Alfred G. Gilman
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Alfred G. Gilman | |
---|---|
Dallas, Texas, U.S. | |
Nationality | American |
Alma mater | Yale University (B.A., 1962) Case Western Reserve University (MD-Ph.D., 1969) |
Known for | G proteins |
Spouse | Kathryn Hedlund |
Children | 3 |
Awards | John J. Abel Award (1975) Richard Lounsbery Award (1987) Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (1989) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1994) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Biochemistry Pharmacology |
Alfred Goodman Gilman (July 1, 1941 – December 23, 2015) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist.[1] He and Martin Rodbell shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."[2]
Gilman was the son of
Gilman became assistant professor of pharmacology at the
G proteins are a vital intermediary between the extracellular activation of receptors (
For his works, he received the Canada
Early life
Gilman was born in
Education
Gilman attended local elementary school in White Plains. Hoping for better education, in 1955 his parents sent him to
Career
In 1971, Gilman was appointed assistant professor of pharmacology at the
In addition to mainstream academic position he held other key positions. He was one of the founders of Regeneron, a biotechnology company headquartered in Tarrytown, New York.[9] He was also the founder and Chair of the Alliance for Cellular Signaling, a global collaboration for the study of cell signalling.[16] He became its director from 1990. In 2005, he was appointed director of the drug company, Eli Lilly & Co.[15]
Death
Gilman died after a long battle with pancreatic cancer in Dallas, Texas, on December 23, 2015, at the age of 74. He was survived by his wife and three children, Amy Ariagno and Anne Sincovec, both of Dallas, and Edward Gilman of Austin.[3][9]
Contributions
Discovery of G protein
In the 1960s, Earl Sutherland and Theodore Rall discovered that cyclic AMP (the second messenger in signal transduction) was a responsible for activating enzymes in the cell, and that cyclic AMP is produced only when hormones (the first messengers) bind on the cell surface.[17] Cyclic AMP is formed from ATP by the enzymes adenylyl cyclase. In 1970 Martin Rodbell found that hormones did not directly influence cyclic AMP, but there existed other molecules, the third messengers. Rodbell discovered that cyclic AMP is activated when guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is released from the cell membrane. He, however, did not know how the GTP molecules were produced.[10] Gilman pursued the mystery in the signalling process. He found that in lymphoma (cancer) cells, hormones lost their activity to activate adenylyl cyclase, thereby losing their ability to produce cyclic AMP. This was due to loss of proteins in these cancer cells. When he introduced the missing protein from normal cells into the cancer cells, normal hormone action was produced. This showed that the missing membrane protein was responsible for mediating hormonal signal to cyclic AMP by producing GTP. His findings were published in a series of papers between 1977 and 1979.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] In 1980, he succeeded in identifying and isolating the new protein, which he named G protein, as it specifically binds to GTP molecules.[3]
Defending science education
Gilman played active roles in
Awards and honours
Gilman was given the Canada Gairdner International Award in 1984 "For elucidating the mechanism by which peptide hormones act across cell membranes to influence cell function."
Key papers
- Seeds, NW; Gilman, AG (1971). "Norepinephrine stinulated increase of cyclic AMP levels in developing mouse brain cell cultures". Science. 174 (4006): 292. S2CID 98674465.
- Gilman, AG; Nirenberg, M (1971). "Regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate metabolism in cultured neuroblastoma cells". Nature. 234 (5328): 356–8. S2CID 4169292.
- Secrist JA, 3rd; Barrio, JR; Leonard, NJ; Villar-Palasi, C; Gilman, AG (1972). "Fluorescent modification of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate: spectroscopic properties and activity in enzyme systems". Science. 177 (4045): 279–80. S2CID 23752942.)
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - Sternweis, PC; Northup, JK; Smigel, MD; Gilman, AG (1981). "The regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Purification and properties". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (22): 11517–26. PMID 6271754.
- Hanski, E; Sternweis, PC; Northup, JK; Dromerick, AW; Gilman, AG (1981). "The regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Purification and properties of the turkey erythrocyte protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 256 (24): 12911–9. PMID 6273414.
- Schleifer, LS; Kahn, RA; Hanski, E; Northup, JK; Sternweis, PC; Gilman, AG (1982). "Requirements for cholera toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the purified regulatory component of adenylate cyclase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (1): 20–3. PMID 6273425.
- Northup, JK; Smigel, MD; Gilman, AG (1982). "The guanine nucleotide activating site of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Identification by ligand binding". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (19): 11416–23. PMID 6288684.
- Manning, DR; Gilman, AG (1983). "The regulatory components of adenylate cyclase and transducin. A family of structurally homologous guanine nucleotide-binding proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 258 (11): 7059–63. PMID 6304074.
- Northup, JK; Sternweis, PC; Gilman, AG (1983). "The subunits of the stimulatory regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Resolution, activity, and properties of the 35,000-dalton (beta) subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 258 (18): 11361–8. PMID 6309843.
- Northup, JK; Smigel, MD; Sternweis, PC; Gilman, AG (1983). "The subunits of the stimulatory regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Resolution of the activated 45,000-dalton (alpha) subunit". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 258 (18): 11369–76. PMID 6309844.
- Hurley, JB; Simon, MI; Teplow, DB; Robishaw, JD; Gilman, AG (1984). "Homologies between signal transducing G proteins and ras gene products". Science. 226 (4676): 860–2. PMID 6436980.
- Gilman, AG (1984). "G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase". Cell. 36 (3): 577–9. S2CID 36861537.
- Bokoch, GM; Gilman, AG (1984). "Inhibition of receptor-mediated release of arachidonic acid by pertussis toxin". Cell. 39 (2 Pt 1): 301–8. PMID 6094010.
- Harris, BA; Robishaw, JD; Mumby, SM; Gilman, AG (1985). "Molecular cloning of complementary DNA for the alpha subunit of the G protein that stimulates adenylate cyclase". Science. 229 (4719): 1274–7. PMID 3839937.
- Mattera, R; Graziano, MP; Yatani, A; Zhou, Z; Graf, R; Codina, J; Birnbaumer, L; Gilman, AG; Brown, AM (1989). "Splice variants of the alpha subunit of the G protein Gs activate both adenylyl cyclase and calcium channels". Science. 243 (4892): 804–7. PMID 2536957.
- Krupinski, J; Coussen, F; Bakalyar, HA; Tang, WJ; Feinstein, PG; Orth, K; Slaughter, C; Reed, RR; Gilman, AG (1989). "Adenylyl cyclase amino acid sequence: possible channel- or transporter-like structure". Science. 244 (4912): 1558–64. PMID 2472670.
- Tang, WJ; Gilman, AG (1991). "Type-specific regulation of adenylyl cyclase by G protein beta gamma subunits". Science. 254 (5037): 1500–3. PMID 1962211.
- Taussig, R; Iñiguez-Lluhi, JA; Gilman, AG (1993). "Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by Gi alpha". Science. 261 (5118): 218–21. PMID 8327893.
- Wickman, KD; Iñiguez-Lluhl, JA; Davenport, PA; Taussig, R; Krapivinsky, GB; Linder, ME; Gilman, AG; Clapham, DE (1994). "Recombinant G-protein beta gamma-subunits activate the muscarinic-gated atrial potassium channel". Nature. 368 (6468): 255–7. S2CID 4367498.
- Coleman, D.; Berghuis, A.; Lee, E; Linder, M.; Gilman, A.; Sprang (1994). "Structures of active conformations of Gi alpha 1 and the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis". Science. 265 (5177): 1405–1412. PMID 8073283.
- Tang, WJ; Gilman, AG (1995). "Construction of a soluble adenylyl cyclase activated by Gs alpha and forskolin". Science. 268 (5218): 1769–72. PMID 7792604.
- Mixon, MB; Lee, E; Coleman, DE; Berghuis, AM; Gilman, AG; Sprang, SR (1995). "Tertiary and quaternary structural changes in Gi alpha 1 induced by GTP hydrolysis". Science. 270 (5238): 954–60. S2CID 86608235.
- Wall, MA; Coleman, DE; Lee, E; Iñiguez-Lluhi, JA; Posner, BA; Gilman, AG; Sprang, SR (1995). "The structure of the G protein heterotrimer Gi alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2". Cell. 83 (6): 1047–58. S2CID 18993038.
- Berman, David M; Wilkie, Thomas M; Gilman, Alfred G (1996). "GAIP and RGS4 Are GTPase-Activating Proteins for the Gi Subfamily of G Protein α Subunits". Cell. 86 (3): 445–452. S2CID 12427406.
- Sunahara, RK; Tesmer, JJ; Gilman, AG; Sprang, SR (1997). "Crystal structure of the adenylyl cyclase activator Gsalpha". Science. 278 (5345): 1943–7. S2CID 33114065.
- Tesmer, JJ; Sunahara, RK; Gilman, AG; Sprang, SR (1997). "Crystal structure of the catalytic domains of adenylyl cyclase in a complex with Gsalpha.GTPgammaS". Science. 278 (5345): 1907–16. PMID 9417641.
Further reading
- Sprang, S. R. (2007). "The crystal structure of β2-adrenergic receptor, a classic GPCR was at last revealed". Nature. 450 (7168): 355–356. S2CID 4413121.
- "Authors' summary on the structure". Science. 318. 2019-12-16.
See also
References
- ^ PMID 26791713.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d Grimes, William (24 December 2015). "Dr. Alfred G. Gilman, Whose Work on Proteins Won Nobel Prize, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Advisory Council". ncse.com. National Center for Science Education. Archived from the original on 2013-08-10. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
- ^ PMID 21819235.
- ^ a b c d e Gilman, Alfred G. (1994). "Alfred G. Gilman - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
- ^ "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine". www.jinfo.org. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
- ^ Dr. Alfred Gilman dies at 75, nytimes.com, January 14, 1985.
- ^ a b c Weil, Martin (26 December 2015). "Alfred G. Gilman, Nobel Prize-winning scientist, dies at 74". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4381080-70.
- PMID 13947967.
- PMID 14109205.
- PMID 4318781.
- S2CID 13119712.
- ^ a b c "Alfred G. Gilman, MD, PhD : Class of 2013". American Association for Cancer Research. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- S2CID 4367083.
- PMID 13549487.
- PMID 17119.
- PMID 190227.
- PMID 195960.
- PMID 562358.
- PMID 195961.
- PMID 214461.
- PMID 429354.
- PMID 231786.
- ^ a b "Alfred G. Gilman dies". National Centre for Science Education. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Alfred G. Gilman MD, PhD". Gairdner. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- American Academy of Achievement.
External links
- The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
- Profile at Superstars of Science
- Biography at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Finding Aid for the Alfred Goodman Gilman Collection, UT Southwestern Archives, UT Southwestern Medical Center
- Alfred G. Gilman on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 1994 G Proteins and Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase