Alexander Suvorov

Generalissimo, Prince Alexander Suvorov Rymniksky
Alexander Suvorov by Charles de Steuben
Native name	Александр Васильевич Суворов
Other name(s)	Aleksandr Vasilevich Suvorov[1]
Nickname(s)	General Forward Sword of Russia
Born	(1730-11-24)November 24, 1730 St. Petersburg, Saint Petersburg Governorate, Russian Empire
Buried	Annunciation Church, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St. Petersburg 59°55′15″N 30°23′17″E / 59.92093°N 30.38800°E / 59.92093; 30.38800
Allegiance	Russian Empire  Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia
Service/branch	•  Imperial Russian Army  • Imperial Austrian Army  • Royal Sardinian Army
Years of service	1745–1800
Rank	Grand Marshal (Kingdom of Sardinia)
Unit	Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment 9th Ingermanland Infantry Regiment [ru]
Commands held	11th Fanagoriysky Grenadier Regiment Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment Tver Dragoon Regiment [ru] 12th Astrakhan Grenadier Regiment [ru] 62nd Suzdal Infantry Regiment [ru ]
Battles/wars	Treelist Seven Years' War Battle of Kunersdorf Raid on Berlin Third Siege of Kolberg War of the Bar Confederation Battle of Orzechowo Action of the Tyniec Abbey Clashes at Lanckorona[a] Battle of Stołowicze Siege of the Kraków Castle Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Stormings of Turtukaya Defence of Hirsovo Battle of Kozludzha Pugachev's Rebellion Nogai Uprising Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) Battle of Kinburn Siege of Ochakov Battle of Focșani Battle of Rymnik Storming of Izmail Kościuszko Uprising Battle of Krupczyce Battle of Brest Battle of Kobyłka Storming of Praga War of the Second Coalition Italian campaign[b] Capture of Brescia Battle of the Adda River First Battle of Marengo Battle of the Trebbia Battle of Novi Swiss campaign Battles at the Saint-Gotthard[c] Battle of the Devil's Bridge Battle of the Klöntal Battle of the Muttental See also: § Military record
Awards	Treelist  Russian Empire Order of St. Andrew Order of St. George Order of St. Vladimir Order of St. Alexander Nevsky Order of St. Anna Order of St. John of Jerusalem  Kingdom of Prussia Order of the Black Eagle Order of the Red Eagle Kingdom of Sardinia Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation Order of Sts. Maurice and Lazarus  Habsburg monarchy Military Order of Maria Theresa  Electorate of Bavaria Order of St. Hubert  Kingdom of France Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel and St. Lazarus of Jerusalem united More info: § Progeny and titles
Alma mater	First Cadet Corps
Spouse(s)	Varvara Suvorova [ru] ​ ​ (m. 1774)​
Children	Arkady Suvorov Natalya Zubova [ru]
Relations	House of Golitsyn House of Prozorovsky House of Suvorov Andrei Gorchakov (nephew) Prokhor Dubasov (orderly) Dmitry Khvostov (friend) Johann Anthing (aide) Yegor Fuchs [ru] (aide) Yury Nikolev [ru] (jailer) Antonio Gamma [ru] (guide) Charles Audé-de-Sion [ru] (son's carer)
Signature

Selected military actions

5000km
3,100miles

Saint-Gotthard

Novi

Trebbia

Adda

Praga

Brest

Ismail

Rimnik

Focsani

Özi

Kinburn

Laba

Kozludža

Stołowicze

Lanckorona

Kolberg

France

Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy

Russian history,^[5][6][7] one of the greatest generals in world history,^[8][9] and the most gifted commander of the eighteenth century.^[10] He was awarded numerous medals, titles, and honors by Russia, as well as by other countries. He authored several military manuals, the most famous being The Science of Victory (or The Science of Winning; Russian: Наука побеждать), which is considered to be one of the most important works in military literature,^[11] and was also noted for several of his sayings. He never lost a single battle he commanded,^[12][13] with the exception of a couple of minor non-field engagements, in which he withdrew to preserve men, and his military record is extensive; Suvorov won in a total of 63 battles without suffering a major defeat.^{[14][15][16][17]} He ultimately raised Russian military glory to an unprecedented height,^[18] secured Russia's expanded borders and renewed military prestige and left a legacy of theories on warfare.^[19]

In Russia, several military academies, monuments, villages, museums, and orders are dedicated to him.

Born in Moscow, he studied military history as a young boy and joined the Imperial Russian Army at the age of 17. Suvorov was promoted to colonel in 1762 for his numerous successes on the battlefield during the Seven Years' War.^[3]

When

Dumouriez near Lanckorona, and subsequently overthrew the Polish forces at Stołowicze. These and other victories marked the start of the partitions of Poland. He was promoted to general^[3] and next fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 under Saltykov's supervision, taking Turtukaya twice and winning a decisive victory at the battle of Kozludzha

.

In 1774 Suvorov interrogated the captured

Potemkin and participated in the siege of Ochakov, as well as victories at Kinburn and Focșani

.

Suvorov and the

Josias of Coburg then won one of the most decisive successes of their careers at the battle of Rymnik, and afterwards Suvorov crushingly defeated the Ottomans in the storming of Izmail, which is commemorated as one of the days of Russian military honour and immortalized with the song "Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!". For Suvorov's accomplishments, he was made a Count of both the Russian Empire and Holy Roman Empire, having been given the glorifying title Rymniksky^[i] (a suffix to his surname in honour of the victory at Rymnik). His victories at Focșani and Rymnik established him as the most brilliant general in the Russian army, if not in all of Europe.^[22] In 1794, while in Repnin's army, he put down the Polish uprising, defeating them at the battle of Brest and others, as well as at the storming of Praga, a faubourg of Warsaw

.

While a close associate of

Emperor and dismissed Suvorov for disregarding his orders. However, he was forced to reinstate Suvorov and make him a field marshal at the insistence of the coalition allies for the French Revolutionary Wars.^[3]

Suvorov was given command of the Austro-Russian army and the

Novi.^[15] The Italian strongholds of Alessandria and Mantua fell. Suvorov was promoted to a new title: he was made a "Prince of Italy" (or Knyaz Italiysky^[21]) for his deeds, and he became known as the Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky. Suvorov had successfully forced Republican France out of Italy, and had nearly erased all of Bonaparte’s Italian conquests of 1796–97.^[23] Afterwards, he was ordered to head the Swiss campaign to assist allied operations. He became cut off by André Masséna and later surrounded in the Swiss Alps by the French after an allied Russo-Austrian army under Alexander Korsakov and Friedrich von Hotze — which he was supposed to reinforce — suffered defeats at Zurich and on the Linth River. Suvorov led the strategic withdrawal of exhausted and ill-supplied Russian troops dealing with French forces three times the size of his own: 27,000 against 77,000 in the theater of operations. He defeated a larger French army during the Battle of Muottental, with the French general Masséna nearly captured.^[24] He finally broke through the French trap and battled his way across the central spine of the Alps to the Alpine Rhine,^[25] marching thence all the way to Lake Constance; as a result of all this, the army returned from the Helvetic Republic to Russia with minimal casualties.^[26] For this exploit, he became the fourth Generalissimo of Russia. Masséna would later confess that he would exchange all his victories for Suvorov’s passage of the Alps.^[27] He died in 1800 of illness in Saint Petersburg

.

His maneuvering of the Alps and his escape led him to be called the "Russian Hannibal".^[28] The French king, Louis XVIII, compared Suvorov to Attila the Hun.^[29]

Military historian Micheal Clodfelter, in his work "Warfare and Armed Conflicts", described Suvorov as the best general the

Archduke Charles).^[25] Philip Longworth noted that he was never defeated and that he was "one of those rare generals who were consistently successful despite suffering from considerable disadvantages".^[30] In many of his battles and campaigns he was outnumbered yet managed victory,^[31] and also defeated some of the best generals of their countries at the time, such as Masséna and Macdonald of France, and Aydoslu Mehmed Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. Suvorov is seen as having anticipated Napoleon's tactics, and is regarded as being on par with him in terms of military genius,^[32][33][34] and perhaps superior in terms of endurance.^[35] Suvorov was admired by his soldiers throughout his whole military life and was respected for his truthfulness and honest service.^[36]

Early life

Origins

Alexander Suvorov was born into a noble family originating from

Empress Catherine II, who noted in a letter to Johann von Zimmerman in 1790: "It is beyond doubt that the name of the Suvorovs has long been noble, is Russian from time immemorial and resides in Russia", and Count Semyon Vorontsov in 1811, a person familiar with the Suvorovs.^[41] Their views were supported by later historians: it was estimated that by 1699 there were at least 19 Russian landlord families of the same name in Russia, not counting their namesakes of lower status, and they all could not descend from a single foreigner who arrived only in 1622.^[41] Moreover, genealogy studies indicated a Russian landowner named Suvor mentioned under the year 1498, whereas documents of the 16th century mention Vasily and Savely Suvorovs, with the last of them being a proven ancestor of General Alexander Suvorov.^[41] The Swedish version of Suvorov's genealogy had been debunked in the Genealogical collection of Russian noble families by V. Rummel and V. Golubtsov (1887) tracing Suvorov's ancestors from the 17th-century Tver gentry.^[42] In 1756 Alexander Suvorov's first cousin, Sergey Ivanovich Suvorov, in his statement of background (skazka) for his son said that he did not have any proof of nobility; he started his genealogy from his great-grandfather, Grigory Ivanovich Suvorov, who served as a dvorovy boyar scion at Kashin.^[42]

Childhood

As a boy, Suvorov was a sickly child and his father assumed he would work in civil service as an adult. However, he proved to be an excellent learner, avidly studying

siege warfare, artillery, and fortification.^[15] He tried to overcome his physical ailments through rigorous exercise and exposure to hardship.^[43] His father, however, insisted that he was unfit for military affairs. When Alexander was 12, General Gannibal, who lived in the neighborhood, overheard his father complaining about Alexander and asked to speak to the child. Gannibal was so impressed with the boy that he persuaded the father to allow him to pursue the career of his choice.^[4]

Early career

Main articles: Seven Years' War, Third Silesian War, and Pomeranian War

First military experience

Suvorov entered the

General-Major Mikhail Volkonsky's brigade.^[49][50] The following month Suvorov participated in the complete victory over Frederick the Great at the battle of Kunersdorf,^[51] after which the so-called Miracle of the House of Brandenburg

happened.

At the time when

Kunersdorf victory, remained unmoved and did not even send Cossacks to pursue the fleeing enemy, Suvorov said to William Fermor: "if I were commander-in-chief, I would go to Berlin right now". It is a simple observation, but a valid one. "In war, everything is simple", said one writer: "but this simplicity is given difficult". What Suvorov would have done in Saltykov's place was exactly what the Prussian king feared. He wrote to the queen that she should leave Berlin with the royal family in a hurry, and ordered to remove the archive, as the city may fall into enemy hands. Fortunately for Frederick, he faced not Suvorov.^[52]

1761

Staff officer of a dragoon

regiment (Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov).
Kirill S. Vasilyev

Then, Alexander served under the command of General-Major

battalions of infantry and a weak dragoon regiment. Forming his unit in two lines, Suvorov began the attack. He felled the dragoons, struck one of the battalions, killed many on the spot and took at least a hundred prisoners. At Stargard, Suvorov attacked the rearguard of Platen, during which Suvorov cut into the enemy cavalry and infantry, during which it was reported that "many were taken and beaten from the enemy".^[56] Suvorov managed to avoid heavy losses.^[55] All the battles described took place at the same time as the siege of Kolberg (1761) in Pomerania

.

Freemasonry, Berlin

It is stated that Suvorov visited Prussian Masonic lodge. He may have been, as he was an inquisitive man; but it is doubtful that he himself was ever a Freemason.^[57] Just before his career in 1761, he took part in the raid on Berlin by Zakhar Chernyshev's forces (one year after the Kunersdorf). The Cossacks captured the boy. Suvorov took him in, took care of him during the whole campaign, and on arrival at the quarters sent to the widow, the boy's mother, a letter reading:

"Dear mother, your little son is safe with me. If you want to leave him with me, he will not lack anything and I will take care of him as if he were my own son. If you wish to keep him with you, you can take him from here or write me where to send him."

The mother wished for her son's return.^[58]

Wars against Poland–Lithuania

Dissolution of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772)

Main article: Bar Confederation

Outbreak of war and setbacks

Suvorov next served in

Lieutenant Colonel Shepelev captured the fortification twice, but were beaten back. Fearing to lose a lot of troops and time, Suvorov retreated.^[60]

It were among the few tactical setbacks in his career, however, these were not field engagements.

Slightly earlier than at Tyniec, however, Suvorov had won small victories over the Confederates at Rachów and Kraśnik (27 & 28 February 1771), capturing an entire wagon train in the first of these clashes. By a happy coincidence, Suvorov survived in it. After their failure at the Lanckorona Castle, the Suzdals ^[ru] restored their reputation in Suvorov's eyes, not only at Kraśnik but also in Rachów. He wrote to Weymarn:^[62]

The infantry acted with great subordination, and I made my peace with them.

Wawel Royal Castle. French officers

pass their swords to Alexander V. Suvorov; author I. D. Schubert

Retaliatory strike

Follow-up clashes rectify Suvorov's situation: the

major-general.^[3]

Battles against Polish uprising (1794)

Main article: Kościuszko Uprising

Turning victories

More than two years after the signing of the

Dywin, Kobryń, Krupczyce,^[n] and the battle of Brest where he vanquished the forces of the Polish commander Karol Sierakowski ^[pl]; afterwards, Suvorov won the battle at Kobyłka. The cavalry attacks at Brest and Kobyłka resemble of Suvorov's offence at Lanckorona 22 years earlier, which ended in the defeat of Dumouriez. This shows that there was stability in his tactical rules, and he did not act on momentary impulse.^[66]

Equally strong was the impression in

Petersburg, though in a different sense. Suvorov managed, having defeated Sierakowski, to defeat many of his detractors and envious, at least in appearance. He was praised and exalted, anecdotes were told about him, his letters were quoted. It became known that he wrote a letter to Platon Zubov, in which, congratulating Zubov "with local victories," he proceeded: "I recommend to your favour my brothers and children, squires of the Great Catherine, who is so illustrious thanks to them". Suvorov sent to his daughter very bad poems, where he described his working life:^[67]

The heavens have given us
Twenty-four hours.
I do not indulge my fate,
But sacrifice it to my Monarch,
And to end [die] suddenly,
I sleep and eat when at leisure.
Hello, Natasha ^[ru] and her household.

Triumph and tragedy in Praga

On November 4, 1794, Suvorov's forces stormed

Kiev, – from the regular army, without the scythemen, who were set at liberty with other non-military men.^[68]

Massacre of Praga, uncontrolled by Suvorov. It is considered a personal revenge of the enraged Russian soldiers for Warsaw Uprising events.
Aleksander Orłowski

Many writers call the storming of Praga a simple slaughterhouse, where no military talent is visible, but only brute force, a kind of elemental force, and where the success was completed by the inconceivable cruelty and bloodthirstiness of the troops and their leader. From the orders given by Suvorov before the assault, and from the course of the affair itself, it is evident that such a judgement is far from the truth. His dispositions of the troops were characterised by remarkable thoroughness; such was that of Praga. It is homogeneous with the Izmailian at its core and identical to it in many basic details. Both show a remarkable military calculation, which includes not only figures, but knowledge of the enemy's character, properties and general strength, a correct estimation of their own resources, moral and material, and a choice of means based on these data. But even more than the plan (the storming programme), what is striking is its execution, in which some features of the plan turned out to be additional steps to the Russian victory. Only troops who are perfectly trained and between whom and their leader there is complete harmony can act in this way.^[68]

Culmination, impact of campaign

Despite early successes on a battlefield, the organizer of the

third partition of Poland. He sent a report to his sovereign consisting of only three words:^[77]

"Hurrah, Warsaw's ours!" (Ура, Варшава наша!).

Catherine replied in two words:[77]

"Hurrah, Field-Marshal!" (rus. Ура, фельдмаршал! – that is, awarding him this rank).

The newly appointed field marshal remained in Poland until 1795, when he returned to Saint Petersburg. But his sovereign and friend Catherine died in 1796, and her son and successor Paul I dismissed the veteran in disgrace.^[3]

Wars with the Ottoman Empire

1st war against the Ottomans

Main article:

Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774

The Ottoman state

The

Turkish empire, once formidable, had already undergone a major transformation by this era. The rude but strong force that had bound the heterogeneous parts of the empire had weakened, and the state began to show signs of a disintegration. The absence of lawfulness in the whole state organism, venality, despotism brought to an ideal, – these were the elements of the internal life of Ottoman Empire. Such striking decay occurred mainly due to the personal qualities of the Turkish sovereigns. A long row of the first governors of Ottoman Empire consisted of individuals capable, energetic, quite appropriate to their position; the subsequent Turkish governors were distinguished by the opposite properties. They locked themselves in harems and allowed viziers to rule; stagnation and decline followed. Despotism, in the sense of the most important state principle, remained, but lost its character as a driving force and turned into selfish autocracy and tyranny. All of the above was also reflected in the war effort. In an era that opened Europe's eyes to the true importance of Turkey, Turks still retained many of the qualities of good soldiers.^[78]

Developments

Kozludzha (now Suvorovo in memory of Suvorov's victory).
Johann Friedrich Anthing

The

theatre of war. There was (or he thought there was) what he wanted, that "comfort" about which he wrote to Yakov Bulgakov in January 1771. Especially strong was to ignite in Suvorov is the desire to go to the main army after its glorious deeds of 1770. It was then that he had already started pushing for a transfer from Poland to Turkey.^[79]

His later earned victories against the Ottomans bolstered the morale of his soldiers who were usually outnumbered, such as the

Commander-in-Chief Rumyantsev, consisting of couplets:^[82][83]

Glory to God, glory to you,
Turtukaya is taken and I am there too.

The war ended with the treaty of Küçük Kaynarca.

Suvorov's astuteness in war was uncanny and he also proved a self-willed subordinate who acted upon his own initiative. For "unauthorized actions against the Turks", Suvorov was tried and sentenced to death but

staff officers, more than 200 Russians were killed and missing, 2 ships, and 2 cannons were recaptured.^[84]

2nd war against the Ottomans

Main article:

Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792

Beginning

From 1787 to 1791, under the overall command of

Kinburn engagement (1787) and saved only thanks to the intervention of the grenadier Stepan Novikov. Novikov heard the call of his chief, threw himself at the Turks; he stabbed one, shot another and turned to the third, but that one fled, and with him the rest. The retreating Russian grenadiers noticed Suvorov and shouted: "Brothers, the general stayed in front", – rushed again upon the Ottomans. The fight resumed, and the bewildered Turkish soldiers began again to rapidly lose one trench after another.^[86] Suvorov suffered greatly from grievous wounds and huge loss of blood; although he kept on his feet, he often fainted, and this went on for a month.^[87]

Suvorov was also soon involved in the costly

siege of Troy, and Suvorov described in couplet that he was:

Sitting on a stone so cold,
Watching Ochakov as of old.^[q]

The mortality rate was extreme, from one cold 30–40 people a day: the soldiers were stiff in their dugouts, suffering terrible want of essentials, and so were the horses. During Potemkin's visit to the camp, the soldiers took the courage to personally ask him to storm, but even this did not work. At last there was a deafening murmur among the whole army. Only having reached such a hopeless situation Potemkin decided to storm, setting it for 17 December,^[91][92] in which Suvorov did not participate due to a bullet wound that penetrated his neck and stopped at the back of his head. This happened during a successful Ottoman sortie from the fortress.^[r][93]

The apex of military deeds

In 1789, after the joint Russian and

Josias of Coburg fought most decisive victories in their career. First at the battle of Rymnik, where, despite the vast inferiority in numbers (a Russian–Austrian force of 25,000 against 100,000 Turks), Suvorov persuaded the Austrian commander to attack;^[94] with the bold flanking maneuver of Suvorov and the resilience of the Austrians, together they routed the Ottoman army within a few hours, losing only 500 men in the process. Suvorov earned the nickname "General Forward" in the ranks of the Austrian corps for the latter victory; the word combination came to his attention and gave him sincere pleasure, as he later recalled this martial assessment of his person, smugly grinning.^[95] Catherine the Great, in turn, made Suvorov a count with the name "Rymniksky" (or Rimniksky^[21]) in addition to his own name, and the Emperor Joseph II made him a count of the Holy Roman Empire.^[3]

The second one came at the storming of Izmail in Bessarabia on 22 December 1790. His capture of the reputedly unconquerable fortress played a vital role in Russia's victory in the war.^[43] On 20 December Suvorov convened a military council. He had nothing to consult about, but by doing so, he acted on the basis of the law and used this means to communicate his decision to others, to make his view their view, his conviction – their conviction. This is very difficult for ordinary commanders who do not tower over their subordinates in anything other than their position; but easy for such as Suvorov. There is no need for ranting, or intricately woven evidence; it is the winning authority that persuades, the unbending will that fascinates. Suvorov spoke a little in council and nevertheless brought everyone into raptures, he enthralled the very people who a few days ago considered the same assault unrealisable. The youngest of those present, Brigadier Platov, said the word assault, and the decision to assault was taken by all 13 persons without exception. The council determined:^[96]

"approaching Izmail, according to the disposition to storm it without delay, in order to give the enemy no time for further strengthening, and therefore there is no need for reference to his lordship the commander-in-chief [Grigory Potemkin].

Her Imperial Majesty's victorious troops. By virtue of chapter fourteen of the military regulations ^[ru

]."

Turkish forces inside the fortress had the orders to stand their ground to the end and haughtily declined the Russian

Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!" ("Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!"; by Gavrila Derzhavin and Józef Kozłowski) immortalized Suvorov's victory and 24 December is today commemorated as a Day of Military Honour in Russia. In this war Fyodor Ushakov also won many famous naval victories, as in the battle of Tendra, which deprived the Ottomans of Izmail's support from the Danube. Suvorov announced the capture of Ismail in 1791 to the Empress Catherine in a doggerel couplet.^[97]

The war ended with the treaty of Jassy.

General-in-Chief A. V. Suvorov on 11 December 1791, Mikhail Ivanov

As a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, the Crimean Khanate became independent of the Ottomans, but in fact became a Russian protectorate (1774 to 1783). The Russian-imposed Şahin Giray proved unpopular. The Kuban Nogais remained hostile to the Russian government.^[100] From the end of January 1777, Suvorov set about building new fortifications at Kuban, despite the severe cold and predator raids, suggesting that the entire cordon should be shortened somewhat, and that it should be connected to the Azov-Mozdok fortified line ^[ru]. There were only about 12,000 men under Suvorov's command. He explored the region, more than 30 fortifications were built, and the order of service at the cordon was changed. Attacks from across the Kuban ceased; Tatars, guarded against the unrest of Turkish Zakuban ^[ru] emissaries and from the raids of predators, were pacified, and, most importantly, began to make sure that the Russians really had good intentions towards them. But the peace was short-lived, however. Intelligent Rumyantsev could not fail to appreciate the fruitful activities of Suvorov in Kuban and spoke of him with pleasure and praise.^[101]

By 1781, the situation in the Crimean Khanate, especially in the

Crimea (Little Tartary)

Christian resettlement

On behalf of Empress Catherine II, Suvorov participated in a tragic incident – the forced resettlement of Christians from Crimea.^[15] The possession of Crimea did not seem secure for Russia at that time. Russia had to extract all it could from Crimea, and this was achieved by resettling Christians, mainly of Greek and Armenian nationalities, from Crimea: they had industry, horticulture and agriculture in their hands, which constituted a significant part of the Crimean Khan's income. The fact that the Crimean Christians were burdened to the last degree by the Khan's extortions and, therefore, the tax exemption granted to them in the new place should have inclined them in favor of the measure conceived by the Russian government, was in favor of the feasibility of resettlement. Thus the matter was resolved and Suvorov was entrusted with its execution.^[103] In the second half of September 1778 the resettlement ended. More than 31,000 souls were evicted; the Greeks were mostly settled between the rivers Berda ^[uk] and Kalmius, along the river Solyonaya ^[uk] and all the way to Azov; the Armenians near Rostov and generally on the Don. Rumyantsev reported to the Empress that "the withdrawal of the Christians can be regarded as a conquest of a noble province". Only 130,000 rubles were spent for transportation and food. Food itself cost very cheap, because Suvorov bought from the same Christians 50,000 quarters of bread, which, coming locally to the shops, cost half as much as delivered from Russia, what resulted in savings of 100,000 rubles. Suvorov's orders were distinguished by remarkable and calculated prudence, he had put his heart into this business. More than half a year later, when the case was almost submitted to the archives, Suvorov still felt as if he had a moral obligation towards the settlers and wrote to Potemkin:^[104]

"The Crimean settlers suffer many shortcomings in their present state; look upon them with a merciful eye, who have sacrificed so much to the throne; relish their bitter remembrance."

After Suvorov organized the resettlement of Armenian migrants displaced from Crimea, Catherine gave them permission to establish a new city, named Nor Nakhichevan by the Armenians. In addition, Alexander Suvorov would later found the city of Tiraspol (1792), now the capital of Transnistria.

In 1778 Alexander as well prevented a Turkish landing on the Crimean Peninsula, thwarting another Russo-Turkish war.

Engineering occupied the most prominent place in Suvorov's activities in the south, as well as in Finland. The plans signed by him were preserved: the project of the Phanagoria fortress, three projects of fortifications of the Kinburn Spit and the Dnieper–Bug estuary, the plan of the Kinburn Fortress ^[ru], the main logistics center of Tiraspol, the fort of Hacıdere (Ovidiopol) on the Dnieper–Bug estuary, Khadjibey (Odessa) and Sevastopol (Akhtiar) fortifications. Some of these were built during his time there and have progressed considerably, others had only just begun; there were also fortifications remained in the project due to short time and lack of money. At Sevastopol four forts were started, including 2 casemated; in Khadjibey was placed a military harbor with a merchant pier, according to François Sainte de Wollant's plans, under the direct supervision of Deribas and supreme surveillance of Suvorov.^[106]

Tulchin

In

A feast was held in Russia to commemorate glorious military exploits, especially the storming of Izmail. The presence at the celebration of the true hero of the day, Suvorov, could not fail to take place. A few days before the feast, May 6 (NS), 1791, Suvorov received from Potemkin command of the Empress – to go around Finland to the Swedish border, in order to design a border fortifications. Suvorov went willingly, just to get rid of his inactivity; the region was familiar to him, as 17 years ago he had already traveled around the Swedish border, and although the present task seemed more difficult, but with his usual energy and diligence, Suvorov completed it in less than 4 weeks.[108] The Empress treated with full approval of Suvorov's construction works.^[109]

During the harsh Finnish spring, he traveled in sledges in the wild backwoods of the Russian–Swedish border, enduring hardships that a military man of high position does not know even in wartime. In fact, repeated the same old thing: Suvorov had already traveled in winter inclement weather, riding on a Cossack horse, without luggage, to Izmail.[108]

Suvorov, besides building and repairing fortresses, had troops and a

Suvorov remained a close confidant of Catherine, but he had a negative relationship with her son and heir apparent Paul. As a prince, Paul became fanatically interested in the flashy but dysfunctional uniforms, parades, drills, and common corporal punishments of the Prussian Army. He even had his own regiment of Russian soldiers whom he dressed up in Prussian-style uniforms and paraded around. Suvorov was strongly opposed to these uniforms and had fought hard for Catherine to get rid of similar uniforms that were used by Russians up until 1784.^[3]

When Catherine died of a stroke in 1796, Paul I was crowned

Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799

Suvorov's Italian campaign

General coverage of events

In February 1799, Paul I, worried about the victories of

The French client states Cisalpine Republic and Piedmontese Republic collapsed in the face of Suvorov's onset. Admiral Ushakov, sent to the Mediterranean for support to Suvorov, in 1799 completed the five-month siege of Corfu (1798–1799) and put an end to the French occupation of the Ionian Islands in Greece. On receiving news of the capture of Corfu, Suvorov exclaimed:^[115]

Our Great Peter is alive! What he, after defeating the Swedish fleet near Åland in 1714, said, namely that nature has produced only one Russia: she has no rival, — we see it now. Hooray! To the Russian fleet!.. I now say to myself: why wasn't I at least a midshipman at Corfu?

Two resounding victories: Trebbia and Novi

Near the Trebbia, in contrast to the above, MacDonald had one and a half superiority; this circumstance is explained by the fact that Kray, despite the order of Suvorov, did not send him reinforcements, based on the direct command of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II not to separate any forces before the surrender of Mantua. It was too late for the commander-in-chief to find out.^[129] At the battle of the Trebbia on the first day at the Tidone River, the French had 19,000 men against his 14–15,000,^[130] and were thrown back. By the Trebbia River itself on the second day the forces were equal, and on the third day Suvorov, with some 22,000 men, beat MacDonald's force of 33,000–35,000. Suvorov then rushed into a fighting pursuit, and at the Nure River, similar to Verderio, an entire Auvergne Regiment was captured after a short battle.^[131]

Despite the restraining influence of the Hofkriegsrat, Suvorov always held the initiative in his hands when dealing with the enemy. If the French sometimes tried to catch him (e.g., the movements of Moreau and MacDonald to join at Tortona), the Allies concentrated and dealt brutal blows like at the Trebbia. As for Novi, Joubert, advancing from Genoa to Tortona and expecting to catch the Allied Field Army scattered, unexpectedly met Suvorov and his "strike fist" behind Novi Ligure.^[132] But perseverance in the battle of Novi came to the point that when the Russian attacks were unsuccessful, Suvorov got off his horse and, rolling on the ground, shouted: "dig a grave for me, I will not survive this day", and then resumed his attacks. Moreau spoke of Suvorov in this way:^[133]

"What can you say of a general so resolute to a superhuman degree, and who would perish himself and let his army perish to the last man rather than retreat a single pace."

Campaign environment

As a disadvantage to his decisiveness,

Suvorov's Swiss campaign

Defeat of the allied armies

After the victorious Italian theater, Suvorov planned to march on

Surrounded by Masséna's 77,000 French troops,[139] Suvorov with a force of 18,000 Russian regulars and 5,000 Cossacks, exhausted and short of provisions, led a strategic withdrawal from the Alps while fighting off the French.^[15]

Early achievements

Early on in the path, going to join with the not yet defeated Korsakov, he struggled against general

Russian troops of Andrey Grigoryevich Rosenberg crossed the Lukmanier Pass, Austrian troops of Franz Auffenberg overcame the Chrüzli Pass, while Suvorov himself also later traversed more remote passes such as Chinzig and Pragel (Bragell), before climbing the 8,000-foot mountain Rossstock.^[141] Marching over rocks had worn out the soldiers' inadequate footwear, of which many were now even deprived, uniforms were often in tatters, rifles and bayonets were rusting from the constant dampness, and the men were starving for lack of adequate supplies,—they were exhausted, surrounded by impassable mountains in freezing cold, and, one way or another, faced a French army far superior in numbers and equipment. Cossack reconnaissance units instead of the Austrians of Lincken found the French there. France's forces, meanwhile, blocked off many important places for troop movements;^[142] and on September 29 (18 OS), still uncertain but informed about the fate of Korsakov and Hotze (from the testimony of French prisoners), Suvorov assembled a council of war in the refectory of the Franciscan monastery of Saint Joseph, which decided to pave the way for the army toward Glarus. During the council the Russian commander showed himself extremely resolute not to surrender, blamed the Austrian allies for all the hardships they were forced to suffer, and proposed what appeared to him to be the only possible solution. Suvorov dictated the disposition: in the vanguard appointed to go Auffenberg, who came out on the 29th, and the next day the rest of the troops, except for Rosenberg's corps and Foerster's ^[ru] division, which remained in the rearguard and must hold the enemy coming out of Schwyz until all the packs had passed over the mountain Bragell. Rosenberg was ordered to hold firm,—to repel the French with all his strength, but not to pursue him beyond Schwyz.^[143] Alexander Suvorov's speech was written down from the words of Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, made a huge impression on everyone who attended^[144] (especially angry and menacing looked Derfelden and Bagration^[143]):

We are surrounded by mountains… surrounded by a strong enemy, proud of victory… Since the Pruth expedition, under the Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great, Russian troops have never been in such a perilous position…^[144] To go back is dishonorable. I have never retreated. Advancing to Schwyz^[aa] is impossible: Masséna commands more than 60,000 men and our troops do not reach 20,000. We are short of supplies, ammunition and artillery… We cannot expect help from anyone. We are on the edge of the precipice! All we have left is to rely on Almighty God and the courage and spirit of sacrifice of my troops! We are Russians! God is with us!^[142]

Salvation and breakthrough

Between 30 September and 1 October 1799, Suvorov's vanguard of 2,100 men, led by Bagration, was able to break through the Klöntal valley^[ab] and reached the goal. It inflicted 1,000 killed or wounded, and another 1,000 captured to a French force of 6,500 men.^[25] However, Bagration tried to push further than Glarus, failing to do so: he was finally stopped by Molitor's troops.

When Molitor took up a position at Netstal, he held for a long time, in spite of Bagration's persistent attacks. Finally driven out of Netstal with the loss of a cannon, a banner and 300 prisoners, Molitor retreated to Näfels, on both banks of the river Linth. Here the French took a strong position, where they again repulsed Bagration long and hard. No matter how weakened Bagration's troops were by the previous battles and heavy march through the mountains, they had so far gained superior numbers over Molitor's detachment. Molitor had gone into full retreat, but the long-expected advance troops of Gazan soon came to his aid. The French now received an overwhelming strength and knocked them out of Näfels. Bagration in turn attacked Näfels and drove off the French, who then went on the attack again. Five or six times the village passed from hand to hand, and when last time it was occupied by the Russians, Bagration received orders from Suvorov to withdraw to Netstal, where at that time the rest of Derfelden's troops were already concentrated. It was evening when Bagration came out of Näfels; noticing this, Gazan moved all his forces to the attack and himself led the grenadiers to the bayonets; but this time the French were also repulsed, and Bagration's troops retreated quite calmly to Netstal.^[145]

Meanwhile, on the same days, the rearguard of 7,000 men^[25][146] out of a total of 14,000, commanded by Andrey Rosenberg,^[ac] who, according to plan, was assigned the task of deterrence, met with Masséna's forces,^[ad] which numbered up to 15,000 men^[25] out of 24,000 in the Muotatal (Muota valley), formerly Muttental. Suvorov ordered to hold on there at all costs, and the rearguard, suffering 500^[146] to 700^[147] casualties, routed the French by inflicting them between 2,700^[25] and 3,000^[148][ae] losses in two days. More than 1,000 prisoners alone were taken, including a general and 15 officers. Suvorov reported to Paul 6,500 French dead, wounded and prisoners of war in two days of fighting: 1,600 – September 30 and 4,500 – October 1.^[149] While Suvorov was fighting the French, the short-lived Roman sister republic had also fallen before the troops of the restored Kingdom of Naples.

Despite all the Russian successes on the battlefield, it was clear that the campaign could not be won for them. Suvorov hoped to make the way for his exhausted, ill-supplied troops over the Swiss passes to the Upper (

For this marvel of strategic retreat, earning him the nickname of the Russian Hannibal, Suvorov became the fourth Generalissimo of Russia on 8 November 1799 (28 OS).^[151] Historian Christopher Duffy, on the back cover of his book Eagles Over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799, called Suvorov's whole Italian and Swiss adventure a kind of Russian "crusade" against the forces of revolution.^[152]

Consequences

Recently, beginning with his involuntary stay in the village of Konchanskoye, Suvorov often felt unwell; when he returned to duty, he seemed to have recovered, but by the end of the Italian campaign again began to grow weak. Before the Swiss campaign, his weakness was so great that he could hardly walk, his eyes began to hurt more often than before; making itself felt the old wounds, especially on his leg, so that not always could put on a boot. The Swiss campaign made him even sicker; he began to complain of cold, which had never happened before; the cough, which had become attached to him some months before, did not leave him either, and the wind became particularly sensitive.^[153] He was officially promised a military triumph in Russia, but Emperor Paul cancelled the ceremony and recalled the Russian armies from Europe, including the Batavian Republic after the unsuccessful Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland; and ultimately the French would regain all of their conquered possessions on the Italian Peninsula.

On the road from Switzerland to Russia

The return journey of Suvorov to Russia, interspersed with frequent stops due to policy fluctuations, lasted more than three months. This time, filled for Suvorov the cares for the troops, who terribly sacrificed during the Swiss campaign all their material part, in addition, was accompanied by many troubles — a legacy of previous events. But this trouble was far inferior to the mental agony, which Suvorov endured when leaving the theatre of war with a bitter awareness of the incomplete success of the Italian campaign and an abject failure of the Swiss one. Correct this failure with new successes was his dream, which at first did not give him peace and entailed the hesitation and inconsistency in some of his actions. That campaign was a military affair glorious, sufficient for the enviable fighting reputation of any general, was for Suvorov a faint consolation, for there was nothing else in his past but the brilliant and glorious. He wanted what he had come here for from his Konchanskoye retreat — the expulsion of the French, the restoration of thrones, the triumph of religion; and the result was almost nothing of the kind. He was left with a bitterness in his heart which he took with him to his grave.^[154]

Suvorov's name, which had grown during the Italian campaign, took on a double luster after the Swiss campaign, and when he retired from the theatre of war and entered Germany, he became the centre of attention. Travellers, diplomats and soldiers flocked to his destinations, especially on his longer stops in Lindau, Augsburg and Prague. A general reverence bordering on awe, ladies sought out the honour of kissing his hand, and he did not particularly resist this. Everywhere he was welcomed and seen off, though he avoided it; every social gathering was eager to have him as its guest.^[155]

Russian society was proud of its hero and worshipped him enthusiastically. The Emperor Paul was a true representative of the national mood; he accompanied all his rescripts with expressions of the most gracious disposition to the Generalissimo, spoke of his unanimity with him, asked advice, and apologised for giving instructions himself. "Forgive me, Prince Alexander Vasilievich," wrote the tsar, "may the Lord God preserve you, and you preserve the Russian soldiers, of whom some were everywhere victorious because they were with you, and others were not victorious because they were not with you". In other rescript it has told:

"…excuse me, that I have taken it upon myself to give you advice; but as I only give it for preservation of my subjects, which have rendered me so much merit under your leadership, I am sure, that you with pleasure will accept it, knowing your affection to me."

In the third:

"I shall be pleased if you will come to me to advice and to love, after you have bring the Russian troops into our borders."

The fourth reads:

"It is not for me, my hero, to reward you, you are above my measures, but for me to feel it and appreciate it in my heart, giving you your due."

The Tsar had extended his courtesy to the point that, in reply to Suvorov's New Year greetings, he asked him to share them with his troops if he, the Tsar, was "worthy of it" and expressed his desire "to be worthy of such an army".^[156]

Suvorov, Nelson, Coburg, and Charles

The famous

Military record

Key to opponent flags

Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918[ag])

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)

Kingdom of France (987–1792)

Holy Roman Empire (800/962–1806)

Ottoman Empire (c. 1299–1922)

Crimean Khanate[ah] (1441–1783)

Regency of Algiers (1516–1830)

Crimean Tatars

French Republic (1792–1804)

Polish Legions (1797–1815)

Helvetic Republic[ai] (1798–1803)

Piedmontese Republic[aj] (1798–1799)

Cisalpine Republic[ak] (1797–1802)

Key to outcome

     Indicates a favorable outcome      Indicates an unfavorable outcome      Indicates an uncertain outcome

Summary (incomplete)

№	Date(s)[al]	Clash(es)	Type(s)	Conflict(s)	Opponent(s)	Location(s)	Outcome(s)
1.	4 May – 2 July 1758	Siege of Olmütz[citation needed]	Siege	Seven Years' War [am]	?	Margraviate of Moravia	?
2.	25 July 1759	Combat of Crossen	Open Battle	Seven Years' War [an]		Margraviate of Brandenburg	Victory
3.	12 August 1759	Battle of Kunersdorf	Open Battle	Seven Years' War [ao]		Margraviate of Brandenburg	Decisive victory
4.	October 1760	Raid on Berlin	Raid; Occupation	Seven Years' War [ap]		Margraviate of Brandenburg	Berlin occupied for three days
5.	1761	Combat of Reichenbach	Open Battle	Seven Years' War [aq]		Austrian Silesia	Victory
6.	1761	Skirmish of Schweidnitz	Open Battle	Seven Years' War [ar]		Austrian Silesia	Victory
7.	15 September 1761	Combat of Landsberg	Open Battle	Seven Years' War [as]		Margraviate of Brandenburg	Victory
8.	1761	Combat of the Friedberg Forest	Open Battle	Seven Years' War [at]		Prussia	Victory
9.	11 October 1761	Storming of Golnau[160]	Storming Fortifications	Seven Years' War [au]		Prussia	Victory
10.	20–21 November 1761	Assault on Neugarten[av]	FIBUA	Seven Years' War [aw]		Margraviate of Brandenburg	Victory[161]
11.	1761	Combat of Stargard	Open Battle	Seven Years' War [ax]		Province of Pomerania	Victory
12.	24 August – 16 December 1761	Third Siege of Kolberg	Siege	Seven Years' War [ay]		Province of Pomerania	Victory
13.	13 September 1769	Battle of Orzechowo	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Brest Litovsk Voivodeship	Decisive victory
14.	1770	Combat of Nawodzice	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Sandomierz Voivodeship	Victory
15.	July 1770	Combat of Opatów	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Sandomierz Voivodeship	Victory
16.	20 February 1771	Lanckorona  • Combat of Lanckorona[az]	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Kraków Voivodeship	Victory
17.	20 February 1771	Lanckorona  • Storming of the Lanckorona Castle[ba]	Storming Fortifications	War of the Bar Confederation		Kraków Voivodeship	Withdrew[162]
18.	27 February 1771	Assault on Rachów	FIBUA	War of the Bar Confederation		Lublin Voivodeship	Victory
19.	27–28 February 1771	Combat of Kraśnik	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Lublin Voivodeship	Victory
20.	20 May 1771	Action of the Tyniec Abbey	Storming Fortifications	War of the Bar Confederation	[163]	Kraków Voivodeship	Withdrew[164]
21.	21 May 1771	Lanckorona  • Battle of Lanckorona	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Kraków Voivodeship	Decisive victory
22.	22 May 1771	Combat of Zamość	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Ruthenian Voivodeship	Victory
23.	24 September 1771	Battle of Stołowicze	Open Battle	War of the Bar Confederation		Nowogródek Voivodeship	Decisive victory
24.	24 January – 26 April 1772	Siege of the Kraków Castle	Siege	War of the Bar Confederation		Kraków Voivodeship	Victory
25.	8 May 1773	Combat of Oltenița	Open Battle	Sixth Russo-Turkish War		Wallachia	Victory
26.	21 May 1773	Turtukaya  • First Storming of Turtukaya	Open Battle; Storming Fortifications	Sixth Russo-Turkish War		Ottoman Bulgaria	Decisive victory
27.	28 June 1773	Turtukaya  • Second Storming of Turtukaya	Storming Fortifications; Open Battle	Sixth Russo-Turkish War		Ottoman Bulgaria	Decisive victory
28.	14 September 1773	Defence of Hirsovo[165]	Storming Fortifications; Open Battle	Sixth Russo-Turkish War		Dobruja	Victory
29.	20 June 1774	Battle of Kozludzha	Open Battle	Sixth Russo-Turkish War		Ottoman Bulgaria	Decisive victory
30.	1 October 1783	Battle of the Laba	Open Battle	Kuban Nogai Uprising		Kuban	Decisive victory
31.	11–12 October 1787[bb]	Battle of Kinburn	Storming Fortifications;[166] Open Battle	Seventh Russo-Turkish War		Silistra Eyalet	Decisive victory
32.	July – 17 December 1788	Siege of Ochakov	Siege	Seventh Russo-Turkish War		Silistra Eyalet	Victory
33.	1 August 1789	Battle of Focșani	Open Battle	Seventh Russo-Turkish War		Moldavia	Decisive victory
34.	22 September 1789	Battle of Rymnik	Open Battle	Seventh Russo-Turkish War		Wallachia	Decisive victory
35.	21–22 December 1790[bc]	Storming of Izmail	Storming Fortifications	Seventh Russo-Turkish War		Silistra Eyalet	Decisive victory
36.	15 September 1794	Combat of Kobryń	Open Battle	Polish Revolution of 1794		Brest Litovsk Voivodeship	Victory
37.	17 September 1794	Battle of Krupczyce	Open Battle	Polish Revolution of 1794		Brest Litovsk Voivodeship	Decisive victory
38.	19 September 1794	Combat of Dywin	Open Battle	Polish Revolution of 1794		Brest Litovsk Voivodeship	Victory
39.	19 September 1794	Battle of Terespol (Battle of Brest)	Open Battle	Polish Revolution of 1794		Brest Litovsk Voivodeship	Decisive victory
40.	26 October 1794	Battle of Kobyłka	Open Battle	Polish Revolution of 1794		Masovian Voivodeship	Victory
41.	2–4 November 1794[bd]	Storming of Praga	Open Battle; Storming Fortifications	Polish Revolution of 1794		Warsaw	Decisive victory
42.	21 April 1799	Capture of Brescia	Surrender	Italian campaign [be][bf]		Cisalpine Republic	Victory
43.	26 April 1799 27–28 April 1799	Battle of the Adda River  • Combat of Lecco[bg]  • Battle of Cassano[bh]	Open Battle; Storming Fortifications	Italian campaign [bi][bj]		Cisalpine Republic	Decisive victory
44.	16 May 1799	Battle of San Giuliano (First Battle of Marengo)	Open Battle	Italian campaign [bk][bl]	[167]	Piedmontese Republic	Victory
45.	till 20 June 1799	Siege of Turin Citadel[168]	Siege	Italian campaign [bm][bn]		Turin	Victory
46.	17–20 June 1799	Battle of the Trebbia[bo]  • Combat of the Tidone[bp]  • Combats of the Trebbia[bq]  • Combat of the Nure[br]	Open Battle	Italian campaign [bs][bt]		Duchy of Parma	Decisive victory
47.	15 August 1799	Battle of Novi	Open Battle; Storming Fortifications[169]	Italian campaign [bu][bv]		Piedmont	Decisive victory
48.	24 September 1799	Battle of the Gotthard Pass	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [bw]		Saint-Gotthard Massif	Victory
49.	24 September 1799	Combat of Hospital[170] / Hospental[171]	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [bx]		Canton of Waldstätten	Victory
50.	24 September 1799	Battle of Oberalpsee[170] / the Oberalp Pass[172]	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [by]		Canton of Waldstätten; Canton of Raetia	Victory
51.	25 September 1799	Combat of the Urnerloch[173]	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [bz]		Canton of Waldstätten	Victory
52.	25 September 1799	Battle of the Devil's Bridge	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [ca]		Canton of Waldstätten	Victory
53.	30 September – 1 October 1799	Battle of the Klöntal	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [cb]		Canton of Linth	Victory
54.	30 September – 1 October 1799	Battle of the Muttental	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [cc]		Canton of Waldstätten	Decisive victory
56.	1 October 1799	Battle of Glarus[174]	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [cd]		Canton of Linth	Victory
55.	1 October 1799	Combat of Netstal	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [ce]		Canton of Linth	Victory
57.	5 October 1799	Combats of Schwanden[175][cf]	Open Battle	Swiss campaign [cg]		Canton of Linth	Victory

Progeny and titles

Honours

Suvorov's full name, titles (according to Russian pronunciation) and ranks are the following: "Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Prince of

• at Focsani
  );
• Order of Saint George, the Victory-bearer
  • First Class (18.10.1789, for the victory at Rymnik),
  • Second Class (30.07.1773, for the victories at Turtukaya),
  • Third Class (19.08.1771, for the victories during the
    war of the Bar Confederation
    in 1770 & 1771);
• All-Russian Empire
  ");
• Her Imperial Majesty
  's own clothes" (24.12.1780);
• Order of Saint Anna First Class (30.09.1770, for the victory at Orzechowo);
• Order of Saint John of Jerusalem and Grand Commander's Cross (13.02.1799);
• Order of the Black Eagle (07.12.1794) & Order of the Red Eagle (07.12.1794) – Prussia;
• Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation with Grand Cross (23.06.1799) & Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus with Grand Cross (23.06.1799) – Sardinia;
• Military Order of Maria Theresa First Class and Grand Cross (12.10.1799) – Austria;
• Order of Saint Hubert (21.01.1800) – Bavaria;
• King Louis XVIII
  ) – France.

Weapons

• Golden Weapon for Bravery with diamonds (29.07.1775, while celebrating peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1775);
• Golden Weapon for Bravery with diamonds and the inscription "To the victor of the Vizier" (26.09.1789, for the victory at Rymnik).

Other honours

• Gold
  Akhtiar harbour
  );
• Gold coin (05.11.1784, for the joining Crimea and Taman to Russia in 1783);
• Gold snuff box with the monogram of Empress Catherine II, decorated with diamonds (06.1787);
• Diamond feather to the
  15
  ] April 1789);
• Gold snuff box with the monogram of the Austrian
  Emperor Joseph II
  , decorated with diamonds (13.08.1789, for the victory at Rymnik);
• Decision on the establishment of a medal in honour of A. V. Suvorov (25.03.1791, for the capture of Izmail; analogous medal was established on 02.03.1994);
• The Senate was ordered to compile a letter of commendation with a list of Suvorov's exploits (25.03.1791);
• Diamond
  epaulettes
  and ring (02.09.1793, for strengthening the southern borders of Russia);
• Certificate of Appreciation (02.09.1793);
• As a demonstration of the Emperor's confidence, the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree is entrusted to be conferred on the worthiest of Suvorov's choice (02.09.1793);
• Diamond bow to the hat (26.10.1794, for victories at Krupczyce and Brest);
• Three guns from among those captured from Polish insurgents (26.10.1794, for victories at Krupczyce and Brest);
• Gold snuff box from the Warsaw magistrate with the inscription "Warsaw to its deliverer, day 4 November 1794" (15.11.1794, a gift, as only monarchs had the right to award);
• Portrait of the Austrian
  Emperor Francis II
  , decorated with diamonds (25.12.1794);
• The Senate was ordered to compose a letter of commendation outlining the merits of A. V. Suvorov in the Polish Campaign (01.01.1795);
• Ring with the portrait of Emperor Paul I (14.05.1799);
• Portrait of Emperor Paul I to wear on the chest (13.07.1799).

Often found in the literature references to the awarding of Suvorov with the Polish Orders of the

Person

Suvorov was one of the best-educated Russians of his time. He was well versed in mathematics, history and geography; spoke German, French, Italian, Polish, Turkish, Arabic and Finnish; he also had a thorough knowledge of philosophy, ancient and modern literature. His military erudition was impressive. He had studied all the important military works from Plutarch down to his own contemporaries, mastered the science of fortification and had also passed a naval qualifying examination.^[179]

His political views were centered around

The interior decoration of Suvorov's village houses was decent and did not stand out from the common furnishings of the time, as was the domestic life, mainly in

After Suvorov separated from his wife and remained a bachelor that he gains notoriety for his oddities and quirks. It is impossible to give the separation from his wife the significance of the event, from which his eccentricities and antics are chronicled, but a careful study of Suvorov does not allow to reject the influence of this circumstance on him. This influence only does not fit into an exact factual formula; more understood by itself than proved. If there is no daily, hourly deterrent force, — and man is freer to give himself to his desire. Whether the deterrent force is great or small, — only the degree of its success depends on that.[183]

Assessment

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Suvorov's art of war

First and foremost, Russians have long cherished the memory of Suvorov as a great general. While on a campaign, he reportedly lived as a private soldier, sleeping on straw and contenting himself with the humblest fare.

Suvorov "did not know retreat", he constantly acted offensively and in accordance with the situation was looking for a fight, not evaded it, but he did not overuse the battles, the fight always turned out to be appropriate, necessary in the operation, and moreover decisive; if he got the chance to confront his enemy, he used it with all the energy.^[132] He was seriously wounded six times in his military career. Suvorov's guiding principle was to detect the weakest point of an enemy and focus an attack upon that area. He would send forth his units in small groups as they arrived on the battlefield in order to sustain momentum. Suvorov utilized aimed fire instead of repeated barrages from line infantry and applied light infantrymen as skirmishers and sharpshooters. He used a variety of army sizes and types of formations against different foes: squares against the Turks, lines against Poles, and columns against the French.^[15]

Aleaxander Suvorov believed that "a military man must know the languages of the nations with whom he is fighting," so he developed a fluent command of French, German, Greek, Ottoman Turkish, Italian, Polish and Latin, as well as some knowledge of Arabic, Finnish and Persian. He also rejected a suggestion that the Russian army rid itself of its musicians, saying,

"music doubles, trebles the force of an army."^[15]

According to

"That young Bonaparte, how he moves! He is a hero, a giant, a magician. He overcomes nature and he overcomes men. He turned the Alps

Jupiter, spreading terror in all directions, and crushing the scattered bands of Austrians and Piedmontese. My God, how he moves! The first time he assumed command he cut to the heart of tactics like a sword slashing through the Gordian Knot. He disregards the odds against him, he attacks the enemy wherever they are to be found, and he defeats them in detail. He knows that shock is irresistibe—and that says it all. His enemies will continue in their old routine, subject to the scribblers in the Cabinet

, but as for him, he carries his council of war in his head. His operations are as free as the air he breathes… My conclusion is this. That as long as General Bonaparte keeps his wits about him he will be victorious; he possesses the higher elements of the military art in a happy balance. But if, unfortunately for him, he throws himself into the whirlpool of politics, he will lose the coference of his thoughts and he will be lost."

Suvorov with a Field-Marshal's baton (unknown author)

Monument to Suvorov, A. V., in Moscow

His high regard for Napoleon Bonaparte is interesting because he did not live to see the

Suvorov was buried in Saint Petersburg in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. His gravestone states simply: "Here lies Suvorov".

Within a year after his death, Paul I was murdered in his bedroom for his disastrous leadership by a band of dismissed officers and his son and successor Alexander I erected a statue to Suvorov's memory in the Field of Mars.

"Attack with the cold steel! Push hard with the bayonet!"

A "Suvorov school" of generals who had apprenticed under him played a prominent role in the Russian military. Among them was future Field Marshal

During World War II, the Soviet Union revived the memory of many pre-1917 Russian heroes in order to raise patriotism. Suvorov was the Tsarist military figure most often referred to by Joseph Stalin, who also received (but did not personally use) the rank of Generalissimo that Suvorov had previously held. The Order of Suvorov was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on 29 July 1942, and it is still awarded to senior army personnel for exceptional leadership in combat operations against superior enemy forces.^[190]

The town of

Various currency notes of the Transnistrian ruble depict Suvorov.^[191][192]

There is a

"Train hard, fight easy" became a Russian proverb.^[15]

Alexander Petrushevsky in third volume of his work Generalissimo Prince Suvorov quoted a small song of Russian soldiers about Alexander Suvorov, Pyotr Rumyantsev, and Grigory Potemkin:^[193]

Potemkin-general
Was never in his own regiment,
He neglected all his strength:
Some of it he drank, some of it he squandered,
Some of it he lost at cards.
And Suvorov-general
Proved his strength,
He loaded a small cannon,
He took the king

prisoner.

A bust of the Generalissimo is prominently displayed in the office of the Russian Minister of Defense.^[citation needed]

In Russia, there are 12 secondary-level military schools called Suvorov Military School that were established during the USSR. There is also a military school in Minsk named after Suvorov.^[194]

In Soviet times, the 1941 film

Russia's defence minister Sergei Shoigu has proposed that Suvorov be made a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.^[195]

Miscellaneous art

Coins

• 
  Bank of Russia

  coin – Series: "Outstanding Russian Military Commanders"; A. V. Suvorov, 3 rubles reverse.
• 
  Bank of Russia coin – Series: "Outstanding Russian Military Commanders"; A. V. Suvorov, 25 rubles reverse.
• 
  Bank of Russia coin – Series: "Outstanding Russian Military Commanders"; Generalissimo A. V. Suvorov, 50 rubles reverse.

Banknotes

• 
  Transnistria
  5 Transnistrian rubles
  Transnistrian Republican Bank. 1994 series.
• 
  Transnistria
  1,000 Transnistrian rubles
  Transnistrian Republican Bank. 1993 series.
• 
  Transnistria
  100,000 Transnistrian rubles
  Transnistrian Republican Bank. 1994 series.
• 
  Transnistria
  500,000 Transnistrian rubles
  Transnistrian Republican Bank. 1997 series.

Stamps

• 
  USSR stamp, 2 rubles; 150th anniversary of Suvorov's death; Suvorov in the Alps (artist Nikolay Mikhailovich Avvakumov ^[ru], 1941, Moscow, Pushkin Museum

  ).
• 
  Capture of Izmail. USSR. 10

  kopecks

  . "Death flees the saber and bayonet of the brave." (Alexander Suvorov).
• 
  Russian postage stamp. 200th anniversary of Suvorov's crossing of the Alps. Suvorov with a group of officers and soldiers of the Russian army.
• 
  Russian postage stamp, 2005.
• 
  The Monument to Alexander Suvorov and his Swiss assistant Antonio Gamma by Dmitry Nikitovich Tugarinov ^[ru]. Bronze. The Gotthard Pass, Switzerland. 31 rubles.
• 
  USSR stamp, 1980. 250th anniversary of Suvorov's birth. 4 kopecks.

• Additional Swiss memorials
• 
  On the Panixer Pass way near Elm GL: a memorial was inaugurated on 6 October 2012 at the Wichlen Shooting Range in Glarus Süd to commemorate the Russian soldiers who marched through here with General Alexander Suvorov during the Second Coalition War. The sculpture of a grenadier was placed on a rock, and a memorial plaque with an inscription is attached to the rock.
• 
  Memorial stone, erected 1957, dedicated to the Russian soldiers of Suvorov's Italian campaign, who died in the hospital of the Weingarten Abbey 1799, and are buried here. Weingarten, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
  Russian: Здесь покоятся суворовские чудо-богатыри, lit. 'This is the resting place of Suvorov's wonder-bogatyrs'
  German: Hier Ruhen Suworow-Helden, lit. 'Suvorov's heroes rest here'

Ukraine

Due to "decommunization policies" the street named after Suvorov in (Ukraine's capital) Kyiv was renamed after Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko in 2016. Suvorov is not related to communism, but his name was used by the Soviet Union for propaganda purposes.^[196]

In September 2022, a street that was named after Suvorov in Dnipro (Ukraine) was renamed to honor Alan Shepard.^[197]

In October 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian troops captured a monument to Suvorov in Kherson and took it with them as they fled the city.^[198]

In December 2022, another street in Kyiv that was still named after Suvorov was renamed to

In January 2023, an image of Suvorov on a monument was removed in Odesa.^[200]

In Kherson the Suvorivskyi Raion (urban district), named after General Suvorov, was renamed to Tsentralnyi (Central) Raion in October 2023.^[201]

Literary references

Poet

• Suvorov Military School
• Suvorov military canals
• Suwarrow
• Suvorov Museum, Saint Petersburg
• Suvorov Museum, Timanivka
• Order of Suvorov
• Medal of Suvorov
• Suvorov (film)
• Russian battleship Knyaz Suvorov
• Soviet cruiser Aleksandr Suvorov
• River cruise ship Aleksandr Suvorov
• Suvorov's Swiss campaign

Notes and refs

Notes

References

1. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 14.
2. ^ Polevoy 1897, p. 13.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Chisholm 1911.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Spalding (1888). "Suvóroff". Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine. VII: 328–340. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
5. ^ Peter Paret, Gordon A. Craig, Felix Gilbert. Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton University Press, 1986, p. 356
6. ^ Egorov, Boris (2021-05-18). "The BEST military commander in Russian history". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 2024-04-17 – via Russia Beyond.
7. ISBN 978-5-4484-8601-2
   .
8. ^ Bodart 1908, p. 789.
9. ^ Osipov 1939, p. 198.
10. ISBN 978-1-4053-3696-3
    .
11. ISBN 978-1-4875-1819-6
    .
12. ^ Fuller, William C. Jr. "Suvorov, Alexander" in The Reader's Companion to Military History. Ed. by Robert Cowley & Geoffrey Parker. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1996. p. 457
13. ^ Goodwin 1998, p. 244.
14. ^ Osipov 1939, p. 177.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Isinger 1996.
16. ISBN 5-224-03839-1
    .
17. ISBN 978-5-4484-8601-2
    .
18. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Генералиссимус князь Суворов [Generalissimo Prince Suvorov] (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 1 of introduction.
19. ^ Staff, HistoryNet (2006-06-12). "Aleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy". HistoryNet. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
20. ^ ^{a b} Polovtsov 1912, p. 1.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Longworth, Philip. "Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 May. 2023. Accessed 26 June 2023.
22. ^ Longworth 1966, p. 164.
23. ^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 107.
24. ^ "Переход Суворова через Альпы | Читать статьи по истории РФ для школьников и студентов". histrf.ru. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
25. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Clodfelter 2017, p. 108.
26. ^ See Suvorov's Swiss campaign#Reasons for the defeat
27. ^ Longworth 1966, p. 288.
28. ISBN 978-1-4053-3696-3
    .
29. ^ Skripnik, Oleg (2017-01-06). "Russia's military victories aren't just thanks to 'General Frost'". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
30. ^ Longworth 1966, p. 11.
31. ^ "Александр Суворов — великий российский полководец, классик военной науки". www.rsl.ru (in Russian). 2020. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
32. ISSN 0026-3982
    .
33. ^ Osipov 1939, p. 129, 153, 197.
34. ^ Longworth 1966, p. 12, 311.
35. ^ Longworth 1966, p. 85.
36. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 376.
37. ^ Chamber's repository, 1857, v. 6, p. 3.
38. ^ Mandich, Donald R. Russian Heraldry and Nobility, 1992, p. 271
39. ^ Anthing 1813, p. 6.
40. ^ "Наука и жизнь. №8, 2005". Nauka i Zhizn magazine. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
41. ^ ^{a b c} Осипов К. (И. М. Куперман). Александр Васильевич Суворов. Изд. 3-е, испр. М.: 1955. С. 3–5
42. ^ ^{a b} В. Могильников. Новая версия происхождения полководца А. В. Суворова // Генеалогический вестник. №13, 2003.
43. ^ ^{a b c} K. Osipov. Alexander Suvorov. A Biography. London, 1944. ^{[page needed]}
44. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp. 4, 7.
45. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 8.
46. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 17.
47. ^ Kipnis 2021, pp. 38–40.
48. ^ ^{a b} Zolotaryov 2023.
49. ^ Alexeyev 2010.
50. ^ Mikhaylov 1973, pp. 53–54.
51. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 11.
52. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp. 11–12.
53. ^ ^{a b} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 29–30.
54. ^ "Бой при Ландсберге" [Combat of Landsberg]. Runivers. Военные конфликты, кампании и боевые действия русских войск 860–1914 гг. (in Russian). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
55. ^ ^{a b} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 31–32.
56. ISSN 0235-7089
    .
57. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 27.
58. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 12.
59. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 87.
60. ^ ^{a b} Petrov 1874, p. 222.
61. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp. 48–49.
62. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 98–99.
63. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 104–105.
64. ^ "24.01.1772 г. – Начало осады Краковского замка" [The Beginning of the Siege of the Kraków Castle]. Runivers. Календарь побед Русской армии (in Russian). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
65. ISBN 978-0-618-12742-9
    . Retrieved 2006-09-10.
66. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 96.
67. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 71–72.
68. ^ ^{a b c} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 122–123.
69. ^ Ledonne, 2003, p. 144 Google Print and Alexander, 1989, p. 317 Google Print (broken link)^{[permanent dead link]}
70. ^ See Battle of Praga#Massacre
71. ^ (in Russian) Alexander Bushkov Russia that never existed, cites Adam Jerzy Czartoryski's memoirs that Suvorov was trying to prevent the massacre Archived September 27, 2007, at archive.today
72. ISBN 978-5-98447-010-0
    . Retrieved 9 October 2016.
73. ISBN 978-83-207-1795-2, fragment online Archived March 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
74. ISBN 0060974680.^{[permanent dead link}
    ]
75. ISBN 052137961X.^{[permanent dead link}
    ]
76. ISBN 978-0-19-822575-1, Google Print, p. 216
77. ^ ^{a b} Bantysh-Kamensky 1840, p. 136.
78. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 144–145.
79. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 90–91.
80. ^ Velichko et al. 1912, pp. 323–325.
81. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 149.
82. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 153.
83. ^ Osipov 1939, p. 47.
84. ^ ^{a b} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 154–155.
85. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 166.
86. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 309.
87. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 311.
88. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 325.
89. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 321.
90. ^ Longworth 1966, p. 148.
91. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 332.
92. ^ Osipov 1939, p. 76.
93. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 326–327.
94. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 351–352.
95. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 360.
96. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 386.
97. ^ ^{a b} Goodwin 1998.
98. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 188.
99. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 188–191.
100. ^ ^{a b} Gutakov 2007.
101. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 201.
102. ^ Velichko et al. 1915, p. 447.
103. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, pp. 116–117.
104. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 119.
105. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 280.
106. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 6.
107. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 418.
108. ^ ^{a b} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 406–407.
109. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 410.
110. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 412.
111. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 443.
112. ^ Onion, Amanda; Sullivan, Missy; Mullen, Matt; Zapata, Christian (September 21, 2017). "Romanov Family". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
113. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 519.
114. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 322.
115. ^ Novikov 1948, p. 153.
116. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 114.
117. ISBN 5-89173-205-X
     .
118. ^ Semyonov, Boris (15 August 2019). "Битва при Нови. Самая трудная победа Суворова" [Battle of Novi. Suvorov's most difficult victory]. История.РФ (in Russian). Russian Military Historical Society. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
119. ^ Bogolyubov 1939, p. 118.
120. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 627.
121. Battle of the Trebbia (1799)#Result
122. ^ Orlov 1892, pp. 315, 331.
123. First Battle of Marengo (1799)
124. ^ See Battle of Novi (1799)
125. ^ Orlov 1892, pp. 92–93.
126. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 40.
127. ^ See Battle of Cassano (1799)
128. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 73.
129. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 332.
130. ^ Milyutin 1852, p. 254.
131. Battle of the Trebbia (1799)
132. ^ ^{a b} Orlov 1892, p. 337.
133. ^ ^{a b} Orlov 1892, pp. 322–323.
134. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 323.
135. ^ ^{a b c d} Orlov 1892, p. 316.
136. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 315.
137. ^ Orlov 1892, p. 83.
138. ^ See Suvorov's Swiss campaign#The march to Glarus
139. ^ See Suvorov's Swiss campaign (infobox)
140. ^ See Battle of Gotthard Pass
141. ^ ^{a b} See Suvorov's Swiss campaign route (map)
142. ^ ^{a b} See Suvorov's Swiss campaign#The crossing of Chinzig
143. ^ ^{a b} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 262.
144. ^ ^{a b} See ru:Швейцарский поход Суворова
145. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 265–266.
146. ^ ^{a b} Bodart 1908, p. 344.
147. ^ Rostunov 1989, p. 496.
148. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 269–270.
149. ^ See ru:Сражение в Мутенской долине
150. ^ Latimer, Jon (December 1999). "War of the Second Coalition". Military History: 62–69.
151. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 697.
152. ^ Duffy 1999.
153. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 343.
154. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 317–318.
155. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 318.
156. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 319.
157. ^ ^{a b c} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 320–321.
158. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 286.
159. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 363.
160. ^ Anthing 1813, p. 16.
161. ^ "А. В. СУВОРОВ". az.lib.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-04-17.
162. ^ Longworth 1966, p. 56.
163. ^ Petrushevsky 1900, p. 48.
164. ^ "Generalissimo Prince Suvorov". az.lib.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-04-17.
165. ^ Pares 1926, p. 309.
166. ^ Bodart 1908, p. 263.
167. First Battle of Marengo (1799)#Forces
168. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 103–134.
169. ^ Velichko et al. 1914, pp. 21–24.
170. ^ ^{a b} Bodart 1908, p. 343.
171. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 177.
172. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 181.
173. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 188.
174. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2003). Lion of the Russian Army: Life and Military Career of Prince General Peter Bagration. Florida State University. pp. 162–165.
175. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 276–277.
176. ^ ^{a b} See ru:Суворов, Александр Васильевич#Награды
177. ISBN 978-1105258183.^{[self-published source}
     ]
178. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 86.
179. ^ Osipov 1939, p. 190.
180. ^ ^{a b} Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 281–282.
181. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 198.
182. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. pp. 250–251.
183. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 296.
184. ISBN 978-0810876323
     .
185. ^ Duffy 1999, p. 17.
186. ISBN 978-0-8101-1679-5
     .
187. ISBN 978-0415260398
     .
188. ^ ^{a b} Duffy 1999, p. 269.
189. ^ Giangrande & Norwich 2003.
190. ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 7, 1942" (in Russian). Legal Library of the USSR. 1942-07-29. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
191. ISBN 978-1461672036
     .
192. ISBN 978-0199708246
     .
193. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 377.
194. ^ "Minsk Suvorov Military School". Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 18 Dec 2014.
195. ^ "Russian defender of 18th-century Crimea proposed for sainthood". Reuters. 24 May 2022.
196. ^ (in Ukrainian) Bandera Avenue in Kyiv to be – the decision of the Court of Appeal, Ukrainska Pravda (22 April 2021)
197. ^ "In the center of Dnipro, the street of Stepan Bandera appeared – the mayor". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
198. ^ "Occupiers steal monuments to Suvorov and Ushakov when fleeing Kherson". Ukrainska Pravda. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
199. ^ Oleksandr Shumilin (8 December 2022). "n Kyiv, 32 more streets were de-Russified, including Druzhby Narodiv Boulevard". Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
200. ^ Oleksandr Shumilin (3 January 2023). "In Odesa, the images of the Russian tsar and admiral were dismantled". Istorychna Pravda ("Historical Truth") (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
201. ^ "In Kherson, the city's Suvorovsky district was renamed Central". Ukrinform (in Ukrainian). 18 October 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
202. ^ Petrushevsky, Alexander (1884). Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. p. 444.
203. ISBN 978-5-699-62465-2
204. ^ Суворовский сборник. Статьи и исследования. ред. А. В. Сухомлин, генерал-лейтенант. М. АН СССР. 1951

Attribution

In English:

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Suvárov, Alexander Vasilievich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 172–173.
• ISBN 978-0-8050-6342-4
  .
• Longworth, Philip (1966). The Art of Victory: The Life and Achievements of Field-Marshal Suvorov, 1729-1800.
  Holt, Rinehart and Winston
  .
• Ledonne, John P. (2003). The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650-1831 (Uitgawe and Revised ed.). New York:
  ISBN 978-0-19-516100-7
  .
• Alexander, John T. (1989). Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. New York: Oxford University Press US.
  ISBN 978-0-19-506162-8
  .
• ISBN 978-1883476182
  .
• Pares, Bernard (1926). A History Of Russia. London: Jonathan Cape. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
• Anthing, Johann Friedrich (1813). History of the Campaigns of Count Alexander Suworow-Rymnikski. London: W. Green and T. Chaplin. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
• Osipov, K. (1939). Alexander Suvorov. Translated by
  Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.
  Retrieved 26 September 2023.
• Peter Paret, Gordon A. Craig, Felix Gilbert. "Russian Military Thought: The Western Model and the Shadow of Suvorov" in the Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age. Princeton University Press, 1986, p. 354.
• Fuller, William C. Jr. "Suvorov, Alexander" in The Reader's Companion to Military History. Ed. by Robert Cowley & Geoffrey Parker. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1996. p. 457.
• Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
  ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7
  .
• Giangrande, Cathy; Norwich, John Julius (2003). Saint Petersburg: Museums, Palaces, and Historic Collections. Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc. p. 71.
  ISBN 1593730004
  .
• Lieut.-Colonel Spalding, Suvorof (London, 1890).
• "Alexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov, a great Russian commander, was born". Presidential Library. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
• Isinger, Russell (October 1996). "Aleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy". Military History.

In Russian:

• Polevoy, Nikolai (1897). История князя Италийского, графа Суворова-Рымникского, генералиссимуса российских войск [History of the Prince Italiysky, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, Generalissimo of the Russian Forces]. Moscow: Типография Вильде. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
• Petrov, Andrey (1874). Война России с Турцией и Польскими конфедератами. С 1769—1774 год [Russia's war with Turkey and the Polish confederates]. Vol. III. St. Petersburg: Типография К. В. Трубникова. Литейная, дом №42. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
• Novikov, Nikolay Vasilyevich (1948). Боевая летопись русского флота [Battle chronicle of the Russian navy]. Moscow: Военное издательство министерства вооруженных сил союза ССР. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
• Petrushevsky, Alexander F. (1900). Генералиссимус князь Суворов [Generalissimo Prince Suvorov]. Saint Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
• Bogolyubov, Aleksandr Nikolayevich (1939). Полководческое искусство А.В. Суворова [A.V. Suvorov's art of leadership]. Moscow:
  ISBN 978-5-4484-0277-7
  .
• Rostunov, Ivan I. (1989). Генералиссимус Александр Васильевич Суворов: Жизнь и полководческая деятельность [Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov: Life and military activity]. Moscow: Voenizdat.
  ISBN 5-203-00046-8
  .
• Velichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912). Военная энциклопедия Сытина [Sytin Military Encyclopedia]. Vol. VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  • Velichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1915). Sytin Military Encyclopedia. Vol. XIV: Круковский – Линта. Moscow: Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
    • Velichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1914). Sytin Military Encyclopedia. Vol. XVII: Нитроглицерин – Патруль. Moscow: Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
• ISBN 9785998994289
  .
• Milyutin, Dmitry (1852). История войны России с Францией в царствование Императора Павла I в 1799 году [The history of Russia's war with France during the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799]. Vol. II. St. Petersburg: Типография штаба военно-учебных заведений. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
• Polovtsov, Alexander (1912). Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 20: Суворова—Ткачев. St. Petersburg: Типография Товарищества "Общественная Польза". Retrieved 1 July 2023.
• Mikhaylov, Oleg Nikolaevich (1973). Суворов [Suvorov]. Moscow: Young Guard.
• Kipnis, Boris Grigoryevich (2021). Непобедимый. Жизнь и сражения Александра Суворова [Invincible. Life and battles of Aleksandr Suvorov]. St. Petersburg: Издательский дом "Питер".
  ISBN 9785446112845
  .
• Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmitri (1840). Биографии российских генералиссимусов и генерал-фельдмаршалов. с 48 портретами. – Часть вторая [Biographies of Russian generalissimos and general-fieldmarshals. With 48 portraits – Part two]. St. Petersburg: Тип. Третьего Департамента Министерства Государственных Имуществ. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
• Zolotaryov, V. A. (2023). "СУВОРОВ АЛЕКСАНДР ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧ". Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
• Gutakov, Vladimir (2007). "Русский путь к югу. Часть вторая" [Russian way to the south. Part 2]. Вестник Европы. No. 21. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
• Alexeyev, Alexander (2010). "Непобедимый полководец" [Invincible military commander]. Science and Life. No. 3. Moscow. Retrieved 21 August 2023.

In German:

• Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905). Vienna and Leipzig: C. W. Stern. Retrieved 7 July 2022.

Further reading

• Acerbi, Enrico (2019). The 1799 campaign in Italy. Vol. 1, 2, 3, 4. Bergamo: Luca Cristini Editore.
  ISBN 978-8893274517
  .
• Constable & Co Ltd
  . Retrieved November 6, 2023.
• ISBN 978-0-7006-3025-7
  .
• Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
  ISBN 978-0-7006-3034-9
  .
• Macready, Edward Nevil (1851). A sketch of Suwarow and his last campaign : with observations on Mr. Alison's opinion of the Archduke Charles as a military critic, and a few objections to certain military statements in Mr. Alison's History of Europe. London: Smith, Elder.
• DTIC ADA216366: Train Hard, Fight Easy: The Legacy of A. V. Suvorov and His "Art of Victory" by Dr. Bruce W. Menning
• Léger Marie Philippe comte de Laverne, The life of Field Marshal Souvarof; with reflections upon the principal events, political and military, connected with the history of Russia, during part of the eighteenth century (trans. from the French, Baltimore, 1814)
• Routledge & Kegan Paul
  Books Ltd. 1985.
• J.F. Anthing, Versuch einer Kriegsgeschichte des Grafen Suworow (Gotha, 1796–1799).
• G. von Fuchs, Suworows Korrespondenz, 1799 (Glogau, 1835).
• Reding-Biberegg, Der Zug Suworows durch die Schweiz (Zürich, 1896).
• F. von Smitt, Suworows Leben und Heerzüge (Vilna, 1833–1834) and Suworow and Polens Untergang (Leipzig, 1858).
• Souvorov en Italie by Gachot, Masséna's biographer (Paris, 1903).
• The standard Russian biographies of Polevoi (1853; Ger. trans., Mitau, 1853); Rybkin (Moscow, 1874), Vasiliev (Vilna, 1899), Meshcheryakov and Beskrovnyi (Moscow, 1946), and Osipov (Moscow, 1955).
• The Russian examinations of his martial art, by Bogolyubov (Moscow, 1939) and Nikolsky (Moscow, 1949).
• "1799 le baionette sagge" by Marco Galandra and Marco Baratto (Pavia, 1999).
• "Suvorov – La Campagna Italo-Svizzera e la liberazione di Torino nel 1799" by Maria Fedotova ed. Pintore (Torino, 2004).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexander Suvorov.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Alexander Suvorov.

• Alexander V. Suvorov: Russian Field Marshal, 1729–1800
• Speed, Assessment, and Hitting Power: Suvorov's Art of Victory
• State memorial museum of Alexander Suvorov
• Suvorov military museum in Saint Petersburg
• Suvorov's home and family
• Suvorov – the one man who could have stopped Bonaparte
• Aleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy
• Alexander Suvorov: The Science of Victory (Untranslated)