Alex Kozinski

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Alex Kozinski
Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
In office
December 1, 2007 – December 1, 2014
Preceded byMary M. Schroeder
Succeeded bySidney R. Thomas
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
In office
November 7, 1985 – December 18, 2017
Appointed byRonald Reagan
Preceded bySeat established by 98 Stat. 333
Succeeded byDaniel Bress
Judge of the United States Claims Court
In office
October 1, 1982 – February 9, 1985
Chief Judge: 1982-1985
Judge: 1982 (Trial Division)
Appointed byRonald Reagan
Preceded byseat established
Succeeded byMarian Blank Horn
Personal details
Born (1950-07-23) July 23, 1950 (age 73)
Romania
SpouseMarcy Tiffany
Children3
EducationUniversity of California, Los Angeles (AB, JD)

Alex Kozinski (

U.S. Supreme Court
justices.

Kozinski's judicial career ended in 2017 when he retired after over a dozen of his former female law clerks and legal staffers accused him of sexual harassment and abusive practices.[2] Kozinski had previously faced an ethics hearing over inappropriate sexual material.[3]

Early life

Kozinski was born in July 1950 to a

Socialist Republic of Romania.[4] Both of his parents were Holocaust survivors. Kozinski's father, Moses spent four years in Transnistrian concentration camps where tens of thousands of Jews perished. His mother, Sabine, lived through the war years in a Romanian ghetto.[5]

In 1958, Kozinski's parents applied to the Romanian government for permission to emigrate from the country.[5] They received permission four years later in 1962, when Kozinski was 12 years old. Kozinski, who had grown up as a committed communist in Bucharest, became what he described as "an instant capitalist" when he took his first trip outside of the Iron Curtain, to Vienna, where he partook of such luxuries as chewing gum and bananas.[6] Kozinski later recounted:

I remember leaving Romania, December 24, 1961. And I still remember being on the train, making plans for myself, how I would to go the West where people were oppressed and I would share my knowledge of Communism and help bring enlightenment by helping to tear down capitalism. ... And the next thing I remember, I was in Vienna, and I got bubblegum and chocolate, which were freely available. It was as though a cloud or veil had lifted. It was such a different world, you had real consumer goods. People weren't running around with shackles. Everything that had been said about the West was untrue. Bananas were plentiful. In Romania, my father used to have to work a half-day to get three bananas. I remember going with my parents to an open-air market in Vienna and seeing all these bananas, cheap, ... and wondering whether they would be there tomorrow. I looked a week later and they were still there. There was no conscious rethinking or recalculating my point of view. I was now an instant and fervent capitalist.[7]

Kozinski's family immigrated to the United States in 1962 and settled in the

Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles
, where his father ran a small grocery store.

Education and early career

Kozinski studied economics at the University of California, Los Angeles, graduating in 1972 with a Bachelor of Arts cum laude. He then attended the UCLA School of Law, where he was a managing editor of the UCLA Law Review. He graduated in 1975 with a Juris Doctor ranked first in his class.

After law school, Kozinski

Merit Systems Protection Board in Washington, D.C. (1981–82).[9]

Office of Special Counsel incident

While he was in the Office of Special Counsel, despite staff recommendations against termination, Kozinski overruled his staff and then repeatedly tutored Interior Secretary

U.S. Supreme Court.[10]

Federal judicial service

Kozinski served as a

trial judge of the United States Court of Claims in 1982, serving as Chief of Trial Division that year.[9]

Kozinski was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on August 10, 1982, to the United States Claims Court, to a new seat authorized by 96 Stat. 27. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 20, 1982, and received commission on October 1, 1982. He served as Chief Judge from 1982 to 1985. His service terminated on February 9, 1985, due to resignation.[9]

Kozinski was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on June 5, 1985, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to a new seat created by 98 Stat. 333. Before the confirmation vote took place, former employees from Kozinski's time at the Office of Special Counsel warned the Senate that Kozinski was "harsh, cruel, demeaning, sadistic, disingenuous and without compassion."[11] He was nonetheless confirmed by the United States Senate by a 54–43 vote on November 7, 1985.[12] He received commission the same day.[9] At 35, he was the youngest federal Appeals Court judge at the time of appointment.

In 2005, after concluding that the Ninth Circuit insufficiently addressed breaches of judicial conduct by Judge Manuel Real, after rules had been enacted to discourage behavior that would initiate "a substantial and widespread lowering of public confidence in the courts among reasonable people," Kozinski demanded the actual imposition of higher standards, writing,"It does not inspire confidence in the federal judiciary, when we treat our own so much better than we treat everyone else." Kozinski was persuasive and Real's case was reopened and he was disciplined.[13]

He served as Chief Judge of the circuit from December 1, 2007, to December 1, 2014.

Richard Cebull, who had sent hundreds of emails disparaging women, racial minorities and liberal politicians. One joked that President Barack Obama's birth was the product of a sexual relationship between Obama's mother and a dog. Kozinski appointed a five-judge panel to review the matter in which he was the chair. It recommended disciplinary measures but not removal; the particulars of the investigation were largely kept confidential, at Kozinski's initiative.[14][15]

Feeder judge

During his tenure as a court of appeals judge, he became a prominent

United States Supreme Court, the fifth most of any judge during that time period.[16] He was particularly successful placing his clerks with Justice Anthony Kennedy, for whom he had himself clerked.[17]

Defense of Ninth Circuit

In the 2000s, while defending the Ninth Circuit against criticism because of a recent controversial decision, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, Kozinski, who had not been part of the case, emphasized judicial independence: "It seems to me that this is what makes this country truly great—that we can have a judiciary where the person who appoints you doesn't own you."[18] He also took a stand against the charge that the Ninth Circuit is overly liberal: "I can say with some confidence that cries that the Ninth Circuit is so liberal are just simply misplaced."[19]

On November 30, 2007, he became the tenth Chief Judge of the Ninth Circuit.

Sidney Runyan Thomas.[21]

Support for death penalty

In an interview on CBS' 60 Minutes in April 2017, Kozinski talked about his support for the death penalty, but with the reservation that death by lethal injection should no longer be used. He advocated the use of the guillotine or firing squad and said that for any country that wants to take human life, citizens should be prepared to watch the proceedings.[22]

Notable cases

Thompson v. Calderon

Thomas Martin Thompson was convicted based largely on the testimony of his fellow inmates, but doubts about the effectiveness of his defense counsel led seven former California prosecutors to file briefs on Thompson's behalf.

The Ninth Circuit had originally denied Thompson's

habeas petition attacking the state court decision. Two days before Thompson's scheduled execution, the Ninth Circuit en banc
reversed (7–4) the earlier denial.

Kozinski dissented:

If the en banc call is missed for whatever reason, the error can be corrected in a future case where the problem again manifests itself.... That this is a capital case does not change the calculus. The stakes are higher in a death case, to be sure, but the stakes for a particular litigant play no legitimate role in the en banc process.

Kozinski's opinion was criticized by Judge Stephen Reinhardt, who called it "bizarre and horrifying" and "unworthy of any jurist."[23] The en banc decision was reversed by the Supreme Court, which called the Ninth Circuit's action "a grave abuse of discretion."[24]

White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc.

Main article: White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc.

Kozinski dissented from an order rejecting the suggestion for rehearing en banc an

Wheel of Fortune–style set in a humorous advertisement. While the Ninth Circuit held in favor of White, Kozinski dissented: "All creators draw in part on the work of those who came before, referring to it, building on it, poking fun at it; we call this creativity, not piracy."[25]

An extended extract from the opinion is widely quoted:

Overprotecting intellectual property is as harmful as underprotecting it. Creativity is impossible without a rich public domain. Nothing today, likely nothing since we tamed fire, is genuinely new: Culture, like science and technology, grows by accretion, each new creator building on the works of those who came before. Overprotection stifles the very creative forces it's supposed to nurture.[26]

Kozinski's dissent in White is also famous for his sarcastic remark that "for better or worse, we are the Court of Appeals for the

Hollywood
Circuit."

Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc.

Main article: Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc.

Yet another of Kozinski's high-profile cases was the lawsuit filed by Mattel against MCA Records, the record label of Danish pop-dance group Aqua, for "turning Barbie into a sex object" in their 1997 song "Barbie Girl." Kozinski opened the case with: "If this were a sci-fi melodrama, it might be called Speech-Zilla meets Trademark Kong" and famously concluded his 2002 opinion with the words: "The parties are advised to chill."[27]

United States v. Ramirez-Lopez (2003)

The majority found the

illegal immigrants across the border, were not violated despite the fact that witnesses who could have exonerated him had been deported before they could be deposed. Kozinski dissented. Federal prosecutors, however, dropped all charges and released the defendant.[28][29]

In 2012, after prosecutors used similar tactics in another case, United States v. Leal-Del Carmen, Kozinski's position in Ramirez-Lopez became the law in the Ninth Circuit.[30][31]

United States v. Isaacs

Kozinski was assigned an obscenity case, similar to that in Miller v. California. Ira Isaacs was accused of distributing videos depicting bestiality and other images.[32][33] During the trial on June 11, 2008, the Los Angeles Times reported that Kozinski had "maintained a publicly accessible Web site featuring sexually explicit photos and videos" at alex.kozinski.com. The Times reported that the site included a photo of naked women on all fours painted to look like cows; a video of a half-dressed man cavorting with a sexually aroused farm animal; images of masturbation and public and contortionist sex; a slide show striptease featuring a transgender woman; a series of photos of women's crotches as seen through snug fitting clothing or underwear; and content with themes of defecation and urination. Kozinski admitted that some of the material was inappropriate but defended other content as "funny."[34]

Calling the coverage a "baseless smear" by a disgruntled litigant,

bestiality. He also argued that the Kozinski family's right to privacy was violated when the disgruntled litigant exposed the private files, which were not intended for public viewing. Lessig compared the incident to breaking and entering a private residence.[36]

Kozinski initially refused to comment on disqualifying himself[37] and then granted a 48-hour stay, when the prosecutor requested time to explore "a potential conflict of interest."[34] On June 13, Kozinski petitioned an ethics panel to investigate his own conduct. He asked Chief Justice John Roberts to assign the inquiry to a panel of judges outside the Ninth Circuit's jurisdiction. Also, he said that his son, Yale, and his family or friends may have been responsible for posting some of the material.[38][39] Kozinski's wife wrote a defense characterizing those of his posts which were alleged to be pornographic, to rather be humorous.[40]

Kozinski had previously been involved in a dispute over government monitoring of federal court employees' computers. Administrative Office head

Ralph Mecham dropped the monitoring program but protested in the press.[41] In 2001, Kozinski, who possesses sophisticated computer skills, personally disabled software which blocked federal court computers in three appellate circuits from receiving pornography.[42]

On June 15, 2008, it was reported that Kozinski had

recused himself from the case.[43] On June 5, 2009, the Judicial Council of the Third Circuit issued an opinion clearing Kozinski of any wrongdoing.[44][45]

Cetacean Research v. Sea Shepherd

In February 2013, Kozinski wrote an opinion reversing a district court ruling that had denied Japanese whalers Institute of Cetacean Research a preliminary injunction against the US-based anti-whaling group Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Kozinski found that the militant conservationist group were "pirates," reversed the denial of injunction by the district court, and affirmed its own provisional injunction against Sea Shepherd. The injunction bars Sea Shepherd from approaching within 500 yards of ICS vessels.[46][47]

Sea Shepherd founder Paul Watson dismissed the opinion enjoining his organization from interfering with ICS vessels as "entirely devoid of real evidence" and claimed that Sea Shepherd USA was in full compliance with the injunction.[48]

Wood v. Ryan

In July 2014,

Joseph Rudolph Wood, who had been sentenced to death, filed a motion before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals claiming a right to know which chemicals were included in the lethal injection that was to be used to execute him. While the court denied his motion, Kozinski issued a dissenting opinion, calling the use of drugs a "misguided effort to mask the brutality of executions by making them look serene and peaceful." He went on to argue that states should revert to more primitive methods like the guillotine, electric chair, gas chamber, and firing squads because they are accurate and do not mask the brutality. He wrote, "Sure, firing squads can be messy, but if we are willing to carry out executions, we should not shield ourselves from the reality that we are shedding human blood. If we, as a society, cannot stomach the splatter from an execution carried out by firing squad, then we shouldn't be carrying out executions at all."[49][50][51][52][53][54]
Wood's execution subsequently took 1 hour 57 min before he was pronounced dead.

State of Washington v. Trump

On March 17, 2017, Kozinski wrote a dissenting opinion when the Ninth Circuit denied en banc review after a three-judge panel blocked Trump's "travel ban." Joined by Jay Bybee, Consuelo Callahan, Carlos Bea, and Sandra Segal Ikuta, he argued that courts should not divine an illicit purpose from a President's statements on the campaign trail. Kozinski was criticized by Stephen Reinhardt and Marsha Berzon in two separate concurring opinions – Reinhardt referred to Kozinski's opinion a "diatribe" and Berzon called it "a one-sided attack on a decision by a duly constituted panel of this court."[55] The Supreme Court ultimately upheld the "travel ban" against similar challenges in the 2018 case Trump v. Hawaii. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote for the majority that "because there is persuasive evidence that the entry restriction has a legitimate grounding in national security concerns, quite apart from any religious hostility," the courts "must accept that independent justification."[56]

United States v. Sanchez-Gomez

In May 2017, Kozinski wrote for the narrowly divided en banc circuit when it found that the United States District Court for the Southern District of California's policy of indiscriminately shackling criminal defendants in all pretrial hearings violated the Constitution's Due Process Clause.[57][58] In March 2018, the court's judgment was vacated as moot by the unanimous Supreme Court of the United States[59] in United States v. Sanchez-Gomez.[60]

Investigations

Personal website

In 2008, the Los Angeles Times revealed Kozinski "maintained a publicly accessible website featuring sexually explicit photos and videos."[3] Kozinski had collected a "vast" number of images sent to him via e-mail over many years and retained them on a personal web server in his home. Only a "small fraction" of the images were offensive. Kozinski believed that only invited friends and family were able to view the image directory.[61] Nonetheless, he called for an ethics investigation of himself,[62] and was suspended from presiding over the obscenity trial of Ira Isaacs.[63]

In July 2009, a panel, headed by Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica, wrote that Kozinski should have administered his web server more carefully, but that Kozinski's apology and deletion of the website, in addition to the panel's admonishment and the public dissemination of it, sufficiently ended the matter.[61][64]

Sexual misconduct

Kozinski has been accused of sexual misconduct, ranging from harassment to assault, by more than 15 women. Former Kozinski clerk Katherine Ku has described Kozinski's chambers—where three or four law clerks, one or two judicial assistants, and one or more judicial externs typically worked at a given time—as a "hostile, demeaning and persistently sexualized environment."[65] An image posted on the legal gossip blog Underneath their Robes shows a female law clerk with her arm draped around Kozinski's neck.[66][67]

Some former Kozinski clerks have observed that because Kozinski retired from the bench after the first 15 women accused him of misconduct, "additional targets of, or witnesses to, Kozinski's transgressions" will not be likely to speak publicly.

Washington Post in December 2017.[69][70]

Public allegations of Kozinski's sexual misconduct toward female lawyers and law students include:

Employment practices

Former clerks also describe abusive employment practices by Kozinski.[71] For many years, Judge Kozinski's job announcement stated that "I'm looking for amazingly intelligent Supreme Court clerk wannabes eager to slave like dogs for an unreasonably demanding boss."[75] Former law clerk Heidi Bond described how Kozinski forbade her from reading romance novels during her dinner break: the Judge asserted, "I control what you read, what you write, when you eat. You don't sleep if I say so. You don't shit unless I say so. Do you understand?"[76] Bond also described interactions consistent with cycles of abuse.

This sort of diatribe was a regular occurrence. The judge had incredibly high standards, and when we failed to meet them, we were raked over the coals. I do not think a week passed without at least one such outburst; during bad times, they were a daily occurrence. He also had an innate sense of when he'd gone too far. After he'd demonstrated that he had forgiven me for the misplaced comma or misspelled word that gave rise to his outburst, he would go up to me. "Heidi, honey," he would ask. "Do you still love me?" There was only one answer. To say "no" would be to invite the tempest a second time. "Yes, Judge," I would say. "Of course I still love you." He'd kiss my cheek, and I would kiss his.

Former clerk Katherine Ku wrote that Kozinski expected to be able to approve the location of her apartment, would complain when his clerks "wanted salad for lunch instead of whatever he was having," and "regularly diminished women and their accomplishments."[65]

Complaints about Kozinski's abusive employment practices were raised as early as 1985 by former Kozinski employees. Those employees claimed Kozinski was unqualified to join the Ninth Circuit "because of a harsh temperament, questionable decisions and misleading testimony before the Judiciary Committee."[11] They said Kozinski was "harsh, cruel, demeaning, sadistic, disingenuous and without compassion," and that his actions as a boss "portray[ed] an unusual degree of hostility . . . and at times an almost complete disregard for the consequences of the actions upon individuals."[11]

Timeline

On December 8, 2017, Kozinski was accused of misconduct by six women including former law clerks, legal externs, and junior staffers.[77]

Kozinski responded to the allegations saying he did not remember showing any type of sexual material to his clerks and, "If this is all they are able to dredge up after 35 years, I am not too worried."[78]

Kozinski officially issued a statement that read:[71]

I have been a judge for 35 years and during that time have had over 500 employees in my chambers. I treat all of my employees as family and work very closely with most of them. I would never intentionally do anything to offend anyone and it is regrettable that a handful have been offended by something I may have said or done.

On December 14, the chief judge of the Ninth Circuit referred the matters for investigation and a day later assigned them to the 2nd Circuit. On December 15, The Washington Post published a story with allegations against Kozinski from 9 more women, this time with more prominent accusers including colleagues, law students, a professor and a former judge. The disclosed sexual misbehavior allegations span more than three decades, including allegations of unwanted physical touching and invitations by Kozinski to have sex. Four of the women say Kozinski touched or kissed them without permission. Three of the clerks who were working for him when the allegations broke resigned their positions.[79][80]

On December 18, 2017, Kozinski announced his immediate retirement

libertarian," and a writer of "colorful" opinions.[82][83][84]

Post-judicial career

On December 9, 2019, Kozinski argued before the Ninth Circuit for the first time since his resignation due to the scandal. Kozinski argued for a plaintiff suing over intellectual property.[85]

Kozinski is representing former President Donald Trump in his lawsuit against Twitter on appeal in the Ninth Circuit.[86]

Personal life

Kozinski and his wife, attorney Marcy Jane Tiffany, were married soon after he graduated from law school. They have three sons.[40]

As a judge, Kozinski would host a movie night called Kozinski's Favorite Flicks.[87]

In addition to being a former judge, Kozinski has been an essayist and a judicial commentator.[88] Kozinski contributions to law journals have been used in graduate instruction at Georgetown University.[89]

See also

References

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  79. ^ Nine more women say judge subjected them to inappropriate behavior including four who say he touched or kissed them, The Washington Post, Matt Zapotosky, December 15. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  80. ^ Mystal, Kathryn Rubino and Elie. "Sources Report 3 Kozinski Clerks Are Out". Above the Law. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
  81. ISSN 0190-8286
    . Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  82. ^ Chokshi, Niraj (December 18, 2017). "Alex Kozinski retires". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  83. ^ Matt Zapotosky (The Washington Post) (December 18, 2017). "9 more women say 9th Circuit Judge Kozinski subjected them to inappropriate behavior". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  84. ^ Who Is Alex Kozinski? Judge Is Accused of Sexual Misconduct By Nine More Women, Newsweek, Robert Valencia, December 15, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  85. ^ "Kozinski Argues Case at 9th Circuit After Sex Misconduct Claims". news.bloomberglaw.com.
  86. ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (July 1, 2022). "Trump hires former 9th Circuit judge Kozinski for Twitter court fight". Reuters.
  87. ISSN 0099-9660
    . Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  88. ^ David A. Golden (1992), Humor, the Law, and Judge Kozinski's Greatest Hits, Brigham Young University Law Review: 513.
  89. ^ Georgetown Law Journal(2015)

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Alex Kozinski.

Media related to Alex Kozinski at Wikimedia Commons

Legal offices
Preceded by
Seat established by 98 Stat. 333
 Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
1985–2017 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
2007–2014 		Succeeded by
Sidney Runyan Thomas
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