Alexander Samsonov

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Aleksandr Vasilyevich Samsonov
Second Army (1914)
Battles/warsBoxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War

World War I

  • Battle of Tannenberg 
AwardsSee Honours

Aleksandr Vasilyevich Samsonov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Самсо́нов, tr. Aleksándr Vasíl’evič Samsónov; 14 November [O.S. 2 November] 1859 – 30 August [O.S. 17 August] 1914) was a career officer in the cavalry of the Imperial Russian Army and a general during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. He was the commander of the Russian Second Army which was surrounded and defeated by the German Eighth Army in the Battle of Tannenberg, one of the early battles of World War I. Ashamed by his loss of the Army, Samsonov committed suicide while retreating from the battlefield.

Early military career

He was born in

cornet in the 12th Hussars Regiment.[citation needed
]

Samsonov fought in the

Battle of Telissu. His forces subsequently protected the Russian flanks at the Battle of Liaoyang.[2] Through these conflicts Samsonov gained a reputation as an energetic and resourceful leader, but some observers criticized his strategic abilities.[citation needed] He had no command experience preparing him to command an army of thirteen divisions.[3]

In 1906, Samsonov became

Chief of staff of the Warsaw Military District, and in 1909 was Governor-General of Russian Turkestan and commander of the Turkestan Military District.[2] He was also commander of the Semirechye Cossacks.[citation needed
]

The Great War

Command of the Russian Second Army

Samsonov at the outbreak of the war

At the start of World War I, Samsonov received the command of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia,[1] which was defeated by the German Eighth Army under the command of General Maximilian von Prittwitz.[4] Samsonov advanced slowly into the south-western corner of East Prussia, intending to link up with the Russian First Army, commanded by General Paul von Rennenkampf, which had started advancing into the north-east section of East Prussia.[5] However, lack of communications between the two armies, and with the rear command of the Northwest Army Group, hindered co-ordination.[6]

It is sometimes claimed that the poor coordination between Samsonov and Rennenkampf during the campaign was based on their personal antagonism towards each other. This antagonism is said to have been based on an incident after the Battle of Liaoyang during the Russo-Japanese War where Samsonov had publicly quarrelled with Rennenkampf on the landing platform of a railway station, and that the two were mutual lifetime enemies.[7] However, the original source of this story is considered to be Max Hoffmann, at that time a colonel on the staff of the German Eighth Army.[8] His claim of first hand knowledge of the disagreement is contradicted by the injuries to Rennenkampff at the time.[9] Hoffman appears to have advanced this story during planning sessions, in support of his argument that Rennenkampf would not come to the aid of Samsonov. He argued that the German Eighth Army was free to use all of its forces in the attack on the Russian Second Army to their south, without fear of a counter-attack from their rear by the Russian First Army.[7]

Battle of Tannenberg

Rennenkampf and the Russian First Army were the first to encounter the German Eighth Army, winning the

Teutonic Knights by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the same location five centuries earlier.[13]

Retreat and death

Samsonov attempted to retreat, but with his army now trapped in a German encirclement, the German forces killed or captured most of his troops. Only 10,000 of the 150,000 Russian soldiers managed to escape the encirclement. At least 92,000 Russian troops were taken prisoner, and between 300 and 500 Russian guns had been captured, out of the Second Army's initial total of some 600. Over 30,000 Russian soldiers were estimated dead or missing.[14]

Samsonov and a small group of staff officers and men attempted to escape the encirclement, at first on horseback, and then on foot, over swampy ground, in the darkness of the night of August 29. Samsonov repeatedly was heard to say "The

Tsar trusted me. How can I face him after such a disaster?" They reached the town of Willenberg late at night, but found it was held by the Germans. At approximately 1 a.m. on August 30, Samsonov slipped away from his party into the forest. A shot rang out. The Russians were not able to find his body in the darkness, but were eventually able to make their way to safety.[14]

A German search party eventually found Samsonov's body in the adjacent forest, a bullet wound in his head and a revolver in his hand.[15][16] The Germans buried Samsonov in Willenberg. In 1916, through the intercession of the International Red Cross, the Germans transferred his body to his widow, who was able to bury him in Russia.[14]

Honours

References

  1. ^ a b Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Random House Trade Paperback, 2014 (first published 1962, Macmillan Publishing)), p. 295.
  2. ^ a b c Kowner, Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War, pp. 341–42.
  3. ^ Tuchman, The Guns of August, p. 314.
  4. ^ Tuchman, The Guns of August, p. 297.
  5. ^ Tuchman, The Guns of August, pp. 294-295.
  6. ^ Tuchman, The Guns of August pp. 292, 295, 296, 323, 325.
  7. ^ a b c Tuchman, Guns of August, p. 319.
  8. OCLC 175071485
    .
  9. ^ "von Rennenkampf, Pavel-Georges Karlovich". 2011-09-27. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  10. ^ Tuchman, The Guns of August, pp. 309-312.
  11. ^ Tuchman, The Guns of August, p.320.
  12. , Ch. 16.
  13. ^ Tuchman, The Guns of August, p. 337.
  14. ^ a b c Tuchman, The Guns of August, p. 335.
  15. ^ Biography (in German) Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
  16. Alexander Solzhenitsyn
    , in August 1914 (1971) which traces the course of the battle, also implies suicide.

Bibliography