Aljamiado
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Aljamiado (Spanish:
According to Anwar G. Chejne, Aljamiado or Aljamía is "a corruption of the Arabic word
History
The systematic writing of Romance-language texts in Arabic scripts appears to have begun in the fifteenth century, and the overwhelming majority of such texts that can be dated belong to the sixteenth century.[5] A key aljamiado text is the compilation Suma de los principales mandamientos y devediamentos de nuestra santa ley y sunna by the mufti of Segovia, of 1462.[6]
In later times,
Aljamiado played a very important role
In 1567,
Alphabet
Letters
Aljamiado | Latin Equivalent | Ladino Equivalent | IPA |
---|---|---|---|
ا | A a Á á |
א | [a] |
ب | B b V v |
ב בﬞ (ב׳) |
[b]~[β] |
ڤ | P p | פ פ |
[p] |
ت | T t | ט | [t] |
ث 2 | T t | תﬞ (ת׳) | [θ] |
ج | J j Ge ge 4 Gi gi |
גﬞ (ג׳) זﬞ (ז׳) |
[d͡ʒ]~[ʒ]5 |
چ | Ch ch | גﬞ (ג׳) |
[t͡ʃ] |
ح 2 | H h | ח | [h]~[ħ] |
خ 2 | J j | חﬞ (ח׳) | [x] |
د 5 | D d | ד | [d] |
ذ 5 | D d | דﬞ (ד׳) | [ð] |
ر | R r | ר | [ɾ] |
رّ 1 | Rr rr | ר | [r] |
ز | Z z X x |
ז | [z] |
س | Ç ç 3 Ce ce Ci ci S s Ss ss X x Z z |
ס | [s] |
ش | X x | ס (ש) זג (סק) |
[ʃ] |
كس | X x | כס כס |
[ks] |
ݢز | X x | גּז גּז |
[gz] |
ص 2 | S s | צ ץ | [s] |
ض 2 | D d | צﬞ ץﬞ (צ׳ ץ׳) |
[d] |
ط 2 | T t | ט | [t] |
ظ 2 | D d | טﬞ (ט׳) | [ð] |
ع 2 | ' | ע | [ʕ] |
ݢ | G g 4 Gu gu (except Ge ge Gi gi) |
ג | [g] |
ڢ (ف) |
F f | פﬞ ף (פ׳) | [f]~[ɸ] |
ڧ 2 (ق) |
Qu qu | ק | [q]~[k] |
ك | Qu qu C c (except Ç ç Ce ce Ci ci) |
ק | [k] |
ل | L l | ל | [l] |
لّ 1 | Ll ll | ליי | [ʎ] |
ن | N n | נ ן | [n] |
ڽ | Ñ ñ | ניי | [ɲ] |
م | M m | מ ם | [m] |
و 6 | Gua gua Güe güe Guo guo Gu gu Hu hu Qua qua Que que Quo quo |
-ו | [w] |
ۏ | V v | ו | [v] |
ــُـ | U u Ú ú |
בֻ | [u] |
ۆ | O o Ó ó |
חֳ | [o] |
هـ ه | H h | א / ה | [-] |
ي 7 | Y y | י / יי / -י | [j] |
ـِـي | I i Í í Y y |
בִ | [i] |
ى | E e É é |
חֱ | [e] |
Notes:
- It is not an independent letter, but a special "dongara" consisting of a letter and a consonant (in other words, the repetition of a letter) to indicate a specific sound.
- These letters are only used in writing Arabic loanwords. The Ladino equivalents for these letters are in accordance with the Judeo-Arabic orthographic traditions.
- This letter has a dual pronunciation, depending on the letter after it. For this reason, both in Aljamiado and in Ladino, two different letters are used to represent it.
- In Ladino, the pronunciation of this letter differs from its equivalent in modern Spanish.
- Whenever the letter "D" is at the beginning of the word, or after a nasal consonant ("m" or "n"), or after a lateral consonant ("l"), pronounced as [d] and written with the letter "d". In all other cases, it is pronounced as [ð] and written with the letter "d".[10]
- The letter "waw" does not correspond to any exact letter in the Spanish Latin alphabet. This letter and its sound [w] are pronounced in certain digraphs and trigraphs. Worded differently, there are diphthongs and triphthongs as result of certain vowel sequences, where the sound [w] is pronounced and the letter "waw" is used to write it.
- The letter "y" in the Spanish Latin alphabet is equivalent to "yaʾ" (ي). But this letter is also used to write some consonant sequences, especially consonant sequences that have a sound similar to [j] in their pronunciation.
Diphthongs
Aljamiado | Latin Equivalent |
---|---|
يا | ia |
يى | ie |
يه | io |
وا | ua |
وو | uo |
ىو | eo |
ىا | ea |
ىي | ei |
وى | oe |
اى | ae |
وى | ue |
اي | ai |
ىى | ee |
وي | oi |
ىو | eu |
Other uses
The practice of Jews writing Romance languages such as
The word aljamiado is sometimes used for other non-Semitic language written in Arabic letters:
- Bosnian and Albanian texts written in Arabic script during the Ottoman period have been referred to as aljamiado. However, many linguists prefer to limit the term to Romance languages, instead using Arebica to refer to the use of Arabic script for Slavic languages like Bosnian.
- The word Aljamiado is also used to refer to Greek written in the Arabic/Ottoman alphabet.[12]
Text sample
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[13]
English Translation | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
---|---|
Spanish (Latin) | Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros. |
Aljamiado | تُذُشْ لُشْ شَارَاشْ هُمَنُشْ نَسَانْ لِبرَاشْ ءَا اِغُوَلَاشْ ءَان دِغْنِتَذْ اِ دَارَاجُّشْ، اِ دُتَذُشْ كُمُ ءَاشْتَنْ دَا رَزُنْ اِ كُنْسِيَانسِيَ، دَابَانْ كُمْبُّرتَرْشَا ڢْرَتَارْنَلْمَانْتَا لُشْ اُنُشْ كُنْ لُشْ اُتْرُشْ. |
Ladino | טודﬞוס לוס סיריס אומאנוס נאסין ליבﬞריס אי איגואליס אין דיגנידﬞאדﬞ איי דיריגﬞוס איי, דוטאדﬞוס קומו איסטאן ראזון איי קונסיינסיה, דיבﬞין קומפורטארסי פﬞראטירנאלמינטי לוס אונוסקון לוס אוטרוס. |
See also
- Ajami script – Arabic script used for various African languages
- Arabic Afrikaans – Variant of Arabic script used to write the Afrikaans language
- Arebica – Serbo-Croatian variant of the Arabic script
- Belarusian Arabic alphabet – Arabic-based alphabet for Belarusian
- Elifbaja shqip– Writing system for the Albanian language during the Ottoman Empire
- Jawi (script)– Arabic alphabet used in Southeast Asia
- Judeo-Spanish– Language derived from Medieval Spanish spoken by Sephardic Jews
- Karamanli Turkish – Greek-written Turkish dialect of the Karamanlides
- Kharja – final refrain of a muwashshah
- Mozarabic language– Medieval Romance dialects of Al-Andalus
- Xiaoerjing– Writing system for Chinese in the Perso-Arabic script
References
- ISSN 1988-2955.
- Christian faith.
- ^ Chejne, A.G. (1993): Historia de España musulmana. Editorial Cátedra. Madrid, Spain. Published originally as: Chejne, A.G. (1974): Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, USA
- ^ Frye, Richard Nelson; Zarrinkoub, Abdolhosein (1975). "Section on The Arab Conquest of Iran". Cambridge History of Iran. 4. London: 46.
- ^ L.P. Harvey. "The Moriscos and the Hajj" Bulletin of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, 14.1 (1987:11-24) p. 15.
- ^ "Summa of the principal commandments and prohibitions of our holy law and sunna". (Harvey 1987.)
- ^ Gerard Albert Wiegers, Islamic Literature in Spanish and Aljamiado 1994, p. 226.
- ^ MENÉNDEZ PIDAL, Ramón, Poema de Yuçuf: Materiales para su estudio, Granada, Universidad de Granada, (1952) p. 62-63
- )
- ^ Lawless Spanish » Pronunciation Guides "D" https://www.lawlessspanish.com/pronunciation/d/
- ^ "Unveiling Judeo-Spanish Texts: A Hebrew Aljamiado Workshop".
- ISBN 978-1-4632-3157-6.
- ^ https://news.un.org/es/story/2018/11/1445521
Further reading
- Los Siete Alhaicales y otras plegarias de mudéjares y moriscos by Xavier Casassas Canals published by Almuzara, Sevilla (Spain), 2007. (in Spanish)