Alexandra of Denmark

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Alexandra of Denmark
Empress consort of India
Tenure22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910
Coronation9 August 1902
Imperial Durbar1 January 1903
Born(1844-12-01)1 December 1844
Yellow Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark
Died20 November 1925(1925-11-20) (aged 80)
Sandringham House, Norfolk, England
Burial28 November 1925
Spouse
(m. 1863; died 1910)
Issue
Names
Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia
HouseGlücksburg
FatherChristian IX of Denmark
MotherLouise of Hesse-Kassel
SignatureSignature of Queen Alexandra

Alexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925) was

Empress of India, from 22 January 1901 to 6 May 1910 as the wife of King-Emperor Edward VII
.

Alexandra's family had been relatively obscure until 1852, when her father,

from 1863 to 1901, the longest anyone has ever held that title, and became generally popular; her style of dress and bearing were copied by fashion-conscious women. Largely excluded from wielding any political power, she unsuccessfully attempted to sway the opinion of British ministers and her husband's family to favour Greek and Danish interests. Her public duties were restricted to uncontroversial involvement in charitable work.

On the

death of Queen Victoria in 1901, Albert Edward became king-emperor as Edward VII, with Alexandra as queen-empress. She became queen mother on Edward's death in 1910, at which point their son George V ascended the throne. Alexandra died
aged 80 in 1925.

Early life

Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia, or "Alix", as her immediate family knew her, was born at the

Amalienborg Palace complex in Copenhagen.[1] Her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and her mother was Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel.[2] She had five siblings: Frederick, William (later George I of Greece), Dagmar (later Empress of Russia), Thyra and Valdemar
.

Her father's family was a distant cadet branch of the Danish royal House of Oldenburg, which was descended from King Christian III. Although they were of royal blood,[a] the family lived a comparatively modest life. They did not possess great wealth; her father's income from an army commission was about £800 per year, and their house was a rent-free grace and favour property.[3] Occasionally, Hans Christian Andersen was invited to call and tell the children stories before bedtime.[4]

In 1848,

brother-in-law and wife) were surrendered.[5][6]

, and Alexandra.

Prince Christian was given the title Prince of Denmark and his family moved into a new official residence,

High Church practice.[11]

Marriage and family

The Landing of HRH The Princess Alexandra at Gravesend, 7 March 1863, by Henry Nelson O'Neil
Princess Alexandra of Denmark and the Prince of Wales, 1863

Given that Albert Edward, the

Schleswig-Holstein Question, and most of the British royal family's relations were German. Eventually, after rejecting other possibilities, they settled on her as "the only one to be chosen".[12]

On 24 September 1861, Crown Princess Victoria introduced her brother Albert Edward to Alexandra at

Royal Castle of Laeken, the home of his great-uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium.[13]

A few months later, Alexandra travelled from Denmark to Britain aboard the royal yacht

, wrote an ode in Alexandra's honour:

Sea King's daughter from over the sea,
Alexandra!
Saxon and Norman and Dane are we,
But all of us Danes in our welcome of thee,
Alexandra!

Thomas Longley, the Archbishop of Canterbury, married the couple on 10 March 1863 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The choice of venue was criticised widely. As the ceremony took place outside London, the press complained that large public crowds would not be able to view the spectacle. Prospective guests thought it awkward to get to and, as the venue was small, some people who had expected invitations were disappointed. The Danes were dismayed because only Alexandra's closest relations were invited. The British court was still in mourning for Prince Albert, so ladies were restricted to wearing grey, lilac, or mauve.[15] As the couple left Windsor for their honeymoon at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, they were cheered by the schoolboys of neighbouring Eton College, including Lord Randolph Churchill.[16]

By the end of the following year, Alexandra's father had ascended the throne of Denmark, her brother William had become

further conflict over the fate of Schleswig-Holstein. The German Confederation successfully invaded Denmark, reducing the area of Denmark by two-fifths. To the great irritation of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, Alexandra and Albert Edward supported the Danish side in the war. The Prussian conquest of former Danish lands heightened Alexandra's profound dislike of the Germans, a feeling which stayed with her for the rest of her life.[17]

Albert Victor
, 1864

Alexandra's first child,

Alexander. All of Alexandra's children were apparently born prematurely; biographer Richard Hough thought Alexandra deliberately misled Queen Victoria as to her probable delivery dates, as she did not want the Queen to be present at their births.[19] During the birth of her third child in 1867, the added complication of a bout of rheumatic fever threatened Alexandra's life and left her with a permanent limp.[20]

In public, Alexandra was dignified and charming; in private, affectionate and jolly.[21] She enjoyed many social activities, including dancing and ice-skating, and was an expert horsewoman and tandem driver.[22] She also enjoyed hunting, to the dismay of Queen Victoria, who asked her to stop, but without success.[23] Even after the birth of her first child, she continued to socialise much as before, which led to some friction between the Queen and the young couple, exacerbated by Alexandra's loathing of Prussians and the Queen's partiality towards them.[17]

Princess of Wales

Albert Edward and Alexandra visited Ireland in April 1868. After her illness the previous year, she had only just begun to walk again without the aid of two walking sticks, and was already pregnant with her fourth child.

Khedive Ismail. In Turkey she became the first woman to sit down to dinner with the Sultan (Abdulaziz).[25]

The Waleses made Sandringham House their preferred residence, with Marlborough House their London base. Biographers agree that their marriage was in many ways a happy one; however, some have asserted that Albert Edward did not give his wife as much attention as she would have liked and that they gradually became estranged, until his attack of typhoid fever (the disease which was believed to have killed his father) in late 1871 brought about a reconciliation.[26][27] This is disputed by others, who point out Alexandra's frequent pregnancies throughout this period and use family letters to deny the existence of any serious rift.[28] Nevertheless, the prince was severely criticised from many quarters of society for his apparent lack of interest in her very serious illness with rheumatic fever.[29] Throughout their marriage Albert Edward continued to keep company with other women, including the actress Lillie Langtry, Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, humanitarian Agnes Keyser, and society matron Alice Keppel. Alexandra knew about most of these relationships and later permitted Alice Keppel to visit her husband as he lay dying.[30] Alexandra herself remained faithful throughout her marriage.[31]

Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1864

An increasing degree of deafness, caused by hereditary otosclerosis, led to Alexandra's social isolation; she spent more time at home with her children and pets.[32] Her sixth and final pregnancy ended with the birth of a son in April 1871, but the infant died the next day. Despite Alexandra's pleas for privacy, Queen Victoria insisted on announcing a period of court mourning, which led unsympathetic elements of the press to describe the birth as "a wretched abortion" and the funeral arrangements as "sickening mummery", even though the infant was not buried in state with other members of the royal family at Windsor, but in strict privacy in the churchyard at Sandringham, where he had lived out his brief life.[33]

For eight months over 1875–76, the Prince of Wales was absent from Britain on a tour of India, but to her dismay Alexandra was left behind. The prince had planned an all-male group and intended to spend much of the time hunting and shooting. During the prince's tour, one of his friends who was travelling with him,

Lord Aylesford, was told by his wife that she was going to leave him for another man, Lord Blandford, who was himself married. Aylesford was appalled and decided to seek a divorce. Meanwhile, Lord Blandford's brother, Lord Randolph Churchill, persuaded the lovers against an elopement. Now concerned by the threat of divorce, Lady Aylesford sought to dissuade her husband from proceeding, but Lord Aylesford was adamant and refused to reconsider. In an attempt to pressure Lord Aylesford to drop his divorce suit, Lady Aylesford and Lord Randolph Churchill called on Alexandra and told her that if the divorce was to proceed they would subpoena her husband as a witness and implicate him in the scandal. Distressed at their threats, and following the advice of Sir William Knollys and the Duchess of Teck, Alexandra informed the Queen, who then wrote to the Prince of Wales. The prince was incensed. Eventually, the Blandfords and the Aylesfords both separated privately. Although Lord Randolph Churchill later apologised, for years afterwards the Prince of Wales refused to speak to or see him.[34]

Alexandra spent the spring of 1877 in Greece recuperating from a period of ill health and visiting her brother King George of Greece.[35] During the Russo-Turkish War, Alexandra was clearly partial against Turkey and towards Russia, where her sister was married to the Tsarevitch, and she lobbied for a revision of the border between Greece and Turkey in favour of the Greeks.[36] Alexandra spent the next three years largely parted from her two sons as the boys were sent on a worldwide cruise as part of their naval and general education. The farewell was very tearful and, as shown by her regular letters, she missed them terribly.[37] In 1881, Alexandra and Albert Edward travelled to Saint Petersburg after the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, both to represent Britain and so that Alexandra could provide comfort to her sister, who had become tsarina.[38]

Alexandra, photographed by Alexander Bassano, 1881

Alexandra undertook many public duties; in the words of Queen Victoria, "to spare me the strain and fatigue of functions. She opens bazaars, attends concerts, visits hospitals in my place ... she not only never complains, but endeavours to prove that she has enjoyed what to another would be a tiresome duty."

City of Cork, a hotbed of Irish nationalism. She and her husband were booed by a crowd of two to three thousand people brandishing sticks and black flags. She smiled her way through the ordeal, which the British press still portrayed in a positive light, describing the crowds as "enthusiastic".[42] As part of the same visit, she received a Doctorate in Music from Trinity College Dublin.[43]

Alexandra was deeply saddened by the death of her eldest son, Prince Albert Victor, in 1892. His room and possessions were kept exactly as he had left them, much as those of his grandfather Prince Albert were left after his death in 1861.

Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine
, who had taken the Russian name Alexandra Feodorovna and became the new tsarina.

Queen and empress consort

Portrait by Luke Fildes, 1905

With the

William Dalrymple Maclagan.[49]

Alexandra (right) was an enthusiastic amateur photographer.[50] This photograph of her with her daughter Victoria is from Queen Alexandra's Christmas gift book, which was published in 1908 to raise money for charities.

Despite being queen, Alexandra's duties changed little, and she kept many of the same retainers. Alexandra's Woman of the Bedchamber, Charlotte Knollys, the daughter of Sir William Knollys, served Alexandra loyally for many years. On 10 December 1903, Knollys woke to find her bedroom full of smoke. She roused Alexandra and shepherded her to safety. In the words of Grand Duchess Augusta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, "We must give credit to old Charlotte for really saving [Alexandra's] life."[51]

Alexandra again looked after her grandchildren when George and Mary went on a second tour, this time to

British India, over the winter of 1905–06.[52] Her father, Christian IX of Denmark, died that January. Eager to retain their family links, both to each other and to Denmark, in 1907 Alexandra and her sister, the Dowager Empress of Russia, purchased a villa north of Copenhagen, Hvidøre, as a private getaway.[53]

Alexandra was denied access to the King's briefing papers and excluded from some of his foreign tours to prevent her meddling in diplomatic matters.

German Emperor Wilhelm II, and she invariably opposed anything that favoured German expansion or interests. For example, in 1890 Alexandra wrote a memorandum, distributed to senior British ministers and military personnel, warning against the planned exchange of the British North Sea island of Heligoland for the German colony of Zanzibar, pointing out Heligoland's strategic significance and that it could be used either by Germany to launch an attack, or by Britain to contain German aggression.[55] Despite this, the exchange went ahead. The Germans fortified the island and, in the words of Robert Ensor and as Alexandra had predicted, it "became the keystone of Germany's maritime position for offence as well as for defence".[56] The Frankfurter Zeitung was outspoken in its condemnation of Alexandra and her sister, the Dowager Empress, saying that the pair were "the centre of the international anti-German conspiracy".[57] Alexandra despised and distrusted Emperor Wilhelm, calling him "inwardly our enemy" in 1900.[58]

In 1910, Alexandra became the first queen consort to visit the

British House of Commons during a debate. In a remarkable departure from precedent, for two hours she sat in the Ladies' Gallery overlooking the chamber while the Parliament Bill, to remove the right of the House of Lords to veto legislation, was debated.[59] Privately, Alexandra disagreed with the bill.[60] Shortly afterwards, she left to visit her brother George in Corfu. While there, she received news that King Edward was seriously ill. Alexandra returned at once and arrived only the day before her husband died. In his last hours, she personally administered oxygen from a gas cylinder to help him breathe.[61] She told Frederick Ponsonby, "I feel as if I had been turned into stone, unable to cry, unable to grasp the meaning of it all."[62] Later that year she moved out of Buckingham Palace to Marlborough House, but she retained possession of Sandringham.[63] The new king, Alexandra's son George V, soon faced a decision over the Parliament Bill. Despite her personal views, Alexandra supported her son's reluctant agreement to Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's request to create sufficient Liberal peers after a general election if the Lords continued to block the legislation.[64]

Queen mother

Queen Alexandra, 1923

From Edward's death, Alexandra was

killed by revolutionaries. Alexandra's sister, the Dowager Empress, was rescued from Russia in 1919 by HMS Marlborough and brought to England, where she lived for some time with Alexandra.[68]

Last years and death

Alexandra retained a youthful appearance into her senior years,

lay in state at Westminster Abbey and was interred on 28 November next to her husband in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[1][73]

Legacy

Detail of the Queen Alexandra Memorial, opposite St James's Palace
Wall-mounted plaque for Queen Alexandra in St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar, where her eldest daughter is buried

The

Poet Laureate John Masefield, was sung at the unveiling and conducted by the composer.[75]

Alexandra was highly popular with the British public.

Boer War.[79] During the Boer War, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service, later renamed Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps
, was founded under Royal Warrant.

Alexandra had little understanding of money.[80] The management of her finances was left in the hands of her loyal comptroller, Sir Dighton Probyn VC, who undertook a similar role for her husband. In the words of her grandson, Edward VIII (later the Duke of Windsor), "Her generosity was a source of embarrassment to her financial advisers. Whenever she received a letter soliciting money, a cheque would be sent by the next post, regardless of the authenticity of the mendicant and without having the case investigated."[81] Though she was not always extravagant (she had her old stockings darned for re-use and her old dresses were recycled as furniture covers),[82] she would dismiss protests about her heavy spending with a wave of a hand or by claiming that she had not heard.[83]

Alexandra hid a small scar on her neck, which was probably the result of a childhood operation,[84] by wearing choker necklaces and high necklines, setting fashions which were adopted for fifty years.[85] Alexandra's effect on fashion was so profound that society ladies even copied her limping gait, after her serious illness in 1867 left her with a stiff leg.[86] This came to be known as the "Alexandra limp".[87][88] She used predominantly the London fashion houses; her favourite was Redfern's, but she shopped occasionally at Doucet and Fromont of Paris.[82]

Alexandra has been portrayed on television by Deborah Grant and Helen Ryan in Edward the Seventh, Ann Firbank in Lillie, Maggie Smith in All the King's Men, and Bibi Andersson in The Lost Prince. She was portrayed in film by Helen Ryan again in the 1980 film The Elephant Man, Sara Stewart in the 1997 film Mrs Brown, and Julia Blake in the 1999 film Passion. In a 1980 stage play by Royce Ryton, Motherdear, she was portrayed by Margaret Lockwood in her last acting role.

Honours

British

She was the first woman since 1488 to be made a

Foreign

Arms

Queen Alexandra's arms upon the

Coat of arms of Alexandra, Princess of Wales Coat of arms of Queen Alexandra As a
Lady of the Garter, Alexandra's banner of arms hung in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, during her lifetime despite the objections of Garter Principal King of Arms Sir Albert Woods. When Woods complained that placing her banner in the chapel would be unprecedented, "the King promptly ordered the banner to be put up."[103]

Issue

Name Birth Death Marriage/notes
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale 8 January 1864 14 January 1892 (aged 28) engaged 1891, to
Princess Victoria Mary of Teck
George V 3 June 1865 20 January 1936 (aged 70) 1893,
Princess Victoria Mary of Teck; had issue including Edward VIII and George VI
Louise, Princess Royal 20 February 1867 4 January 1931 (aged 63) 1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife; had issue
Princess Victoria 6 July 1868 3 December 1935 (aged 67) never married and without issue
Princess Maud 26 November 1869 20 November 1938 (aged 68) 1896,
Prince Alexander (later Olav V)
Prince Alexander John of Wales 6 April 1871 7 April 1871 born and died at Sandringham House

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Her mother and father were both great-grandchildren of Frederick V of Denmark and great-great-grandchildren of King George II of Great Britain.
  2. ^ Nicholas died within a few months of the engagement and she married his brother Alexander instead.
  3. ^ The Alexandra Rose Day fund still exists; its patron is Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, Alexandra's great-granddaughter.

References

  1. ^ a b Eilers, Marlene A., Queen Victoria's Descendants, p. 171.
  2. . pp. 69–70.
  3. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 16–17.
  4. ^ Duff 1980, p. 18.
  5. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 8.
  6. . p. 49.
  7. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 19–20.
  8. ^ a b Priestley 1970, p. 17.
  9. ^ "Idun (1890): Nr 15 (121) (Swedish)" (PDF) – via ub.gu.se.
  10. ^ Duff 1980, p. 21.
  11. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 125, 176.
  12. ^ Prince Albert, quoted in Duff, p. 31.
  13. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 27–37; Bentley-Cranch 1992, p. 44; Duff 1980, p. 43
  14. ^ The Landing of HRH The Princess Alexandra at Gravesend, 7th March 1863, National Portrait Gallery, retrieved on 16 July 2009.
  15. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 48–50.
  16. ^ Duff 1980, p. 60.
  17. ^ , retrieved 16 July 2009 (subscription required).
  18. ^ Mrs. Blackburn, the head nurse, quoted in Duff, p. 115.
  19. ^ Hough 1993, p. 116.
  20. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 82–86; Duff 1980, pp. 73, 81
  21. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 127, 222–223; Priestley 1970, p. 17
  22. ^ Duff 1980, p. 143.
  23. ^ Hough 1993, p. 102.
  24. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 94.
  25. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 93–100.
  26. ^ Duff 1980, p. 111.
  27. Philip Magnus
    , quoted in Battiscombe, pp. 109–110.
  28. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 110.
  29. ^ Hough 1993, pp. 132–134.
  30. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 271; Priestley 1970, pp. 18, 180
  31. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 100–101.
  32. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 88; Duff 1980, p. 82
  33. ^ Duff 1980, p. 85.
  34. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 132–135.
  35. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 136.
  36. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 150–152.
  37. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 155–156.
  38. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 157–160; Duff 1980, p. 131
  39. ^ Queen Victoria, quoted in Duff, p. 146.
  40. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 257–258; Duff 1980, pp. 148–151
  41. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 166.
  42. Daily Telegraph
    , quoted in Battiscombe, p. 168.
  43. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 167.
  44. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 189–193, 197; Duff 1980, p. 184
  45. ^ Alexandra, quoted in Duff, p. 186.
  46. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 141–142.
  47. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 205; Duff 1980, pp. 196–197
  48. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 243–244.
  49. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 249.
  50. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 204.
  51. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 253.
  52. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 258.
  53. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 262; Duff 1980, pp. 239–240
  54. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 225–227.
  55. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 176–179.
  56. ^ Ensor 1936, p. 194.
  57. ^ Quoted in Duff, p. 234.
  58. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 207, 239.
  59. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 269.
  60. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 278.
  61. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 249–250.
  62. ^ Ponsonby's memoirs, quoted in Duff, p. 251.
  63. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 274; Windsor, p. 77
  64. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 277–278.
  65. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 251–257, 260.
  66. ^ a b Alexandra to King George V, quoted in Battiscombe, p. 285.
  67. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 291–292.
  68. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 285–286.
  69. ^ e.g. Mary Gladstone and Lord Carrington, quoted in Battiscombe, p. 206, Margot Asquith, quoted in Battiscombe, pp. 216–217, John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, quoted in Battiscombe, p. 232.
  70. ^ Alexandra herself and Queen Mary, quoted by Battiscombe, p. 296.
  71. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 299.
  72. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 301–302.
  73. ^ "A History of Royal Burials and Funerals", Westminster Abbey, archived from the original on 10 September 2022, retrieved 11 September 2022
  74. ^ Dorment, Richard (January 1980). "Alfred Gilbert's Memorial to Queen Alexandra" The Burlington Magazine vol. CXXII pp. 47–54.
  75. ^ "Alexandra The Rose Queen", The Times, 9 June 1932, p. 13, col. F.
  76. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 66–68, 85, 120, 215; Duff 1980, p. 215; Priestley 1970, p. 17
  77. ^ Duff 1980, pp. 113, 163, 192.
  78. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 169.
  79. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 212–213; Duff 1980, p. 206
  80. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 72.
  81. ^ Windsor, pp. 85–86.
  82. ^ a b Battiscombe 1969, p. 203.
  83. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 293.
  84. Baron Stockmar
    , who was a doctor, quoted in Duff, p. 37.
  85. ^ Battiscombe 1969, pp. 24–25.
  86. ^ Battiscombe 1969, p. 92.
  87. .
  88. .
  89. ^ a b c Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed and Official Classes for 1918. London: Kelly's Directories. p. 24.
  90. ^ a b Duff, pp. 215–216; "No. 27284". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 February 1901. p. 1139.
  91. .
  92. ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 12–13. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  93. ^ "Star of the Order of St Catherine". Royal Collection. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  94. ^ "Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p. 168. Archived (web address) from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  95. ^ "Luisen-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 1056, archived from the original on 1 October 2022 – via hathitrust.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  96. ^ "Goldener Löwen-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 2 – via hathitrust.org
  97. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36794. London. 14 June 1902. p. 12.
  98. (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2014.
  99. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36808. London. 1 July 1902. p. 3.
  100. ^ "Elisabeth-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1918, p. 328, archived from the original on 8 March 2023
  101. ^
    OCLC 1206788
    .
  102. ^ See, for example, the cover of Battiscombe.
  103. ^ Lee, Sidney (1927), King Edward VII: A Biography, London: Macmillan, vol. II, p. 54
  104. ^ .

Bibliography

External links

Alexandra of Denmark
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 1 December 1844 Died: 20 November 1925
Royal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
as prince consort
Queen consort of the United Kingdom

1901–1910
Succeeded by
New title
Empress consort of India

1901–1910