Alice Stewart

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For the American political commentator, see Alice Stewart (commentator).
Not to be confused with Alice Stuart.

Alice Stewart
Alice Stewart
Born4 October 1906
Sheffield, England
Died23 June 2002(2002-06-23) (aged 95)
Oxford, England
Known forsocial medicine
effects of radiation on health
AwardsRight Livelihood Award (1986) Ramazzini Award (1991)
Scientific career
Fieldsepidemiology
InstitutionsOxford University Medical School

Alice Mary Stewart, née Naish (4 October 1906 – 23 June 2002) was a British physician and

Washington, is frequently cited by those who seek to demonstrate that even very low doses of radiation cause substantial hazard. She was the first person to demonstrate the link between x-rays of pregnant women and high cancer rates in their children.[1] She was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1986 "for bringing to light in the face of official opposition the real dangers of low-level radiation."[2]

Early life

Stewart was born in

munitions workers.[3]

Epidemiological studies

The department of social and preventive medicine at Oxford was created in 1942, with Stewart as assistant head. In 1950 she succeeded as head of the unit, but to her disappointment she was not granted the title of "professor", as awarded to her predecessor, because by then the post was considered not to be of great importance.

x-rays as a cause of childhood cancer, which she worked on from 1953 until 1956. Her results were initially regarded as unsound. Her findings on fetal damage caused by x-rays of pregnant women were eventually accepted worldwide and the use of medical x-rays during pregnancy and early childhood was curtailed as a result (although it took around two and a half decades).[5]
Stewart retired in 1974.

Her most famous investigation came after her formal retirement, while an honorary member of the department of social medicine at the University of Birmingham.[4] Working with Professor Thomas Mancuso of the University of Pittsburgh she examined the sickness records of employees in the Hanford plutonium production plant, Washington state, and found a far higher incidence of radiation-induced ill health than was noted in official studies.[6] Sir Richard Doll, the epidemiologist respected for his work on smoking-related illnesses, attributed her anomalous findings to a "questionable" statistical analysis supplied by her assistant, George Kneale (who was aware of, but may have miscalculated, the unintentional "over-reporting" of cancer diagnoses in communities near to the works). Stewart herself acknowledged that her results were outside the range considered statistically significant.[7][8] Today, however, her account is valued as a response to the perceived bias in reports produced by the nuclear industry.[4][9]

In 1986, she was added to the roll of honour of the

Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.[11] In 1997 Stewart was invited to become the first Chair of the European Committee on Radiation Risk.[12]

Her biography by Gayle Greene, The Woman Who Knew Too Much, was first published in 1999.[13]

Selected publications

  • Stewart, Alice (1948). "Pneumoconiosis of Coal-Miners: A Study of the Disease after Exposure to Dust Has Ceased". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 5 (3): 120–140.
    JSTOR 27720706
    .
  • Giles, D.; Hewitt, D.; Stewart, A.; Webb, J. (1 September 1956). "Malignant disease in childhood and diagnostic irradiation in utero". Lancet. 271 (6940): 447.
    PMID 13358242
    .
  • Stewart, A.; Webb, J.; Hewitt, D. (28 June 1958). "A survey of childhood malignancies". British Medical Journal. 1 (5086): 1495–1508.
    PMID 13546604
    .
  • Mancuso, T. F.; Stewart, A.; Kneale, G. (November 1977). "Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes". Health Physics. 33 (5): 369–385.
    PMID 591314
    .

References

  1. ^ Carmel McCoubrey (4 July 2002). "Alice Stewart, 95; Linked X-Rays to Diseases". The New York Times. p. B 6. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  2. ^ "Alice Stewart". The Right Livelihood Award. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0472053568
    .
  4. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76998. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  5. ^ Stewart, Alice M; J.W. Webb; B.D. Giles; D. Hewitt, 1956. "Preliminary Communication: Malignant Disease in Childhood and Diagnostic Irradiation In-Utero," Lancet, 1956, 2: 447.
  6. PMID 591314
    .
  7. S2CID 35987772
    . [our] approach requires either much larger doses than were encountered in the Hanford study or a much larger data base
  8. ^ Martin, John (November 1980). "On cancer and radiation". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 36 (9). Chicago, IL: 59. The 90 percent confidence interval is bounded by the range from 380 to 448 cancer deaths. Thus 442 deaths is not a statistically significant deviation from the average expectation.…Kneale and Stewart do not claim their results to be statistically significant
  9. PMID 7066239
    .
  10. ^ "Alice Stewart". Laureates. Right Livelihood Foundation. 2007. Archived from the original on 17 November 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  11. ^ Vines, Gail (28 July 1995). "A Nuclear Reactionary". Times Higher Education Supplement.
  12. ^ Staff writers (2003). "Background: the ECRR". European Committee on Radiation Risk. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  13. ISSN 0007-0874
    .

Biography

Obituaries
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