Algeria

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية ( Arabic ) al-Jumhūriyyatu al-Jazāʾiriyyatu ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyatu ash‑Shaʿbiyyah
Flag Emblem
Motto: بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ "Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb" "By the people and for the people"[1][2]
Anthem: قَسَمًا Qasaman "We Pledge"
Location of Algeria
Capital and largest city	Algiers 36°42′N 3°13′E / 36.700°N 3.217°E / 36.700; 3.217
Official languages	Arabic Berber[a]
National vernacular	Ethnic groups	See Ethnic groups
Religion (2012)[5]	99% Sunni Islam (official) <1% others
Demonym(s)	Algerian
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Abdelmadjid Tebboune
• Prime Minister	Nadir Larbaoui
• Council President	Salah Goudjil
• Assembly President	Ibrahim Boughali
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Council of the Nation
• Lower house	People's National Assembly
Formation
• Numidia	202 BC
• Kingdom of Tlemcen	1235
• Regency of Algiers	1516
• French Algeria	5 July 1830
• Independence	5 July 1962
Area
• Total	2,381,741 km2 (919,595 sq mi) (10th)
Population
• 2024 estimate	46,700,000[6][7][8] (33rd)
• Density	19/km2 (49.2/sq mi) (171th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$768.52 billion[9] (39th)
• Per capita	$16,483[9] (99th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$266.78 billion[9] (50th)
• Per capita	$5,722[9] (109th)
Gini (2011)	27.6[10][11] low inequality
HDI (2022)	0.745[12] high (93rd)
Currency	Algerian dinar (DZD)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
Calling code	+213
ISO 3166 code	DZ
Internet TLD	.dz .الجزائر

Algeria,^[e] officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria,^[f] is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.

Inhabited since

Spanning 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the world's tenth-largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa.^[14] It has a semi-arid climate, with the Sahara desert dominating most of the territory except for its fertile and mountainous north, where most of the population is concentrated. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa, and the 33rd-most populous country in the world. Algeria's official languages are Arabic and Tamazight; French is used in media, education, and certain administrative matters, but it has no official status. The vast majority of the population speak the Algerian dialect of Arabic. Most Algerians are Arabs, with Berbers forming a sizeable minority. Sunni Islam is the official religion and practised by 99 percent of the population.^[15]

Algeria is a

Different forms of the name Algeria include:

Algeria's name derives from the city of Algiers, which in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, "the islands"), referring to four small islands off its coast,^[22] a truncated form of the older Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna (جزائر بني مزغنة, "islands of Bani Mazghanna").^{[23][24][page needed][25][page needed]} The name was given by Buluggin ibn Ziri after he established the city on the ruins of the Phoenician city of Icosium in 950.^[26] It was employed by medieval geographers such as Muhammad al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.

Algeria took its name from the Regency of Algeria^[27][28][29] or Regency of Algiers,^[30] when Ottoman rule was established in the central Maghreb in early 16th century. This period saw the installation of a political and administrative organisation which participated in the establishment of the Watan el djazâïr (وطن الجزائر, country of Algiers) and the definition of its borders with its neighboring entities on the east and west.^[31] The Ottoman Turks who settled in Algeria referred both to themselves^[32][33][34] and the peoples as "Algerians".^[35][27] Acting as a central military and political authority in the regency, the Ottoman Turks shaped the modern political identity of Algeria as a state possessing all the attributes of sovereign independence, despite still being nominally subject to the Ottoman sultan.^[36][37] Algerian nationalist, historian and statesman Ahmed Tewfik El Madani regarded the regency as the "first Algerian state" and the "Algerian Ottoman republic".^[33][38][39]

Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa.^[40] Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old, and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years.^[40] Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa, or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa.

Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the Levant.^[41][42] Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of Middle Paleolithic Flake tool techniques.^[43] Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called Aterian (after the archaeological site of Bir el Ater, south of Tebessa).

The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called

From their principal center of power at

By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War.^[46] They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars.^[47]

In 146 BC the city of

After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the Roman Empire.

For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Algeria is home to the second-largest number of Roman sites and remains after Italy. Rome, after getting rid of its powerful rival Carthage in the year 146 BC, decided a century later to include Numidia to become the new master of North Africa. They built more than 500 cities.

The collapse of the Western Roman Empire led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in Altava (modern-day Algeria) known as the Mauro-Roman Kingdom. It was succeeded by another Kingdom based in Altava, the Kingdom of Altava. During the reign of Kusaila its territory extended from the region of modern-day Fez in the west to the western Aurès and later Kairaouan and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east.^{[57][58][59][60][61][62]}

After negligible resistance from the locals, Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria in the early 8th century.

Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th.

Following the Berber revolt numerous independent states emerged across the Maghreb. In Algeria the Rustamid Kingdom was established. The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of Mali and included territory in Mauritania.^[74][75][76]

Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain

The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of

The Almohads originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from modern day Algeria^[89] known as Abd al-Mu'min would soon take control over the Maghreb. During the time of the Almohad Dynasty Abd al-Mu'min's tribe, the Koumïa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire.^[90] Defeating the weakening Almoravid Empire and taking control over Morocco in 1147,^[91] they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers,^[92] wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.^[92]

Following their decisive defeat in the

The Zayyanids retained their control over Algeria for 3 centuries. Much of the eastern territories of Algeria were under the authority of the

In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers

The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son Hasan, who assumed the position in 1544. He was a Kouloughli or of mixed origins, as his mother was an Algerian Mooresse.^[108] Until 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the Ojaq who were led by an agha. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659.^[106]

Plague had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and had high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.^[109]

The

In 1659, the Janissaries stationed in Algiers, also known commonly as the Odjak of Algiers; and the Reis or the company of corsair captains rebelled, they removed the Ottoman viceroy from power, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of "Agha" then "Dey" in 1671, and the right to select passed to the divan, a council of some sixty military senior officers. Thus Algiers became a sovereign military republic. It was at first dominated by the odjak; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire,^[106] in reality they acted independently from the rest of the Empire,^[121][122] and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the Beylik of Tunis.^[123]

The

Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the Spanish Empire launched an invasion in 1775, then the Spanish Navy bombarded Algiers in 1783 and 1784.^[107] For the attack in 1784, the Spanish fleet was to be joined by ships from such traditional enemies of Algiers as Naples, Portugal and the Knights of Malta. Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, but all these military campaigns were doomed and Spain had to ask for peace in 1786 and paid 1 million pesos to the Dey.

In 1792, Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir, the two last Spanish strongholds in Algeria.^[126] In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan Rif and Oujda, which they then abandoned in 1795.^[127]

In the 19th century, Algerian pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.^[128]

Attacks by Algerian pirates on American merchantmen resulted in the First and Second Barbary Wars, which ended the attacks on U.S. ships in 1815. A year later, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, under the command of Lord Exmouth bombarded Algiers to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the French conquest in 1830.^[129]

Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the

Alexis de Tocqueville wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonisation" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.^[143]

From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and département of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of

During the late 19th and early 20th century, the European share was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other colonised countries' path in central Asia and Caucasus, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture.^[148]

During the

The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like Alistair Horne and Raymond Aron, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000.^[153] The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians.^[154]

The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962

The number of European

The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut.^[157] Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups.^[156]

In December 1991 the

A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency.^[160] The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies.^[161] In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform.^[156] However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue.

On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after

In December 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the presidential election with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is accused of being close to the military and being loyal to the deposed president. Tebboune rejects these accusations, claiming to be the victim of a witch hunt. He also reminds his detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.^[163] In September 2024, President Tebboune won a second term with a landslide 84.3 percent of the vote, although his opponents called the results fraud.^[164]

Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the

In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.

Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm (15.7 to 26.4 in) annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east.

Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to 43.3 °C (110 °F).

The varied vegetation of Algeria includes

Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes, scorpions, and numerous insects.

Algeria's government has been described as authoritarian,

The Algerian parliament is

Algeria is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes.

In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defence Minister Hervé Morin stated that "It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations", when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.^[189]

Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have been an obstacle to tightening the Arab Maghreb Union, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight.^[190] On 24 August 2021, Algeria announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco.^[191]

The military of Algeria consists of the

Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate).[192] Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months.^[193] The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.^[15] Algeria has the second-largest military in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion).^[194] Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a close ally.^[194][195]

In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49

Algeria is the 90th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 Global Peace Index.^[197]

Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded

Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.[200]^[201][202]

Human Rights Watch has accused the Algerian authorities of using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of social distancing.^[206]

Algeria is divided into 58

The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:[15]

The current 58

wilayas) of Algeria

#	Wilaya	Area (km2)	Population	map	#	Wilaya	Area (km2)	Population
1	Adrar	402,197	439,700		30	Ouargla	211,980	552,539
2	Chlef	4,975	1,013,718		31	Oran	2,114	1,584,607
3	Laghouat	25,057	477,328		32	El Bayadh	78,870	262,187
4	Oum El Bouaghi	6,768	644,364		33	Illizi	285,000	54,490
5	Batna	12,192	1,128,030		34	Bordj Bou Arréridj	4,115	634,396
6	Béjaïa	3,268	915,835		35	Boumerdes	1,591	795,019
7	Biskra	20,986	730,262		36	El Taref	3,339	411,783
8	Béchar	161,400	274,866		37	Tindouf	58,193	159,000
9	Blida	1,696	1,009,892		38	Tissemsilt	3,152	296,366
10	Bouïra	4,439	694,750		39	El Oued	54,573	673,934
11	Tamanrasset	556,200	198,691		40	Khenchela	9,811	384,268
12	Tébessa	14,227	657,227		41	Souk Ahras	4,541	440,299
13	Tlemcen	9,061	945,525		42	Tipaza	2,166	617,661
14	Tiaret	20,673	842,060		43	Mila	9,375	768,419
15	Tizi Ouzou	3,568	1,119,646		44	Ain Defla	4,897	771,890
16	Algiers	273	2,947,461		45	Naâma	29,950	209,470
17	Djelfa	66,415	1,223,223		46	Ain Timouchent	2,376	384,565
18	Jijel	2,577	634,412		47	Ghardaia	86,105	375,988
19	Sétif	6,504	1,496,150		48	Relizane	4,870	733,060
20	Saïda	6,764	328,685		49	Touggourt	8,835	162,267
21	Skikda	4,026	904,195		50	Bordj Baji Mokhtar	62,215	57,276
22	Sidi Bel Abbès	9,150	603,369		51	Ouled Djellal	11,410	174,219
23	Annaba	1,439	640,050		52	Béni Abbès	120,026	16,437
24	Guelma	4,101	482,261		53	In Salah	101,350	50,163
25	Constantine	2,187	943,112		54	In Guezzam	65,203	122,019
26	Médéa	8,866	830,943		55	Touggourt	17,428	247,221
27	Mostaganem	2,269	746,947		56	Djanet	86,185	17,618
28	M'Sila	18,718	991,846		57	El M'Ghair	131,220	50,392
29	Mascara	5,941	780,959		58	El Menia	88,126	11,202

Algeria's currency is the dinar (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In June 2024 The World Bank's 2024 report marks a turning point for Algeria, which joins the select club of upper-middle-income countries. This economic rise, the result of an ambitious development strategy, places the country in the same category as emerging powers such as China, Brazil and Turkey^{[208][209][210]} In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatisation of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy.^[211] These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy remain.^[212][213]

Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages.^[15] The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities among regions.^[161]

A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past five years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme will cost US$286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.^[161]

Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in

Turkish direct investments have accelerated in Algeria, with total value reaching $5 billion. As of 2022, the number of Turkish companies present in Algeria has reached 1,400. In 2020, despite the pandemic, more than 130 Turkish companies were created in Algeria.[219]

Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an

Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.[214]

Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downward.^[161] Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011. Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962,^[223] and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$71.4 billion.^[161]

The Algerian national oil company is Sonatrach, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.^[224]

Access to biocapacity in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares^[225] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.^[226] In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit.^[225] In April 2022, diplomats from Italy and Spain held talks after Rome's move to secure large volume of Algerian gas stoked concerns in Madrid.^[227] Under the deal between Algeria's Sonatrach and Italy's Eni, Algeria will send an additional 9 billion cubic metres of gas to Italy by next year and in 2024.^[228]

Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development programme is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power.^[229] Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.

The overall rate of unemployment was 11.8% in 2023.^[230] The government strengthened in 2011 the job programmes introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the programme to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).^[161]

Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high.^[214]

The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.

There are several

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Algeria:

• Cairo-Dakar Highway
• Algiers-Lagos Highway

The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 180,000 km (110,000 mi) of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the

Algeria has a population of an estimated 45.6 million,^[232] of which the majority, 75%^[233] to 85% are ethnically Arab.^{[15][234][235]} At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately 4 million.^[236] About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1.5 million remain nomadic or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.^[15]

Between 90,000 and 165,000

The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million Algerians of up to the second generation.^[241]

Largest cities or towns in Algeria According to the 2008 Census[242]
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Algiers Oran	1	Algiers	Algiers Province	2,364,230	11	Tébessa	Tébessa Province	194,461	Constantine Annaba
	2	Oran	Oran Province	803,329	12	El Oued	El Oued Province	186,525
	3	Constantine	Constantine Province	448,028	13	Skikda	Skikda Province	182,903
	4	Annaba	Annaba Province	342,703	14	Tiaret	Tiaret Province	178,915
	5	Blida	Blida Province	331,779	15	Béjaïa	Béjaïa Province	176,139
	6	Batna	Batna Province	289,504	16	Tlemcen	Tlemcen Province	173,531
	7	Djelfa	Djelfa Province	265,833	17	Ouargla	Ouargla Province	169,928
	8	Sétif	Sétif Province	252,127	18	Béchar	Béchar Province	165,241
	9	Sidi Bel Abbès	Sidi Bel Abbès Province	210,146	19	Mostaganem	Mostaganem Province	162,885
	10	Biskra	Biskra Province	204,661	20	Bordj Bou Arréridj	Bordj Bou Arréridj Province	158,812

Main article:

Berber are the official languages.^[258] Algerian Arabic (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.^[259]

, and French

Kabylie. Kabyle has a significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.^[261] In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.^[262] Colloquial Algerian Arabic is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.^[263]

Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world,

Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as a lingua franca of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.^[265] In 2013, it was estimated that 60% of the population could speak or understand French.^[266] In 2022, it was estimated that 33% of the population was Francophone.^[267]

The use of

English in Algeria, though limited in comparison to the previously mentioned languages, has increased due to globalisation.^[268][269] In 2022 it was announced that English would be taught in elementary schools.^[270]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Algeria

See also:

Early African Church, and History of the Jews in Algeria

Ghardaia

.

Prior to independence, Algeria was home to more than 1.3 million Christians (mostly of

European ancestry).^[272] Most of the Christian settlers left to France after the country's independence.^[273][274] Today, estimates of the Christian population range from 100,000 to 200,000.^[275] Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to Protestant denominations, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.^[275]

According to the Arab Barometer in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim.^[276] The June 2019 Arab Barometer-BBC News report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018.^[277] The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25% describing themselves as non-religious.^[278] However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious. In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.^[276][279]

Algeria has given the

Mohamed Arkoun

.

Health

Main article: Health in Algeria

In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress towards its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation programme. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge.^[280]

Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.^[281]

Education

Main articles: Education in Algeria and List of universities in Algeria

Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%.^[282] Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programmes at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.^[283] Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programmes: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.^[284]

Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was Algiers Province at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was Djelfa Province at 35.5%.^[285]

Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The

University of Algiers

, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country.

Even if some of them offer instruction in

University of Batna Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa.^[286] Algeria was ranked 115th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.^[287]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Algeria

Modern Algerian literature, split between

Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views.^[288]

Madaurus

(Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.

Contemporary

Algerian cinema is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.^[289]

Media

Main article:

Media of Algeria

Art

Algerian painters, like

Bachir Yelles, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations. Mohammed Khadda^[290] and M'hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years.^[290]

Literature

Main articles: Algerian literature and List of Algerian writers

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Apuleius

Kateb Yacine

The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the

Ibn Khaldoun, who wrote the Muqaddimah

while staying in Algeria, and many others.

Albert Camus was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French.

As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the Algerian trilogy of Mohammed Dib, or even Nedjma of Kateb Yacine novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, and Assia Djebar.

In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are

Tahir Wattar

.

Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted recent works, there is the writer, the swallows of Kabul and the attack of Yasmina Khadra, the oath of barbarians of Boualem Sansal, memory of the flesh of Ahlam Mosteghanemi and the last novel by Assia Djebar nowhere in my father's House.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Algeria

The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.

The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries.

According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions. Days of Glory (2006) and Outside the Law (2010) recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.^[292]

Algeria won the Palme d'Or for Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), two Oscars for Z (1969), and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie The Battle of Algiers.

Cuisine

Main article: Algerian cuisine

Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries.^[293] It is based on both land and sea products. Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the different peoples and cultures. The Algerian cuisine is a mix of Arab, Berber, Turkish and French roots.^[294][293]

Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and

tajines, couscous, and sauce-based dishes. Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is couscous, recognized as a national dish.^[295]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Algeria

Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the

rifle shooting are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.^[296]

Football is the most popular sport in the country. The Algerian national football team, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally.^[297][298]

Algeria has a long history in other sports such as

Ministry of Youth and Sports in Algeria manages sport-related activities.^[302]

See also

• Index of Algeria-related articles
• Outline of Algeria

Explanatory notes

1. ^ The Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016 officialized Berber as Algeria's second "official" language. The revised constitution also created the Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language, which is responsible for promoting Berber "in view of cementing, in the future, its official language status".^[3]
2. ^ The official languages are Modern Standard Arabic and, since 2016, Standard Algerian Berber.^[4] Algerian Arabic is the spoken language used by the vast majority of the population. Other Arabic dialects and minority languages are spoken regionally.
3. ^ see French language in Algeria
4. ^ see English language in Algeria
5. Arabic: الجزائر, romanized: al-Jazāʾir, Arabic: [al.d͡ʒazaːʔir] ^ⓘ
   ; French: Algérie
6. Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash‑Shaʿbiyyah; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire. Formerly also rendered as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria in English, as seen on the 1981 Algiers Accords
   .
7. ^ The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not codified.^[20]

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General bibliography

• Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London:
  ISBN 978-0-86543-266-6
  .
• Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects.
  ISBN 978-0-415-34848-5
  .
• Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987. Cambridge:
  ISBN 978-0-521-30150-3
  .
• Christelow, Allan (1985) Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria. Princeton University Press.
• ISBN 978-0-8021-4132-3
  .
• Gibson, Walcot; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur (1911). "Algeria" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–653.
• ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6
  (2006 reprint)
• Laouisset, Djamel (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York City:
  ISBN 978-1-61761-190-2
  .
• Roberts, Hugh (2003). The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity. London:
  ISBN 978-1-85984-684-1
  .
• Ruedy, John (1992). Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington:
  ISBN 978-0-253-34998-9
  .
• Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History. Ithaca, New York:
  ISBN 978-0-8014-3715-1
  .
• Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008". Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation. Farnham:
  ISBN 0-7546-7418-5
  .

External links

Library resources about
Algeria

---

• Resources in your library
• Resources in other libraries

• Key Development Forecasts for Algeria from International Futures

Government

• Public Services – gateway to government sites
• El Mouradia Palace – official website of the president of Algeria
• Statistics – official website of National Office of Statistics

History

• "History" – Algerian history at Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Tourism

• Visit Algeria Archived 6 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine – Algeria's official tourism portal

Maps

• Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria
• Geographic data related to Algeria at OpenStreetMap