Alfred Deakin
Alfred Deakin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2nd Prime Minister of Australia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 2 June 1909 – 29 April 1910 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarch | Edward VII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor‑General | Lord Dudley | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Andrew Fisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Andrew Fisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 5 July 1905 – 13 November 1908 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarch | Edward VII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Governors‑General |
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Preceded by | George Reid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Andrew Fisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 24 September 1903 – 27 April 1904 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarch | Edward VII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Governors‑General |
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Preceded by | Edmund Barton | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Chris Watson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leader of the Opposition | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 1 July 1910 – 20 January 1913 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | Andrew Fisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Andrew Fisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Joseph Cook | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 26 May 1909 – 2 June 1909 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | Andrew Fisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Joseph Cook | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Andrew Fisher | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Colony of Victoria | 3 August 1856||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 7 October 1919 South Yarra, Victoria, Australia | (aged 63)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Resting place | St Kilda Cemetery | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party |
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Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 3, including Ivy and Vera | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Relatives |
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Education |
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Profession | Barrister | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prime Minister of Australia First term of government, 1903–1904 Second term of government, 1905–1908 Third term of government, 1909–1910 Ministries Elections |
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Alfred Deakin (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919) was an Australian politician, statesman and barrister who served as the second prime minister of Australia from 1903 to 1904, 1905 to 1908 and 1909 to 1910. He held office as the leader of the Protectionist Party, and in his final term as that of the Liberal Party. He is notable for being one of the founding fathers of Federation and for his influence in early Australian politics.
Deakin was born in
After the Federation in 1901, Deakin became the inaugural
In 1909, in what became known as
Deakin is regarded as one of Australia's most influential prime ministers. He was the principal architect of the "Australian settlement", the features of which – the White Australia policy, compulsory arbitration, protectionism, state paternalism, and support for the British Empire – formed the basis of Australia's socio-economic framework well into the 20th century.[1]
Early life
Birth and family background
Deakin was born on 3 August 1856 in his parents' cottage at 90 George Street,
Childhood and education
Deakin spent his early years in Fitzroy, then lived briefly in
In 1871, aged 15, Deakin passed the matriculation exam for the University of Melbourne.[13] He formed an ambition to become a barrister, and began attending evening classes the following year. He could not afford to study full-time, working during the day as a schoolteacher and private tutor. At the time, the Victorian Bar did not require a complete university degree for admission, only passing grades in relevant legal subjects. Deakin was consequently admitted to the bar in September 1877, aged 21, without ever graduating from university.[14] According to his biographer John La Nauze, his legal studies were "the least important part of his education" during his time at university.[15] He was a frequent speaker in the Melbourne University Debating Society, where he was mentored by Charles Henry Pearson,[16] and was also involved in the Eclectic Society. He spent much of his spare time reading, "from Chaucer to the great writers of his own time".[17] For some time Deakin was "more interested in dreams of being a dramatist, a poet or a philosopher" rather than a lawyer. He wrote numerous works of blank verse and narrative poetry, and in 1875 published Quentin Massys, a drama in five acts.[18]
Deakin initially had difficulty in obtaining briefs as a barrister. In May 1878, he met
Early political career
Deakin stood for the largely rural seat of West Bourke in the Victorian Legislative Assembly in February 1879, as a supporter of Victorian Legislative Council reform, protection to encourage manufacturing and the introduction of a land tax to break up the big agricultural estates, and won by 79 votes. Due to a number of voters being disenfranchised by a shortage of voting papers, he used his maiden speech to announce his resignation; he lost the subsequent by-election by 15 votes, narrowly lost the seat in the February 1880 general election, but won it in yet another early general election in July 1880.[23] The radical premier, Graham Berry, offered him the position of Attorney-General of Victoria in August, but Deakin turned him down.[19][20]
In 1882, Deakin married
Deakin became Commissioner for Public Works and
In 1885, Deakin became Chief Secretary and Commissioner for
The government was brought down in 1890, over its use of the militia to protect non-union labour during the maritime strike. In addition, Deakin lost his fortune and his father's fortune in the property crash of 1893, and had to return to the bar to restore his finances. In 1892, he unsuccessfully defended the mass murderer Frederick Bailey Deeming and assisted the defence in the 1893–94 libel trial of David Syme.[19][20]
Road to Federation
After 1890, Deakin refused all offers of cabinet posts and devoted his attention to the movement for federation. He was Victoria's delegate to the Australasian Federal Conference, convened by Sir Henry Parkes in Melbourne in 1890, which agreed to hold an intercolonial convention to draft a federal constitution. He was a leading negotiator at the Federal Conventions of 1891, which produced a draft constitution that contained much of the Constitution of Australia, as finally enacted in 1900. Deakin was also a delegate to the second Australasian Federal Convention, which opened in Adelaide in March 1897 and concluded in Melbourne in January 1898. He was somewhat out of sympathy with the tendency of the convention, and sided with the majority in only 55 percent of divisions; fewer occasions than all but five delegates.[27] He supported wide taxation powers for the federal government, successfully opposed conservative plans for the indirect election of senators, and attempted to weaken the powers of the Senate, in particular seeking to prevent it from being able to defeat money bills.[20][24] He had told the National Australasian Convention of 1891 'To introduce an American Senate into a British constitution is to destroy both'.[28] Deakin often had to reconcile differences and find ways out of apparently impossible difficulties. Between and after these meetings, he travelled through the country addressing public meetings and he was partly responsible for the large majority in Victoria at each referendum.[19]
In 1900 Deakin travelled to London with Edmund Barton and Charles Kingston to oversee the passage of the federation bill through the Imperial Parliament, and took part in the negotiations with Joseph Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, who insisted on the right of appeal from the High Court of Australia to the Privy Council. Eventually a compromise was reached, under which constitutional (inter se) matters could be finalised in the High Court, but other matters could be appealed to the Privy Council.[20]
Deakin defined himself as an "independent Australian Briton", favouring a self-governing Australia but loyal to the British Empire. He certainly did not see federation as marking Australia's independence from Britain. On the contrary, Deakin was a supporter of closer empire unity, serving as president of the Victorian branch of the Imperial Federation League, a cause he believed to be a stepping stone to a more spiritual world unity.
Attorney-General
In
Deakin attempted to resign from cabinet in April 1902, writing two letters of resignation to Barton. The primary cause was his opposition to the government's proposed 50% pay rise for MPs, but his wife had also been in poor health. He wrote to Barton that "my retirement will be a relief from a strain which has been severe at times",[30] and hoped to still assist the government as a backbencher. Barton replied that his departure would "break my heart" and "wreck the ministry". He agreed to drop the proposed pay rise and Deakin agreed to continue as a minister.[31]
In May 1902, Barton left the country to attend the
Deakin continued his efforts to establish a federal judiciary when parliament resumed in May 1903. The government eventually passed a compromise bill, the
Prime Minister, 1903–1904
After the passage of the Judiciary Act, cabinet began to consider who would fill the newly created seats on the High Court. Encouraged by his colleagues, Barton decided to retire from politics and accept appointment to a
1903 election and the "three elevens"
Parliament was dissolved a month after Deakin took office, with the 1903 Australian federal election called for mid-December.[40][41] He was the first prime minister to call an early election, to catch his opponents off guard and take advantage of a large number of urban educated female voters who could cast a ballot for the first time.[42]
Deakin outlined the government's platform at a speech in Ballarat on 29 October 1903.[43] He called on voters to unite behind "fiscal peace and preferential trade for a White Australia". The "fiscal peace" to which he referred was an end to conflict over the recently enacted tariff, while "preferential trade" referred to the idea of Imperial Preference, which Deakin hoped would bring Australia closer to Britain and the rest of the Empire.[40] Reid continued to campaign on unrestricted free trade, while the ALP focused on class issues, particularly the need for compulsory arbitration, and was rewarded with large gains in both houses.[44] The final result in the House was an effective three-way tie between Deakin's Liberal Protectionists, Reid's Free Traders, and Chris Watson's Labor Party.[45]
Inspired by the ongoing Ashes series, in a January 1904 speech Deakin used an uncharacteristic sporting analogy to call for the establishment of majority government and a two-party system:[45]
What kind of a game of cricket could you have, if you had three elevens in the field instead of two, and one sometimes played on one side, sometimes on the other, and sometimes for itself?
He went on to call it "absolutely essential" for the three parties to be reduced to two "as soon as possible", although he stated that he was unsure which parties should merge.[45] Deakin's analogy passed into common usage to describe the unstable party system in the first decade after Federation.[46] However, according to Brett (2017) the analogy was imperfect, as realistically the Labor Party and Free Traders would never agree to an alliance; Deakin's party was an obligatory partner in any coalition government.[47]
Defeat and resignation
Deakin sought to form an "understanding" with the ALP during the parliamentary recess after the election, but made little progress. When parliament resumed in March 1904, he introduced a modified Conciliation and Arbitration Bill, but ignored Labor's requests for its provisions to be extended to state public servants.[48] He believed that the government did not have the constitutional authority to do so, whereas the ALP (and some radicals within his own party) thought the issue should be determined by the High Court. On 22 April, Andrew Fisher moved for the bill to be amended to cover state public servants. The amendment passed by 38 votes to 29, which Deakin treated as a motion of no confidence in his government. He tendered his resignation as prime minister on the same day and was formally succeeded by Watson on 27 April.[49]
Deakin's motivations for relinquishing office have been debated. He was under no obligation to resign, as the ALP had not intended for the amendment to be treated as a confidence motion. It has been suggested he thought forcing Watson into office unprepared would demonstrate the ALP's weakness as a party of government. However, his diaries also suggest he was under considerable personal strain and could have been "simply courting defeat to relieve himself of the burden of office".[50]
Out of office
Deakin promised to extend "the utmost fair play" to the new
Watson attempted to form an alliance with the Liberal Protectionists in June 1904, but was rebuffed. Deakin felt that the power of the Protectionists would be diminished by Labor's party discipline. He elaborated on his decision-making in an August speech to the National Political League, a newly anti-socialist organisation in Ballarat. His speech did not attack the government on policy grounds but condemned the ALP's principles of caucus solidarity and organisational control over the parliamentary party. He saw himself as a progressive liberal torn between conservative obstructivism on one hand and Labor's materialist collectivism on the other.[54] Two days later The Age, edited by his friend David Syme, published a scathing editorial calling his speech "transcendental musings" and stating he had "lost himself in the clouds amongst politico-philosophical questions" instead of offering substantive leadership. This led to a major falling-out between the two, with Deakin writing to Syme that he had "been more deeply upset by this incident than by any during my political life".[55]
The Watson government fell less than two weeks after Deakin's speech in Ballarat, which may have been taken by Reid as a cue to challenge the status quo. While debating the revived Conciliation and Arbitration Bill, a majority of the Liberal Protectionists joined with the Free Traders in opposing a procedural motion on an amendment. Watson took the vote as a motion of no confidence and resigned.
Deakin maintained an "enigmatic public silence" on the Reid government's actions, particularly during the long parliamentary recess from December 1904 to June 1905.
"Notice to quit"
Deakin's supporters began to lobby him to seek a return to government in 1905. He was reinvigorated by a trip to Western Australia early in the year, where he was struck by the development of the Eastern Goldfields and received encouragement from John Forrest and Austin Chapman.[66] Most importantly, Chris Watson wrote privately that he would have the "active support" of the Labor Party if he resumed office.[67]
On 24 June 1905, the weekend before parliament resumed, Deakin delivered a two-hour speech to his constituents in Ballarat. He claimed the pragmatic middle ground for his party, criticising the policies of Labor and the Free Traders as vague and impractical, and further accused Reid of breaking their fiscal truce.
Prime Minister, 1905–1908
Domestic policy
Deakin resumed office in mid-1905, and retained it for three years. During this, the longest and most successful of his terms as prime minister, his government was responsible for much policy and legislation giving shape to the Commonwealth during its first decade, including bills to create an Australian currency. The Copyright Act was passed in 1905, the
In 1906 Deakin's government amended the Judiciary Act to increase the size of the High Court to five judges, as envisaged in the constitution, and appointed Isaac Isaacs and H. B. Higgins to fill the two additional seats. The first protective Federal tariff, the Australian Industries Protection Act was passed. This "New Protection" measure attempted to force companies to pay fair wages by setting conditions for tariff protection, although the Commonwealth had no powers over wages and prices.[20][72]
The Papua Act of 1905 established an Australian administration for the former
Defence and external affairs
In December 1907, he introduced the first bill to establish compulsory military service, which was also strongly supported by Labor's Watson and Billy Hughes. He had long opposed the naval agreements to fund Royal Navy protection of Australia although Barton had agreed in 1902 that the Commonwealth would take over such funding from the colonies. In 1906 he announced that Australia would purchase destroyers, and in 1907 travelled to an Imperial Conference in London to discuss the issue, without success. In 1908 he invited Theodore Roosevelt's Great White Fleet to visit Australia, in a symbolic act of independence from Britain. The Surplus Revenue Act of 1908 provided £250,000 for naval expenditure, although these funds were first applied by the Andrew Fisher Labor government, creating the first independent navy in the British empire.[20][72]
Fusion
In 1908, Deakin was again forced from office by Labor. He then formed a coalition, the "
Prime Minister, 1909–1910
Deakin was sworn in as prime minister for a third time on 2 June 1909.
In a letter to his sister, Deakin described the legislative achievements of 1909 as "the finest harvest of any session". Acts were passed authorising the creation of
Deakin and Forrest negotiated the Financial Agreement of 1909 with the state governments, which distributed surplus federal revenues to the states as per-capita grants and became the model for intergovernmental financial relations. This replaced the interim arrangements provided by
Final defeat
Deakin did not call an early election, allowing the parliament to run to its maximum permissible length.[d] He expected a "sweeping victory", anticipating that after being confirmed in office he could complete his legislative agenda, attend the 1911 Imperial Conference and then hand over to a successor.[80] The April 1910 federal election was the first to present a straight choice between two alternative parties. To Deakin's surprise, the ALP won a clear majority, gaining 16 seats in the House and sweeping the Senate. In what he called "the Waterloo of the Liberal Party", many former Protectionists lost their seats, and Deakin himself won by fewer than 500 votes.[77] While there were several factors in Labor's victory, Deakin's perceived hypocrisy in the creation of the Fusion was frequently brought up in the campaign and likely cost the Liberals the votes of many of his former supporters.[81]
Leader of the Opposition, 1910–1913
After the 1910 election, Deakin had less influence than any previous opposition leader, with the ALP holding clear majorities in both houses. His diaries indicate that he would have preferred to resign and retire from politics, but he was asked to stay on in the absence of an obvious successor.[82] He led the campaign against the Fisher government's proposed constitutional amendments in 1911, which would have significantly expanded the powers of the federal government. He spent two months campaigning for the "No" vote, visiting every state except Western Australia which turned out to be the only state to vote "Yes". The result was regarded as a triumph for the opposition.[83]
By 1912, Deakin had "lost all zest for public life and was trudging on until he could retire".[84] He made his final speech to parliament on 18 December 1912 and publicly announced his intention to retire on 8 January 1913, after informing Joseph Cook a day earlier.[85] His last action as leader of the Liberal Party was to oversee the election of his successor, held on 20 January. He supported Cook, who defeated John Forrest by a single vote.[86] Deakin retired from parliament at the 1913 federal election held in May, which saw Cook and the Liberals form government with a bare one-seat majority in the House.[87]
Final years
After the 1913 election, Cook offered Deakin the position of chairman of the Interstate Commission, but he declined.[88] In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, he did accept a request to chair a royal commission into food supply during the war.[89] Deakin's final public engagement was as leader of the Australian delegation to the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. He was offered the role initially by Cook and then by Andrew Fisher, who returned as prime minister in September 1914. The appointment was entirely ceremonial and had the support of both Fisher and his deputy Billy Hughes. However, Deakin's involvement was subject to political interference from external affairs minister Hugh Mahon, and he decided on an early return to Australia.[90]
Illness and death
The final years of Deakin's political career coincided with the early stages of a degenerative neurological condition, with memory loss as the primary feature. In his personal diaries, he meticulously documented his loss of function and increasing anguish at his decline.[91] Other health records suggest he also suffered from chronic hypertension.[87] He had hoped that his symptoms were due to stress and leaving politics would aid his recovery, but instead found that "when I stepped out of Parliament in some mysterious fashion all my memories commenced to die or disappear".[88] Contemporary doctors were unable to give him a clear diagnosis, other than a 1913 opinion of "hyperneurasthenia".[87] Later writers have suggested vascular dementia, early-onset Alzheimer's disease, neurosyphilis, and Vitamin B12 deficiency from vegetarianism as possible causes of his illness.[92]
In October 1914, Deakin wrote that he had "no continuity of memory or argument" and relied upon "impressions that fade or are forgotten in a few minutes and often in a few seconds".
Deakin died at his home on 7 October 1919, aged 63. His official cause of death was given as meningoencephalitis.[20] He was granted a state funeral at Queen's Hall in Parliament House, Melbourne, after a period lying in state.[96] He was interred next to his parents in the non-denominational section of St Kilda Cemetery, joined by his widow Pattie following her death in 1934.[97]
Journalism
In his youth, Deakin published Quentin Massys, a drama in five acts.[98] Deakin attempted to burn the prints.[99] However some survived and the play was reprinted 1940, as an example of Australian verse.[100]
Deakin continued to write prolifically throughout his career. He was a member of the Eclectic Association; fellow members included authors Theodore Fink, Arthur Topp, Arthur Patchett Martin and David Mickle.[101] Deakin wrote anonymous political commentaries for the London Morning Post even while he was prime minister. His account of the federation movement appeared as The Federal Story in 1944 and is a vital primary source for this history. His account of his career in Victorian politics in the 1880s was published as The Crisis in Victorian Politics in 1957. His collected journalism was published as Federated Australia in 1968.[20]
Spirituality
He was active in the Theosophical Society until 1896, when he resigned on joining the Australian Church led by Charles Strong.[102]
Though Deakin always took pains to obscure the spiritual dimensions of his character from the public gaze, he felt a strong sense of
His private prayer diaries, like those of
Historian Manning Clark, whose History of Australia cites extensively from his studies of Deakin's private diaries in the National Library of Australia, wrote: "By reading the world's scriptures and mystics a deep peace had settled far inside [Deakin]: now he felt a 'serenity at the core of my heart.' He wanted to know whether participation in the world's affairs would disturb that serenity... he was tormented by the thought that the emptiness of the man within corresponded with the emptiness of society at large where Mammon had found a new demesne to infest."[109]
Deakin processed a deep spiritual conviction and read widely on the subject. His daughter Vera Deakin (Lady White) said in a 1960 ABC radio interview "He had tremendously deep religious views, I'm sure of that. He read to us on Sundays from the Bible, from great preachers, and he was deeply, always deeply conscious of being, as he put it, a tool for providence to work through. Any powers he had he felt he owed to the divine one and it was not his doing."[110]
Legacy
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Deakin was almost universally liked, admired and respected by his contemporaries, who called him "Affable Alfred". He made his only real enemies at the time of the Fusion, when not only Labor but also some liberals such as Sir William Lyne reviled him as a traitor.[20] He is regarded as a founding father by the modern Liberal Party of Australia.
His life was dramatised in the 1951 play Tether a Dragon by Kylie Tennant.
The
Honours
Deakin generally rejected honours during his lifetime. He was first offered a knighthood at the
Since Deakin's death, several places have been named in his honour. Educational institutions that bear his name include Melbourne's Deakin University, Canberra's Alfred Deakin High School, Deakin House at Melbourne Grammar School, and Deakin Hall at Monash University. He is one of only two prime ministers to have a university named in his honour, along with John Curtin (Curtin University).
Other places named after Deakin include the suburb of Deakin in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, and the Division of Deakin in the House of Representatives, located in Melbourne's eastern suburbs. In 1969, Australia Post honoured him on a postage stamp bearing his portrait.[114]
Personal life
Deakin had a long and happy marriage and was survived by his wife and their three daughters:
- Ivy (1883–1970) married businessman Herbert Brookes. Their children were:
- Wilfred Deakin Brookes (1906–1997) – businessman and RAAF officer
- Sir Frank Clarke[115]
- Alfred Deakin Brookes (1920–2005) – first head of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service
- Stella (1886–1976) married scientist Sir David Rivett.
- Rohan Deakin Rivett (1917-1977) - journalist, author, newspaper editor and POW.
- Vera (1891–1978) married politician Sir Thomas White.
See also
- First Deakin Ministry
- Second Deakin Ministry
- Third Deakin Ministry
- List of prime ministers of Australia
- Deakin University
References
Citations
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- ^ a b La Nauze 1965a, p. 4.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 5.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 3.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 6.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, pp. 7–9.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 8.
- ^ a b La Nauze 1965a, p. 16.
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- ^ La Nauze 1965a, pp. 18–19.
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- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 19.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 23.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 24.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, p. 22.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, pp. 24–25.
- ^ La Nauze 1965a, pp. 26–28.
- ^ a b c d e f g Serle, Percival. "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ ISSN 1833-7538.
- ^ "Cheap Livers and Death Dodgers: Vegetarianism in the National Library" (PDF). NLA News. XIV (3). December 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ "Alfred Deakin" (PDF). Prime Facts. Australian Prime Ministers Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Alfred Deakin". Re-Member: a database of all Victorian MPs since 1851. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Alfred Deakin, before". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ "Appointment Solicitor-General Alfred Deakin MLA". Victoria Government Gazette. Victorian Government Printer. 12 March 1883. p. 1883:2569.
- ^ "Appointment Solicitor-General Alfred Deakin MLA". Victoria Government Gazette. Victorian Government Printer. 1 September 1890. p. 1890:3537.
- ^ William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 306.
- ^ William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 165.
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- ^ "1903: Alfred Deakin". Australian Federal Election Speeches. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 291.
- ^ a b c Brett 2017, p. 292.
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- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 297–298.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 293.
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- ^ Brett 2017, p. 295.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 297.
- ^ a b Brett 2017, p. 299.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 298.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 301–302.
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- ^ Brett 2017, p. 311.
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- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 320–321.
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- ^ Brett 2017, p. 322.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 323.
- ^ a b c d "Alfred Deakin, in office". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 282.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 388.
- ^ a b Brett 2017, p. 392.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 391–392.
- ^ a b Brett 2017, p. 395.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 391.
- ^ "A Parliament". House of Representatives Practice (7th ed.). Parliament of Australia. 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 393.
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- ^ Brett 2017, p. 399.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 400–402.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 409.
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- ^ Brett 2017, p. 412.
- ^ a b c Brett 2017, p. 413.
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- ^ a b Brett 2017, p. 417.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 416–419.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 402–404.
- ^ Coleman, William (2018). "Six Problems in the Biography of Alfred Deakin" (PDF). Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform. 24 (1). Australian National University: 85–87.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 421.
- ^ Brett 2017, p. 422.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 423–424.
- ^ Brett 2017, pp. 424–425.
- ^ "The Visionary: Alfred Deakin (1856–1919)". St Kilda Biographies. Friends of St Kilda Cemetery. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ Quentin Massys: A drama in five acts. Melbourne: Printed by J. P. Donaldson. 1875.
- ^ "Advocate Magazine". Advocate (Melbourne, Vic. : 1868 - 1954). 2 July 1953. p. 9.
- ^ "Australian Literature". Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954). 16 November 1940. p. 7.
- ISSN 1833-7538.
- ^ "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". Alfred Deakin. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ Al Gaby. The Mystic Life of Alfred Deakin. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992. p. 2.
- ^ Al Gaby. The Mystic Life of Alfred Deakin. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992. p. 37.
- ^ Samuel Johnson. Doctor Johnson's Prayers Elton Trueblood (ed) SCM Press. London 1947.
- ^ JA La Nauze. Alfred Deakin. A Biography. Angus and Robertson. Melbourne. p. 79.
- ^ Al Gaby. The Mystic Life of Alfred Deakin. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992. p. 76 citing Deakin's Boke of Praer and Prase Prayer XLVII 12 August 1888
- ^ Walter Murdoch. Alfred Deakin: A sketch. Constable &Co Ltd. London 1923 p. 137.
- ^ CMH Clark. A History Of Australia. Volume V. The People Make Laws 1888–1915. Melbourne University Press. Melbourne. 1981. pp. 275, 302.
- ^ "Alfreddeakin | Alfred's daughter Vera".
- ^ La Nauze (1965a), p. 202.
- ^ La Nauze (1965a), p. 203.
- ^ La Nauze (1965a), p. 204.
- ^ "Stamp". Australian Stamp and Coin Company. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ Clarke, Alice (28 December 2014). "Jessie, a force of nature from a simpler time". Herald Sun. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
Notes
- Koran and the Bhagavad Gita."[63]
- ^ In order, the Coinage Act 1909, the Defence Act 1909, the Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909, and the High Commissioner Act 1909.[75]
- ^ The House of Representatives expired by "effluxion of time" on 19 February 1910. This is the only occasion on which the House has been allowed to expire rather than being dissolved by the Goveronr-General.[79]
Bibliography
- 1875 – Deakin, Alfred "Quentin Massys: A Drama in Five Acts" J.P. Donaldson, Melbourne, 1875.
- 1877 – Deakin, Alfred "A New Pilgrim's Progress" Terry, Melbourne, 1877.
- 1885 – Deakin, Alfred "Irrigation in Western America, so Far as it has Relation to the Circumstances of Victoria" Government Printer, Melbourne, 1885.
- 1893 – Deakin, Alfred "Irrigated India: An Australian View of India and Ceylon, Their Irrigation and Agriculture" W. Thacker & Co., London, 1893.
- 1893 – Deakin, Alfred "Temple and Tomb in India" Melville, Mullen and Slade, Melbourne, 1893.
- 1923 – Deakin, Alfred / Walter Murdoch (ed) "Alfred Deakin – A Sketch" Bookman Press Pty Ltd (First published 1923 later 1999 out of print) ISBN 1 86395 385 X
- 1944 – Deakin, Alfred / Brookes, Herbert (ed) "The Federal Story: The Inner History of the Federal Cause" Robertson & Mullens, Melbourne, 1944 (later editions edited by J.A. La Nauze [1963] and Stuart Macintyre [1995]).
- 1957 – Deakin, Alfred / La Nauze, J A and Crawford, R M (eds) "The Crisis in Victorian Politics, 1879–1881" Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1957.
- 1968 – Deakin, Alfred / La Nauze, J A (ed) "Federated Australia: Selections from Letters to the Morning Post 1900–1910" Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1968.
- 1974 – Deakin, Alfred and Murdoch, Walter / La Nauze, J A and Nurser, Elizabeth (eds) "Walter Murdoch and Alfred Deakin on 'Books and Men': Letters and Comments, 1900–1918" Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1974. ISBN 0-522-84056-6
Further reading
- Birrell, Robert (1995), A Nation of Our Own, Longman Australia, Melbourne. ISBN 0-582-87549-8
- ISBN 9781925498660.
- Gabay, Al (1992), The Mystic Life of Alfred Deakin, Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 0-19-550471-2
- La Nauze, John (1965a). Alfred Deakin: A Biography / Volume 1. Melbourne University Press.
- La Nauze, John (1965b). Alfred Deakin: A Biography / Volume 2. Melbourne University Press.
- Mennell, Philip (1892). . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.
- Deakin, Alfred (1944). The Federal Story: The Inner History of the Federal Cause. Robertson and Mullins.
External links
- Alfred Deakin – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
- Guide to the papers of Alfred Deakin held and selectively digitised by the National Library of Australia
- Alfred Deakin Prime Ministerial Library
- Deakin University
- Alfred Deakin's personal library on LibraryThing