Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House

Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
U.S. Historic district Contributing property
New York State Register of Historic Places
New York City Landmark No. 0020, 1022
The northern (left) and western (right) facades of the Custom House in 2021
Location	1 Bowling Green Manhattan, New York
Coordinates	40°42′15″N 74°00′49″W / 40.70417°N 74.01361°W / 40.70417; -74.01361
Built	1901–1907
Architect	Cass Gilbert
Architectural style	Beaux-Arts
Part of	Wall Street Historic District (ID07000063)
NRHP reference No.	72000889[1]
NYSRHP No.	06101.000049
NYCL No.	0020, 1022
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	January 31, 1972
Designated NHL	December 8, 1976[1]
Designated NYSRHP	June 23, 1980[2]
Designated NYCL	October 14, 1965 (exterior)[3] January 9, 1979 (interior)[4]

The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House (originally the New York Custom House) is a government building, museum, and former

The building was proposed in 1889 as a replacement for the previous New York Custom House at 55 Wall Street. Because of various disagreements, the Bowling Green Custom House was not approved until 1899; Gilbert was selected as architect following a competition. The building opened in 1907, and the murals in the rotunda were added in 1938 during a Works Progress Administration project. The United States Customs Service moved out of the building in 1974, and it remained vacant for over a decade until renovations in the late 1980s. The Custom House was renamed in 1990 to commemorate Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and its first Secretary of the Treasury. The Heye Center opened in 1994.

Site

The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House occupies a

The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House is seven stories high with a stone facade and an interior steel frame. It was designed by

The building's design incorporates Beaux-Arts and City Beautiful planning principles, combining architecture, engineering, and fine arts.^[10] Gilbert had written in 1900 about his plans for a wide-ranging, site-specific decorative program, which would "illustrate the commerce of ancient and modern times, both by land and sea".^[16][17] Sculptures, paintings, and decorations by well-known artists of the time, such as Daniel Chester French, Karl Bitter, Louis Saint-Gaudens, and Albert Jaegers, embellish various portions of the interior and exterior.^[10][18]

Facade

Unlike most custom houses, which face the waterfront, the Alexander Hamilton Custom House faces inland toward Bowling Green. Its main entrance is on the northern facade, the only side that does not overlook the Lower Manhattan waterfront.^[14][19] The exterior is decorated throughout with nautical motifs such as dolphins and waves, interspersed with classical icons such as acanthus leaves and urns.^[20]

The first-floor facade is composed of rusticated blocks^[14] and is 20 feet (6.1 m) tall.^[8] There are six entrances to the building.^[8][16][21] The main entrance is on the northern elevation, where a wide stairway leads to the second floor.^[14] Under the main entrance arch is a carving of the municipal arms of the city of New York.^[18][22] The keystone at the top of the arch depicts the head of Columbia, the female personification of the United States, and was designed by Vicenzo Albani.^[22] Andrew O'Connor created a cartouche for the space above the main entrance.^[22][23] The lintel above the main entrance, quarried in Maine, weighed 50 short tons (45 metric tons) and measured 30 by 8 feet (9.1 by 2.4 m).^[24]

The second through fourth stories contain engaged columns in the Corinthian style; some of these columns are paired while the others are single.^[14][25] There are 44 columns in total: twelve each on the north, east, and west elevations and eight on the south elevation.^[26] The second story is the piano nobile; the windows on this story are flanked by brackets and capped by enclosed pediments, with carved heads above them (see § Sculptures). The third- and fourth-story windows, conversely, are less ornately decorated; this was normal for Beaux-Arts buildings, which generally had greater detailing on the more visible lower levels.^[14] The lintels above the third-story windows are decorated with wave motifs, while those above the fourth floor depict shells.^[20] The center portion of the Bridge Street facade reaches only to the third story.^[8]

The fifth-story facade consists of a full-story entablature with a frieze and short rectangular windows.^[14][27] The sixth story is directly above it, while the seventh story consists of a red-slate mansard roof with dormer windows and copper cresting.^[14][25] The mansard roof is extremely steep, allowing the seventh-story attic to be designed as a full floor of usable space.^[25]

Sculptures

The Four Continents sculptures by Daniel Chester French

Asia

America

Europe

Africa

Twelve sculptors were hired to create the figural groups on the exterior.^[18] The major work flanking the front steps, the Four Continents, was contracted to Daniel Chester French, who designed the sculptures with associate Adolph A. Weinman.^[3][19][28] The work was made of marble^[29] and sculpted by the Piccirilli Brothers;^[30][31][32] each sculptural group cost $13,500 (equivalent to $322,392 in 2023^[a]).^[17] The sculptures were produced at the Piccirilli Brothers' studio in the Bronx.^[32] From east to west, the statues depict larger-than-life-size personifications of Asia, America, Europe, and Africa.^{[10][20][29][33]} The primary figure of each group is a woman and is flanked by smaller human figures. In addition, Asia's figure is paired with a tiger, and Africa's figure is paired with a lion.^[29][32][34]

The capitals of each of the 44 columns are decorated with carved heads depicting Hermes, the Greek god of commerce.^[21][26][35] The windows on the main facade are topped by eight keystones, which contain carved heads with depictions of eight human races.^[3][14][20] One source described the keystones as representing "Caucasian, Hindu, Latin, Celt and Mongol, Italian, African, Eskimo, and even the Coureur de Bois".^[21]

Above the main cornice are a group of standing sculptures that personify seafaring nations. There are twelve such statues, which depict commercial hubs through both ancient and modern history.^[3][18][33] Each sculpture is 11 feet (3.4 m) tall and weighs 20 short tons (18 metric tons).^[26] These sculptures are arranged in chronological sequence from east to west, or from left to right as seen from directly in front of the building. The easternmost sculptures are of ancient Greece and Rome, while the westernmost sculptures are of the more recent French and British empires.^[18][33][36] Eight sculptors were commissioned for this work.^[18][37] One of these sculptures, Germania by Albert Jaegers, was modified in 1918 to display Belgian insignia rather than German insignia.^[38][39] Bitter created a cartouche of the United States' coat of arms for the roof.^[21][23][22]

Interior

A

Stairways, made of marble with iron handrails, connect the interior spaces.[16] There are elevators in each corner;^[8][16] the southwestern and southeastern banks contain two elevators each, while the northwestern and northeastern banks have three elevators apiece.^[27] The northwestern and northeastern elevators were originally open cages but were replaced with enclosed cabs in 1935.^[42] Because the original appropriation was limited in scope, decorative elements in the initial construction were limited to several important rooms, including the rotundas, hallways, lobby, and collector's office.^[23][26] The walls of these spaces are clad with marble in multiple hues, and there are nautical motifs in numerous locations.^[26]

Second floor

The transverse lobby runs from east to west along the second floor.

The rotunda connects the lobby with the exhibition galleries of the Heye Center.

The second-floor ceiling is generally 23 feet (7.0 m) tall.^[41][43] This floor consists of the former office spaces in the front and rear, the transverse lobby, and the rotunda.^[23] Gilbert planned the Custom House's interior so "all entrances, corridors, stairways and passages [were] arranged on the most direct and simple axial lines".^[23][44] The second-floor space, including the former offices, is almost entirely occupied by the Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian.^[45]

Transverse lobby

The transverse lobby spans the northern end of the second floor from west to east. Generally, the more important offices were positioned north of the lobby, while divisions dealing in more routine work were relegated to the south.^[23][27] Following the conversion of the second floor into the Heye Center, the former back offices have been occupied by various exhibition galleries; the cashier's office houses the museum store; and a café occupies the Northwest office adjacent to the main entrance.^[45]

Membrane arches divide the lobby into five bays.^[42] The floors are decorated in marble mosaic patterns. An entablature runs around the top of the lobby, with galleries on the third story.^[27][46] There are two doorways on the walls, each topped by carved architraves with nautical symbols.^[47][48] The doors from the lobby to the former offices are made of varnished oak and stippled glass.^[49] At the center of the lobby is a three-bay-wide foyer with a pair of round arches to the north and south, which are supplemented by green Doric-style marble columns with white capitals.^[23][42] The bays of the foyer are separated by marble piers.^[23] Three bronze lanterns are suspended from the vaulted ceiling,^[27][42][46] hanging above a red-marble disc on the floor. Elmer E. Garnsey designed murals for the ceiling.^[42]

Semicircular staircases, with bronze railings and marble stair treads, flank the lobby.

The manager's office is next to the collector's office and is decorated with plain plaster walls, topped by a cornice in the Ionic order.^[47][48] The northeastern corner housed the cashier's office, which featured a white-marble countertop with a bronze screen.^[53][47] The southern half of the cashier's room has white-marble walls and was originally where members of the public conducted their transactions. The northern half, where the cashiers themselves worked, has plaster walls.^[47][48] The ornate plasterwork ceiling is decorated to resemble Renaissance "boxed beams",^[47] while the marble floor has a geometric border.^[48] The former cashier's office has been incorporated into the Heye Center's museum store.^[45]

The elliptical rotunda, within the building's interior courtyard, measures 85 by 135 feet (26 by 41 m)^[46][57] and rises to the third story.^[14] The walls and floors are composed of geometric marble tiles in several hues.^[7][23] The ceiling is self-supporting, without any interior metal structure; it uses the Guastavino tile arch system created by Spanish architect Rafael Guastavino. It consists of numerous layers of fireproof tiles,^[b] each of which measures 6 by 12 inches (15 cm × 30 cm) across and 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick. The tiles and layers are bonded using Portland cement.^[46][58] The center of the ceiling is occupied by a 140-short-ton (130-metric-ton) oval skylight.^[7][46][58] The underside of the ceiling bears eight trapezoidal panels, as well as eight long, narrow panels between them.^[57][59] The panels contain fresco-secco murals, which were painted in 1937 by Reginald Marsh and eight assistants as part of the Treasury Relief Art Project.^{[60][61][62][c]} The larger murals portray shipping activity in the Port of New York and New Jersey, while the smaller murals depict notable explorers of the New World and the Port of New York.^[59] Several shipping companies bought lunch for Marsh while he was painting the murals; as such, the murals depict these companies' ships.^[63] The rotunda can be rented for special events.^[56] When the Heye Center opened within the building in 1994, it built several permanent galleries around the rotunda.^[64]

• Rotunda murals
• 
  From left: Explorer Hudson, SS Washington Passing Ambrose Lightship, Explorer Block
• 
  Picking Up the Pilot
• 
  From left: Explorer Verrazano, Coast Guard Cutter Calumet Meeting the SS Washington, Explorer Columbus
• 
  Customs Officials Boarding Liner
• 
  Explorer Gomez
• 
  Passing the Statue of Liberty
• 
  Explorer Cabot
• 
  The Press Interviewing a Celebrity
• 
  Explorer Vespucius
• 
  Unloading Cargo

Other stories

The ground story is 20 feet (6.1 m) tall.^[21][41] It originally had six entrances: two on the front and two each on State and Whitehall Streets.^[41] The Bowling Green post office, operated by the United States Postal Service, was formerly near the building's south end. The post office was located around a west–east corridor accessed by both State and Whitehall Streets.^[16][65] There are also two ramps for delivery vehicles.^[16] The floor surface, wainscoting, and pilasters are made of marble, and the ceilings are 17 feet (5.2 m) high.^[65] In the early 1990s, a 350-seat auditorium was built on the ground story.^[66] About 6,000 square feet (560 m²) of storage space on the ground floor, under the rotunda, was converted into the George Gustav Heye Center's Diker Pavilion for Native Arts and Cultures in 2006. This pavilion consists of a slightly sloped circular space seating 400 people, surrounding a maple dance floor.^[67]

The Custom House's trapezoidal site was excavated to an average depth of 25 feet (7.6 m).^[68] Two stories were placed beneath the ground level. The first basement was just above sea level and had a 13-foot-high (4.0 m) ceiling, while the second basement had a waterproof asphalt-and-tar floor.^[41] When the post office was in operation, mail arrived through the delivery docks and was sorted in the basement.^[65]

The upper stories contain office space. The outer portion of the fifth story was initially used for document storage; the windows are small apertures within the entablature, making that story unsuitable for office use.^[43] The ceilings of the upper stories are between 12 and 16 feet (3.7 and 4.9 m) tall.^[21][41] Some of the offices on the upper stories were ornately decorated. In particular, the Naval Commander of the Port's office at the northwest corner of the third floor was decorated in dark oak. The Treasury Secretary's office at the northeast corner of the seventh floor was finished in quartered oak and contained Circassian-walnut furniture.^[40]

History

The

Tariff Act, which authorized the collection of duties on imported goods.^[69] The Port of New York was the primary port of entry for goods reaching the United States in the 19th century and, as such, the New York Custom House was the country's most profitable custom house.^[70] Import taxes were a major revenue stream for the federal government before a national income tax was implemented in 1913 with the passage of the 16th Amendment.^[69][71] The New York Custom House had supplied two-thirds of the federal government's revenue at one point.^[71] Because the salary of the collector was tied to the custom house's revenue, the New York Custom House's collector earned more than the U.S. president, and the position was extremely powerful.^[70][72]

The New York Custom House had occupied several sites in Lower Manhattan before the Alexander Hamilton Custom House was built.^[6][70] The first such house was established in 1790 at South William Street.^[73] The custom house moved to the Government House on the site of Fort Amsterdam in 1799.^[10][74] The customs service relocated numerous times in the 19th century before opening an office at 55 Wall Street in 1862.^[75] The Wall Street location had been optimal during the mid-19th century because it was close to the Subtreasury at 26 Wall Street, thereby making it easy to transport gold.^[70]

Both houses of the U.S. Congress passed a bill to acquire land for a new custom house in New York City, and to sell the old building, in March 1891.[88]^[89] The federal government appointed three commissioners to appraise the cost of acquiring land at Bowling Green; in July 1892, the appraisers estimated that the site would cost $1.96 million (about $59 million in 2023^[a]).^[90] Still, in January 1893, there was not enough money to purchase the lots at Bowling Green. The lessees and landowners were supposed to receive $2.1 million (equivalent to $64 million in 2023), but there was only $1.5 million on hand (equivalent to $46 million in 2023^[a]). The 1891 bill had allowed up to $2 million for land acquisition and had required that the previous building be sold for at least $4 million.^[91][92] Members of Congress voted against a bill in March 1893 to appropriate an additional $800,000 for the site.^[93] Because of a lack of funding, the planned custom house at Bowling Green was abandoned at the end of that month.^[94][95]

The project did not proceed further until January 1897, when bills for the acquisition of the Bowling Green site were introduced in both houses of Congress.^[96][97] Federal legislators proposed further appropriations,^[98] but the Treasury retained the disbursements that would have gone to the landowners.^[92][99] The federal government chose an alternate site for the appraiser's warehouse in the West Village of Manhattan.^[99]

Competition and site acquisition

Architectural writer Donald Reynolds stated that the new custom house was to be as modern as possible, with "an architectural style that embodied the tradition of the customs service, the federal government, and the United States with the latest building technology".

Republican Party officials wished to have complete control over spending for the new custom house building.^[70] Originally, the Chamber of Commerce and many business interests advocated for erecting a new custom house on the Wall Street site, even though it was less than half the size of the proposed Bowling Green site.^[92] In 1897, Senator Thomas C. Platt and Representative Lemuel E. Quigg, both Republicans, proposed bills in the United States Senate and House of Representatives for building a new custom house at Wall Street, with Platt's bill calling for a five-person commission to oversee the process.^[103] The bills died at the end of the 54th United States Congress in March 1897.^[104] During the 55th Congress in February 1898, legislation for the acquisition of the Bowling Green site was again proposed in the U.S. House and Senate, providing $5 million (about $156 million in 2023^[a]) for land acquisition and construction.^[92][105] The U.S. House and Senate passed the Bowling Green bills the next year.^[106][107] At the time, most of the structures on the site were three-story houses used by steamship offices;^[17] by April, agreements had been made with most of the sixteen landowners.^[99][108] The federal government disbursed $2.2 million (about $68 million in 2023^[a]) to landowners at the Bowling Green site that July.^[109][110] The next month, the old Custom House was sold for $3.21 million (about $99 million in 2023^[a]).^[111]

Twenty firms were invited in May 1899 to submit designs to the competition under the terms of the Tarsney Act;

Demolition of existing buildings on the site began in February 1900,[121] and demolition contractor Seagrist & Co. had cleared the site by that July.^[122] The next month, workers drilled test bores for the new Custom House's foundations.^[123] Contracts for the building's foundations and structural steel were delayed because the federal government had received several bids, whose estimated completion dates differed significantly.^[124] Isaac A. Hopper was contracted to excavate the site that December.^[125][126] The collector of the Port of New York, George R. Bidwell, claimed the contract should have been awarded to the next highest bidder, Charles T. Wills, who like Bidwell was a Republican.^[125] The site was excavated to a depth of 25 feet (7.6 m), and some 2.2 million cubic feet (62,000 m³) of dirt was removed. The New-York Tribune called the site "the biggest hole that was ever made in this city over which to erect a building".^[127] In December 1901, the federal government accepted contractor John Peirce's bid to erect the Custom House building's first floor.^[d] Pending further appropriations, the rest of the building would also be built by Peirce.^[129] At the time, there was only $3 million budgeted toward the Custom House's completion (equal to $88 million in 2023^[a]).^[130][131] The following November, Peirce was authorized to complete the remaining stories^[132] after another $1.5 million (equal to $44 million in 2023^[a]) was allocated.^[131]

The

The building's first tenant was a United States Post Office Department station, which opened on the Bridge Street side of the building's ground floor in July 1906.^[65] The same year, an additional $465,000 was allocated for the building's completion (equivalent to $12 million in 2023^[a]).^[131] By September 1907, the Custom House was ready to open.^[140] The general contractors turned the building over to the federal government on October 1, 1907, after they had completed all major construction.^[141][40] At the time, many of the interior furnishings had not been added.^[141] The U.S. Customs Service moved its offices to Bowling Green on November 4, 1907.^[142] With a proposed final cost of $4.5 million (approximately $114 million in 2023^[a]), it would be more expensive than any other public building in New York City except for the Tweed Courthouse.^[26]

Use by U.S. Customs Service

1900s to 1930s

Following the Customs Service's relocation to the Custom House, other government agencies with offices in New York City, such as the Weather Bureau, also moved to the Bowling Green Custom House. By 1908, the Custom House was fully occupied by these other agencies, as the Treasury's chief architect had assigned space to other departments without consulting with the collector.^[143] The next year, the House of Representatives approved the installation of a pneumatic-tube system so the post office and custom house could send packages to the appraiser's warehouse.^[144] A bronze tablet, marking the historical site of a Native American gathering place, was dedicated at the Custom House's main entrance in 1909.^[145] Another tablet was dedicated at the Custom House in 1912, marking the site of the first mass in New York City, which had taken place in 1683.^[146]

The Consular Bureau opened an office at the Custom House in 1910.^[147] A regional tax office, where companies and residents in Manhattan south of 23rd Street paid taxes,^[148] opened at the Bowling Green Custom House in 1914.^[149] Following the U.S. entry into World War I in 1917, "individuals and patriotic societies" objected to the presence of Germany from the Custom House's sculptures, since Germany was one of the Central Powers against which the United States was fighting.^[150] Federal officials determined that it was not feasible to remove the Germania statue, which weighed 5 short tons (4.5 long tons; 4.5 t).^[151] Instead, in September 1918, Gilbert was directed to remove the German insignia on the entablature's Germania statue and replace them with Belgian insignia.^[38][39] The U.S. Passport Agency moved to the Custom House building the next year.^[152] The U.S. government proposed relocating the Customs Service's administrative offices in 1927 to the Appraiser's Stores Building, but shipping companies spoke out against the move.^[153]

A plaque honoring

U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt requested in May 1939 that Congress appropriate $190,000 to renovate the Custom House.^[160] Congress approved the appropriation but later reduced it by $90,000.^[161][162] Durning asked Congress in 1940 to restore the appropriation, saying that "men [were] falling out of ancient chairs, and [...] our valuable records and current papers stacked on desks and improperly filed in decrepit cabinets and bookshelves".^[161] At the time, the building had 1,865 employees, of which 847 worked for the Customs Service; according to Durning, the New York Custom House handled half of the United States' customs business. The building also housed the Bureau of Internal Revenue, the U.S. Post Office, the Commerce Department, and eight other agencies of the U.S. government.^[163]

The Custom House's regional tax office began serving additional taxpayers in Staten Island and Midtown Manhattan in 1951.^[148] The offices of the Taxpayer Assistance Program, which helped residents file their taxes, relocated from the Custom House to Lafayette Street in 1955;^[164] the tax office itself relocated to Houston Street the next year.^[149] Although the Port of New York remained the United States' busiest port after World War II, it had begun to decline in importance by the 1950s because of several factors. These included increasing cargo-handling and trucking costs; the decline of local railroads; the rapid growth of the southern and southwestern United States and the development of ports in these regions; and the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in Canada, which allowed ships to deliver cargo directly to the Upper Midwest.^[165]

As early as 1964, the U.S. Customs Service was considering moving to the

Public Buildings Service, an agency of the federal government, conducted a study of the Custom House in 1967, finding that the building needed at least $8 million in renovations.^[63] By the early 1970s, the facade was extremely dirty, and the front steps had been shuttered for several years because of security concerns.^[63]

Several lawyers and businessmen had formed the nonprofit Custom House Institute in late 1973.[63] With assistance from several organizations and the city government's Office of Lower Manhattan Development, the institute raised $40,000 to conduct a feasibility study of the various plans for the Custom House.^[63][175] In March 1974, the institute recommended a proposal by architect I. M. Pei, who suggested converting the upper floors into office space, keeping the second-floor rotunda open, and converting the first floor to commercial use.^[175][176] The next year, the federal government declared the building "surplus" property, making it available to the city government.^[177] Pei's proposal was not carried out, as the GSA found the proposal to be impractical.^[176] Instead, the GSA cleaned the facade during the mid-1970s.^[174][178]

From 1974 on, the Custom House was largely vacant.^[179] The building's primary occupant was the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York, which occupied two stories;^[180] the Custom House Institute occupied the first floor.^[174] The other floors remained unused^[174] and were seldom open to the public except for special events.^[179] These included the bicentennial of the United States in 1976,^[174][178] a summer arts program in 1977,^[181] and another arts exhibition in 1979.^[182] Different parts of the building fell into various states of disrepair. Marsh's ceiling murals and the commissioner's room remained relatively intact, but there was peeling paint in other offices, and weeds were growing from the statues outside.^[179]

The GSA announced a plan in 1977 to convert the building into federal offices for $20 million,^[183] but there was no progress for a year.^[184] The agency indicated in January 1979 that it would spend $25 million on renovating the Bowling Green Custom House (about $85 million in 2023^[a]).^[185] U.S. senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan gave U.S. House representatives a tour of the building to convince them to fund its renovation. In September 1979, in part because of his advocacy, Congress approved $26.5 million for the renovation, including the restoration of Marsh's murals.^[186][187] The GSA decided to host a competition for the Custom House's restoration and reuse. The entrance and rotunda were to be refurbished; the upper stories would contain upgraded offices for the federal government, while the lower stories would host a public institution.^[173][184]

1980s plans

A joint venture of

The GSA opened a request for proposals in November 1983, soliciting tenants for 77,000 square feet (7,200 m²) at the Custom House.^[179] Six plans were presented to Manhattan Community Board 1 in August 1984.^[190] The GSA gave the most consideration to two plans: one for a Holocaust museum and the other for a cultural and educational center with an ocean liner museum, restaurants, and theaters.^[173][190] The community board's members were overwhelmingly in favor of the cultural and educational center, while Jewish groups preferred the Holocaust museum.^[191] The Holocaust museum proposal was selected in October 1984,^[192][193] prompting objections from preservationists who thought it was "inappropriate" for a Holocaust museum to be located in the Custom House.^[194] New York governor Mario Cuomo proposed an alternate site in nearby Battery Park City for the museum (later known as the Museum of Jewish Heritage),^[173] and the museum agreed in 1986 to relocate to Battery Park City.^[195]

An $18.3 million renovation (equivalent to $45 million in 2023^[a]) began in August 1984.^[190] Ehrenkrantz and Eckstut Architects conducted the renovation.^[14][196] They cleaned, restored, and conserved exterior and ceremonial interior spaces. The restoration architects renovated old office space into federal courtrooms and ancillary offices; rental offices and meeting rooms; and a 350-seat auditorium. The building's fire-safety, security, telecommunications, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems were also upgraded.^[1]

Museum of the American Indian operation

Agreement and renovation

By early 1987, Moynihan was proposing legislation that would turn over the building to the Museum of the American Indian (later the George Gustav Heye Center).

A compromise was reached in 1988, in which the Smithsonian would build the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. The Smithsonian would also acquire the Heye collection and operate a satellite location of the museum at the Custom House.^{[199][66][203]} The museum would only occupy the lowest floors of the Custom House; the fifth through seventh floors would be reserved for the Bankruptcy Court.^[66] City officials and museum officials agreed to this compromise in January 1989,^[66][204] and the National Museum of the American Indian Act was passed that November.^[205] The architecture firm Ehrenkrantz Eckstut & Whitelaw was hired in May 1990 to renovate the building.^[66] The same year, the building was officially renamed after Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, by act of Congress.^[206][207] The building's renovation included constructing an auditorium on the ground level; converting the cashiers' office into a visitor center; and adding gallery space, two gift shops, a theater, offices, and classrooms.^[66] The renovation cost $24 million in total.^[64]

Opening of museum and 21st century

The George Gustav Heye Center's space in the Custom House opened for previews in November 1992.^[208][209] The galleries to the west, south, and east of the rotunda formally opened on October 30, 1994.^[210][211] At that time, most of the space had been closed for 20 years.^[212] The Heye Center was housed in the three lower stories, while the Bankruptcy Court occupied two additional stories.^[196] One of the Bankruptcy Court's rooms on the fifth floor, known as the Eastern Airlines Room, had been renovated to accommodate bankruptcy hearings for large companies such as Eastern Air Lines.^[213] The other two stories were vacant and had not been renovated, but the GSA planned to refurbish these stories.^[196]

The museum and building were mostly undamaged by the September 11 attacks in 2001, but airborne debris from the collapse of the World Trade Center had to be cleared from some of the interior spaces.^[214] The Heye Center's exhibition and public access areas originally totaled about 20,000 square feet (1,900 m²).^[215] The museum expanded into part of the ground floor in 2006.^[67] Six years later, the National Archives and Records Administration offices in New York moved to the Custom House.^[216] As of 2024^[update], U.S. Customs and Border Protection owns the Custom House.^[217] In addition, the building contains the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York^[218] and offices for the United States Department of Transportation.^[14]

Impact

Reception

Ornate ceiling in the Collector's Office

Carvings in wooden wall panels in the Collector's Office

Gilbert stated that, during the design process, a tall dome was suggested in order to make the building into a "landmark" but that "this would wholly destroy the proportions of the building per se, and as a matter of plan, seriously impair its practical usefulness".^[44] Gilbert said a 400-foot (120 m) storage tower would be more appropriate if a "landmark" was necessitated, but he believed such a tower "would add considerably to the cost".^[44]

From the start, the Alexander Hamilton Custom House was architecturally distinguished from other buildings in the area. The New York Times said in 1906 that "it is the unity of idea embodied in the new Custom House and enforced by the wealth of sculpture with which it is embellished, more than its mere costliness, that gives to the edifice its unique value".

Acclaim for the building continued in the decades after its completion. Architectural writer Henry Hope Reed Jr. regarded the Custom House in 1964 as "the finest public building in New York".^[222] When the U.S. Customs Service relocated in 1973, Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that 6 World Trade Center's "functional, featureless grid" contrasted with the "splendor" of the Alexander Hamilton Custom House.^[223] Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern and his co-authors, in the 1983 book New York 1900, said that the Custom House and the Ellis Island immigration station were the two structures that reinforced New York City's role as "the leading American metropolis, representative of America's role in the world".^[6]

After the lower floors were converted into the Heye Center, Benjamin Forgey of The Washington Post wrote that the galleries were "conceived as neutral containers, a sequence of vaulted rooms ingeniously constructed within the old building frame in order not to damage (or indeed even to touch) the original walls".^[210][211] A writer for USA Today called the building "itself a sight to see".^[64] Stern and his co-authors wrote in the 2006 book New York 2000 that the building, which had been one of the Financial District's "most distinguished white elephants", became a "destination spot" once the Heye Center moved in.^[173] Several critics wrote about the juxtaposition of the Custom House's classical architecture and the Heye Center's focus on Native American culture, which, according to Stern and his co-authors, was largely characterized as "a culturally and stylistically inconsistent mix".^[210] A writer for The Wall Street Journal believed that the museum clashed with "the Custom House itself, which with its newly cleaned ceiling murals depicting ferries and ships seems a bizarre venue for looking at Indian art".^[66][209]

Landmark designations

The Custom House was one of the earliest designations of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, becoming an official exterior landmark in October 1965,^[224][225] six months after the city's landmarks law was signed.^[226][227] At the time of the exterior designation, the commission said that "At some time in the future this building may be in jeopardy", since the federal government had doubted whether the Custom House should be made a city landmark.^[3] The Custom House's interior was also designated as a city landmark in January 1979.^[228][229] The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, the designation covering both its exterior and public interior spaces. The site was also declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976^{[1][230][231]} and was added to the New York State Register of Historic Places in 1980.^[2] In 2007, it was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,^[232] an NRHP district.^[233]

See also

• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
• National Historic Landmarks in New York City
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street

References

Notes

Citations