30] It was described as a modernized version of an ABBA song by AllMusic and Pitchfork critics.[31][32] In a five-out-of-five-star review, Copsey recognized similarities to "La Isla Bonita" and Ace of Base songs, but felt that Gaga added "her own inimitable twist too".[27] Comparing the song to "Don't Turn Around" and "Fernando", Lindsey Fortier from Billboard added, "By the song's end, Alejandro, Fernando and Roberto aren't the only ones sent packing—the listener is dancing out right behind them."[9] Sociologist Mathieu Deflem dismissed the criticism of the song as an "ABBA rip-off" as he believed the reference to the band was intentional by RedOne who is also from Sweden.[33] Other comparisons of the song included with Madonna's 1987 single "Who's That Girl"[34] and Shakira in the chorus.[35]

Some reviews were negative. Sarah Hajibagheri from The Times dismissed it as a "painful Latino warble [and] a would-be Eurovision reject".[36] The Boston Globe's James Reed criticized it as "a tepid dance track" where she needlessly repeats the song's title.[37] Nathan Pensky of PopMatters felt that it is "a song truly made up of nothing, not even bothering to revel in its vacuity". Acknowledging its catchiness, Pensky opined that making a simple pop song was not enough, especially considering the quality of Gaga's other songs—"Bad Romance" and "Telephone".[38]

In retrospect, the song was ranked as one of Gaga's best by NME, The Guardian, Belfast Telegraph, Rolling Stone, Billboard and Vulture.[b] It was considered one of "Gaga's most enduring singles" by The Guardian,[39] and one of her catchiest pop songs by Vulture.[43] Belfast Telegraph approvingly highlighted "the inexplicably European lilt" in the spoken-word lyrics and "the femme-fatale chilliness of its chorus".[40] For Billboard, "The sweaty, stomping production ramps up during one of Gaga's simplest, most effective hooks to date."[42] On the song's 10-year anniversary, Mike Wass of Idolator complimented it for still sounding "as audacious and addictive as it did back then", concluding that "every element of 'Alejandro' comes together perfectly to create dance-pop bliss".[44]

"Alejandro" won an

BMI Pop Award for Most-Performed Songs of the Year.[45][46] It received nominations for a Gaygalan Award for International Song of the Year and a Rockbjörnen prize for Foreign Song of the Year.[47][48] A 2017 journal, published by Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts studying structural patterns in the melodies of earworm songs, compiled lists of catchiest tracks from 3,000 participants, in which "Alejandro" ranked number eight.[49]

Chart performance

In the US, "Alejandro" debuted at number 72 on the

Hot Dance Club Songs chart at 40[53] and reached the top in the issue dated July 7, 2010.[54] The song has sold 2.63 million digital downloads in the US as of February 2019,[55] making Gaga the second artist in digital history to amass seven consecutive two million sellers as a lead act.[56][57] The track was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in October 2017.[58] On the Canadian Hot 100, "Alejandro" peaked at number four on the issue dated May 8, 2010.[59]

On the

UK Singles Chart at number 75.[63] It peaked at number seven in 2010,[63] becoming her sixth top ten song in the UK.[64] According to the Official Charts Company, "Alejandro" has sold a total of 436,000 copies as of February 2014, and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in 2020.[65][66] They listed it as the 37th best-selling vinyl single in the UK for the 2010s.[67] Across Europe, the song reached the top five in Austria, the Ultratop charts of Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland, topping the charts in Finland, Poland, Romania and Russia.[68][69][70][71]

Music video

Development and release

In January 2010, Gaga began casting for the music video of "Alejandro".[72] It was directed by photographer Steven Klein,[73] whom Gaga considered the right choice as he understood her "I am what I wear" lifestyle, theater background, "love of music and love of the lie in art". She discussed her respect for Klein. "[W]e've been excited to collaborate and have a fashion photographer tell us a story, the story of my music through his lens and this idea of fashion and lifestyle."[74]

The video thematizes military homoeroticism and celebrates Gaga's admiration of the gay community.[75] She explained it is about the "purity of my friendships with my gay friends, and how I've been unable to find that with a straight man in my life. It's a celebration and an admiration of gay love—it confesses my envy of the courage and bravery they require to be together. In the video I'm pining for the love of my gay friends—but they just don't want me to be with them."[76] For Klein, the video is "about a woman's desire to resurrect a dead love and who can not face the brutality of her present situation. The pain of living without your true love."[77]

On the television talk show Larry King Live (2010), Gaga released a black-and-white portion from the video, in which she and her dancers perform variations on a sharp military march throughout.[75] The video premiered on Gaga's official website and her YouTube and Vevo accounts on June 8, 2010.[78] Days after the video's release, Gaga posted on her Twitter account: "Men are men ... A soldier is a soldier." Anne Kustritz wrote that it was posted at a time when she was publicly opposing "don't ask, don't tell", a policy by the United States Armed Forces, which prohibited discrimination against closeted homosexuals but also barred openly gay people from military service. Kustritz opined the video hardly portrayed this and it was unclear whether it was for or against the policy.[22]

Synopsis

The video was inspired by the

fishnet stockings and heels as another lone soldier stares into the distance.[79] The scene then cuts to male dancers performing elaborate choreography while marching forward with a Star of David. As the song's intro begins, Gaga is shown leading a funeral procession and carrying the Sacred Heart on a pillow. When the lyrics begin, she sits on a throne in an elaborate headpiece and binocular-like eyepieces, holding a smoking pipe and watching her dancers perform a rigorous routine in the snow.[79] Playing the character Sally Bowles from Cabaret in the following scene, Gaga dances and simulates sex acts with three men on a stage with twin beds, intercut with shots of her lying on a larger bed dressed in a red latex nun outfit.[82]

Gaga appears dressed in a white hooded robe reminiscent of Joan of Arc, interspersed with a shot of her as a nun consuming rosary beads.[83] Gaga and her dancers in military uniforms are shown in a black-and-white sequence, performing a tribute to the late choreographer Bob Fosse, the director of the film version of Cabaret.[84] Gaga is seen in a blonde bob and a similar outfit to one of Liza Minnelli's performance costumes. The video shows a scene of her in a machine gun-equipped bra and her dancers. After a shot of her in an empty club, scenes of war breaking out flash by, and the lone soldier appears again. Going back to the Joan of Arc scene, she struggles with her dancers and disrobes. The video ends with her dressed as the nun, and the picture burns outwards.[79]

Anne Kustritz believed the video is possibly set in post-World War II Argentina where Gaga's character is seduced by Nazi fugitives assuming false Spanish identities but opined that the video barely shows Latin America or Mexico.[22] Author Joshua S. Walden saw vague allusions to a Hispanic location through the Catholic references with crucifix iconography, the red nun habit and the rosary.[85] James Montgomery thought the video was a tribute to pre-Nazi Germany, elaborating that the "carefully crafted close-ups, languorously smoked cigarettes and oppressively cut costumes" evoke the "artistically fertile but politically and economically difficult era" before Adolf Hitler's rise to power.[79]

Reception

Madonna wearing a beige corset and black pants. She has blonde curly hair and has a headset microphone to her mouth.
Lady Gaga singing while wearing a rifle-equipped bra, accompanied by a male dancer who is wearing a black underwear and boots. In the background a couch is visible, which looks like it was made from meat.
Elements of the video were compared to the work of Madonna (pictured left in 1990), including Gaga's gun bra, which she again donned for the performance of "Alejandro" (pictured right) during her Born This Way Ball (2012–2013).

The music video received mostly positive critical reviews. It was nominated for a

MuchMusic Video Award for Most Streamed Video of the Year.[86] Praise focused on the video's dark themes and imagery. James Montgomery from MTV News commented that "Gaga has created a world that, while oppressive, also looks great"[79] and added in another piece that "she may have finally reached the point in her career where not even she can top herself."[87] Rolling Stone's Daniel Kreps labeled the video a "cinematic epic",[88] and Nate Jones of Time was impressed with the combination of "self-conscious ballsiness of Gaga and director Steven Klein".[89] Randall Roberts from the Los Angeles Times said that "the clip reinforces the notion that no one understands the convergence of image and music right now better than Gaga."[90] Other critics praised the video's quality but thought it was not on par with Gaga's previous videos, mainly "Bad Romance" and "Telephone".[91][84]

Critics took note of the video's length, shock value and complicated storyline. Jen Dose from National Post commented that "Alejandro" was another instance of Gaga's extravagance in her work.[92] The story was described as complicated by some critics, although Jed Gottlieb from the Boston Herald noted its lack of a happy ending.[93][94] Anthony Benigno from New York Daily News felt that "the shock songstress' new music video ... is chock full of bed-ridden S&M imagery that makes it look like the softcore answer to The Matrix" (1999).[82]

Reviewers saw references to artists

black-and-white cinematography,[88] Dolce & Gabbana vest, Francesco Scognamiglio pantsuit and machine-gun bra.[c][98] Some reviewers defended Gaga; James Montgomery believed comparing the two artists merely because of the black and white cinematography and Gaga's bowl haircut was unfounded: "[T]hat's sort of selling their vision short".[99] Kreps thought the video's similarity to Madonna's work was because Klein had worked with her before filming "Alejandro".[88] Kara Warner of MTV News viewed that unlike Madonna, the style of "Alejandro" is "more cutting, masculine and militant".[75]

Religious iconography and themes

"Alejandro" created a media uproar after the release of the video because of its use of religious imagery.[100] One of the most discussed scenes in the video was when Gaga, wearing a nun's habit, swallowed rosary beads.[101] The Catholic League criticized the video for its use of religious imagery, accusing Gaga of "playing a Madonna copy-cat".[102][103] This was echoed by Mónica Herrera, who said Gaga's use of the rosary and nun's habit to make sexual references was reminiscent of Madonna's "Like a Prayer" video.[8] In an interview with MTV, Klein explained that this scene was Gaga's act of theophagy—"the desire to take in the holy". He said that the religious imagery was not supposed to signify anything negative, but only Gaga's "battle between the darker and lighter forces" as consolidated by Gaga's nun outfit. Klein added that the significance behind her mouth and eyes disappearing was "because she is withdrawing her senses from the world of evil and going inward towards prayer and contemplation".[103]

rosary beads. The Catholic League
criticized the video's religious imagery.

Many critics agreed that the religious imagery was a calculated move by Gaga to create controversy. One of them was Simon Voxick-Levinson from Entertainment Weekly: "Gaga wants to offend people. She's a provocateur. Gaga would probably be disappointed if no one was offended by her latest video. She's doing that stuff for a reason." He found the risks unoriginal and not as exciting as the ones in "Telephone".

bi-curiosity with her song "I Kissed a Girl" (2008).[107]

Critics analyzed the military look and scenes. The soldiers wore German underwear from the Interwar period and black shirts and leather jackets; for the authors Sally Gray and Anusha Rutnam, they represented "Italian fascist-inflected male sartorial aesthetics".[108] In the Journal of LGBT Youth, Gilad Padva wrote that the military look is "queered by the explicit homoerotic photography, stylized choreography, the revealing outfits, their exposed muscles, and their sensual interactions". Padva wrote that the intimate interactions between the male dancers "(choreo)graphically challenge the hegemonic heteromasculinity and machismo",[80] and Gaga's dominance reverses "the notorious heteronormative power relations" where she becomes "the penetrator rather than the penetrated".[109] Literary critic Craig N. Owens wrote that some scenes of Gaga and the soldiers feature misplacement of the heart and the penis. For example, the beginning shows a muscular young man in a helmet and black briefs; he covers his crotch with a pistol. Owens thought the gun symbolizes the covered penis and indicates its displacement onto the upward-facing finial on the top of the helmet on his head. Owens believed the ending portrays organ replacement in that the top of Gaga's suit is changed into a machine gun-carrying bra. He found that this alluded to the ending scene of Gaga's "Bad Romance" video, in which she wears a pyrotechnic bra.[110]

Live performances

Bethesda Fountain in New York's Central Park
.

Between 2009 and 2011, Gaga performed "Alejandro" on

Bethesda Fountain in New York's Central Park.[115][116] Katrin Horn, a postdoctoral fellow in American studies, wrote that while performing "Alejandro", Gaga approached her audiences differently. She asked them to "put your hands up for equal rights!" instead of screaming to "dance" or "put your paws up" as she usually does. In this respect, she declared her desire to support political causes.[117]

Lady Gaga standing on a stage in a mesh leather cut-out bodysuit and knee-high leather boots. Half of her hair is dyed green.
Gaga performing "Alejandro" on the Joanne World Tour in a mesh leather cut-out bodysuit (2018)

In April 2010, Gaga performed "Alejandro" at the

ninth season of American Idol in an episode aired in May 2010.[120][121][122] She was dressed in a black outfit while surrounded by shirtless dancers. During the chorus, a statue of the Virgin Mary had flames pouring out of its top, after which fog filled the stage as Gaga and her dancers performed a dance routine.[123] Luchina Fisher from ABC News called it a "thinly-veiled performance dripping with sex and violins" and "Gaga doing her best Madonna impression".[124] In July 2010, Gaga sang "Alejandro" on Today on a stage outside the studio.[125]

Gaga performed "Alejandro" at the Robin Hood Gala on May 9, 2011, to benefit the

Coachella Festival, while wearing a red crop-top sweatshirt.[131] The song was also part of the setlist of the Joanne World Tour (2017–2018), where she performed it in a mesh leather cut-out bodysuit,[132][133][134] and her Las Vegas residency show, Enigma (2018–2020).[135]

Track listing and formats

Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from the liner notes of The Fame Monster.[1]

Charts

Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for "Alejandro"
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[61] 4× Platinum 280,000‡
Belgium (BEA)[209] Platinum 30,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[210] Diamond 250,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[211] Platinum 30,000^
France (
SNEP)[212]
 Gold 150,000*
Germany (BVMI)[213] Platinum 300,000^
Italy (FIMI)[214] 2× Platinum 60,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[215] Gold 7,500*
Norway (IFPI Norway)[216] Platinum 60,000‡
Russia (
NFPF)[217]

Ringtone 		4× Platinum 800,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[218] Platinum 40,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[219]
Since 2015 		Gold 30,000‡
Sweden (GLF)[220] Platinum 40,000‡
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[221] Platinum 30,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[66] Platinum 600,000‡
United States (RIAA)[58] 4× Platinum 2,630,000[55]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Release history

Release dates and formats for "Alejandro"
Region Date Format(s) Version Label Ref.
Belgium November 9, 2009[d] Digital download Original Interscope [222]
France [223]
Sweden [224]
United States April 20, 2010
[5]
Europe May 10, 2010 Digital download Remixes [225]
Canada May 18, 2010 [226]
United States [227]
[228]
France June 8, 2010 Radio airplay Original Universal [229]
United States June 15, 2010 CD Remixes Interscope [230]
France June 21, 2010
Original [231]
Italy June 25, 2010 Radio airplay Universal [232]
United Kingdom June 28, 2010
Polydor [233]
Germany July 2, 2010 CD Interscope [234]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Halo", which she believed references Christianity and "boyfriend like a dad", which has "potential feminist or psychoanalytic concerns"[22]
  2. ^ Attributed to multiple references[7][39][40][41][42][43]
  3. ^ Madonna wore a cone bra in the music video for "Vogue".[97]
  4. promotional single
    .

References

  1. ^ a b Lady Gaga (2009). The Fame Monster (Booklet liner notes). Interscope Records. p. 3. 272 527-6.
  2. ^ Linder, Brian (November 23, 2009). "Lady Gaga – The Fame Monster Review". IGN. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Lady Gaga – Gaga Still Releasing 'Alejandro' in U.S." Contactmusic.com. April 5, 2010. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Lady GaGa Will Release 'Alejandro' as Next Single". MTV News. April 6, 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
  5. ^ a b "Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings: 4/20 Mainstream". FMQB. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
  6. Fuse TV
    . "Alejandro" is my 'Fear of Men' – Monster.
  7. ^ a b Campbell, Kyle (October 2, 2018). "Lady Gaga: her top 10 songs, ranked". NME. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
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  11. ^ Burns, Woods & Lafrance 2015, p. 14.
  12. ^ a b Burns, Woods & Lafrance 2015, p. 22.
  13. Sony/ATV Music Publishing. January 15, 2010. Archived
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Literary sources

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