Prayagraj

Coordinates: 25°26′09″N 81°50′47″E / 25.43583°N 81.84639°E / 25.43583; 81.84639
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Prayagraj
Prayāgarāja
Allahabad
UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
211001–211018
Telephone code+91-532
Vehicle registrationUP-70
Sex ratio852 /1000
Websiteprayagraj.nic.in

Prayagraj (ISO: Prayāgarāja; /ˈprəˌɡrɑː, ˈprə-/), also known as Allahabad or Illahabad, is a metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[7][8] It is the administrative headquarters of the Prayagraj district, the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India and the Prayagraj division. The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with the Allahabad High Court being the highest judicial body in the state. As of 2011, Prayagraj is the seventh most populous city in the state, thirteenth in Northern India and thirty-sixth in India, with an estimated population of 1.53 million in the city.[9][10] In 2011, it was ranked the world's 40th fastest-growing city.[11][12] The city, in 2016, was also ranked the third most liveable urban agglomeration in the state (after Noida and Lucknow) and sixteenth in the country.[13] Hindi is the most widely spoken language in the city.

Prayagraj lies close to Triveni Sangam, the "three-river confluence" of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati.[1] It plays a central role in Hindu scriptures. The city finds its earliest reference as one of the world's oldest known cities in Hindu texts and has been venerated as the holy city of Prayāga in the ancient Vedas. Prayagraj was also known as Kosambi in the late Vedic period, named by the Kuru rulers of Hastinapur, who developed it as their capital. Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of the Maurya Empire, with occupation continuing until the Gupta Empire. Since then, the city has been a political, cultural and administrative centre of the Doab region.

better source needed] Allahabad became the capital of the North-Western Provinces in 1858 and was the capital of India for a day.[18] The city was the capital of the United Provinces from 1902[18] to 1920[19] and remained at the forefront of national importance during the struggle for Indian independence.[20]

Prayagraj is one of the international tourism destinations, securing the second position in terms of tourist arrivals in the state after Varanasi.[21] Located in southern Uttar Pradesh, the city covers 365 km2 (141 sq mi).[3] Although the city and its surrounding area are governed by several municipalities, a large portion of Prayagraj district is governed by the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation. The city is home to colleges, research institutions and many central and state government offices, including High court of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj has hosted cultural and sporting events, including the Prayag Kumbh Mela and the Indira Marathon. Although the city's economy was built on tourism, most of its income now derives from real estate and financial services.[22]

Etymology

The location at the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers has been known in ancient times as Prayāga, which means "place of a sacrifice" in Sanskrit (pra-, "fore-" + yāj-, "to sacrifice").[23] It was believed that god Brahma performed the very first sacrifice (yāga, yajna) in this place.[24][25]

The word prayāga has been traditionally used to mean "a confluence of rivers". For Allahabad, it denoted the physical meeting point of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna in the city. An ancient tradition has it that a third river, invisible Sarasvati, also meets there with the two. Today, Triveni Sangam (or simply Sangam) is a more frequently used name for the confluence.

Prayagraj (Sanskrit: Prayāgarāja), meaning "the king among the five prayāgas", is used as a term of respect to indicate that this confluence is the most splendid one of the five sacred confluencies in India.[26]

It is said that the

Akshayavat tree. The name, however, predates him, with Ilahabas and Ilahabad mentioned on coins minted in the city since Akbar's rule, the latter name became predominant after the emperor's death. It has also been thought to not have been named after Allah but ilaha (the gods). Shaligram Shrivastav claimed in Prayag Pradip that the name was deliberately given by Akbar to be construed as both Hindu ("ilaha") and Muslim ("Allah").[15]

Over the years, a number of attempts were made by the

Babri Masjid demolition. 2001 saw another attempt led by the government of Rajnath Singh which remained unfulfilled.[28] The rename finally succeeded in October 2018 when the Yogi Adityanath-led government officially changed the name of the city to Prayagraj.[29][30]

History

Antiquity

The earliest mention of Prayāga and the associated pilgrimage is found in

Majjhima Nikaya (c. 500 BCE), wherein the Buddha states that bathing in Payaga (Skt: Prayaga) cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds, rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action.[32] The Mahabharata (c. 400 BCE–300 CE) mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of prāyaścitta (atonement, penance) for past mistakes and guilt.[33] In Tirthayatra Parva, before the great war, the epic states "the one who observes firm [ethical] vows, having bathed at Prayaga during Magha, O best of the Bharatas, becomes spotless and reaches heaven."[34] In Anushasana parva, after the war, the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as "geographical tirtha" that must be combined with manasa-tirtha (tirtha of the heart) whereby one lives by values such as truth, charity, self-control, patience and others.[35]

Prayāga is mentioned in the Agni Purana and other Puranas with various legends, including being one of the places where Brahma attended a yajna (homa), and the confluence of river Ganges, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati site as the king of pilgrimage sites (Tirtha Raj).[36] Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the Prayaga Mahatmya, dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These Purana-genre Sanskrit texts describe Prayag as a place "bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (sangam).[37][38] Prayaga is also mentioned in the Hindu epic Ramayana, a place with the legendary Ashram of sage Bharadwaj.[39]

Archaeology and inscriptions

The Ashoka pillar at Prayagraj contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE, Birbal of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the "Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj".[31][40]

Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing Allahabad Pillar – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city.[41][42] Excavations have revealed Northern Black Polished Ware dating to 600–700 BCE.[36] According to Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti, "... there is nothing to suggest that modern Prayag (i e. modern Allahabad) was an ancient city. Yet it is inconceivable that one of the holiest places of Hinduism, Prayag or the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna should be without a major ancient city." Chakrabarti suggests that the city of Jhusi, opposite the confluence, must have been the "ancient settlement of Prayag".[43] Archaeological surveys since the 1950s has revealed the presence of human settlements near the sangam since c. 800 BCE.[41][42]

Along with Ashoka's Brahmi script inscription from the 3rd century BCE, the pillar has a Samudragupta inscription, as well as a Magha Mela inscription of Birbal of Akbar's era. It states,

In the Samvat year 1632, Saka 1493, in Magha, the 5th of the waning moon, on Monday, Gangadas's son Maharaja Birbal made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag. Saphal scripsit.
– Translated by Alexander Cunningham (1879)[44]

These dates correspond to about 1575 CE, and confirm the importance and the name Prayag.[44][45] According to Cunningham, this pillar was brought to Allahabad from Kaushambi by a Muslim Sultan, and that in some later century before Akbar, the old city of Prayag had been deserted.[46] Other scholars, such as Krishnaswamy and Ghosh disagree.[45] In a paper published in 1935, they state that the pillar was always at its current location based on the inscription dates on the pillar, lack of textual evidence for the move in records left by Muslim historians and the difficulty in moving the massive pillar.[47] Further, like Cunningham, they noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time. Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1575 CE, and most of these refer to the month Magha. According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, these dates are likely related to the Magh Mela pilgrimage at Prayag, as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts.[48]

In papers published about 1979, John Irwin – a scholar of Indian Art History and Archaeology, concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna.[41][42] According to Irwin, an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham, also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, reveals that these included years and months, and the latter "always turns out to be Magha, which also gives it name to the Magh Mela", the Prayaga bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus.[42] He further stated that the pillar origins were undoubtedly pre-Ashokan based on the new evidence from the archaeological and geological surveys of the triveni site (Prayaga), the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence, taken together.[41][42] Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s, states Irwin, have revealed that the rivers – particularly Ganges – had a different course in distant past than now. The original path of river Ganges at the Prayaga confluence had settlements dating from the 8th century BCE onwards.[42] According to Karel Werner – an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism, the Irwin papers "showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi", but had been at Prayaga from pre-Buddhist times.[49]

Early medieval period

The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) in Fascicle V of Dà Táng Xīyù Jì (Great Tang Records on the Western Regions) explicitly mentions Prayaga as both a country and a "great city" where the Yamuna river meets Ganges river. He states that the great city has hundreds of "deva temples" and to the south of the city are two Buddhist institutions (a stupa built by Ashoka and a monastery). His 644 CE memoir also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers, where people fast near it and then bathe believing that this washes away their sins. Wealthy people and kings come to this "great city" to give away alms at the Grand Place of Almsgiving. According to Xuanzang's travelogue, the confluence is to the east of this "great city" and the site where alms are distributed every day.[50][51] Kama MacLean – an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English-language media,[52] states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, that Prayag was also an important site in 7th-century India of a Buddhist festival. She states that Xuanzang festivities at Prayag featured a Buddha statue and involved alms giving, consistent with Buddhist practices.[53] According to Li Rongxi – a scholar credited with a recent and complete translation of a critical version of the Dà Táng Xīyù Jì, Xuanzang mentions that the site of the alms-giving is a deva temple, and the alms-giving practice is recommended by the "records at this temple". Rongxi adds that the population of Prayaga was predominantly heretics (non-Buddhists, Hindus), and affirms that Prayaga attracted festivities of deva-worshipping heretics and also the orthodox Buddhists.[50]

Xuanzang also describes a ritual-suicide practice at Prayaga, then concludes it is absurd. He mentions a tree with "evil spirits" that stands before another deva temple. People commit suicide by jumping from it in the belief that they will go to heaven.

Akshayavat tree. It still existed at the time of Al-Biruni who calls it as "Prayaga", located at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna.[54]

The historic literature of Hinduism and Buddhism before the Mughal emperor

Mughal Emperor Akbar is unclear.[55] In contrast to the account of Xuanzang, the Muslim historians place the tree at the confluence of the rivers. The historian Dr. D. B. Dubey states that it appears that between this period, the sandy plain was washed away by the Ganges, to an extent that the temple and tree seen by the Chinese traveller too was washed away, with the river later changing its course to the east and the confluence shifting to the place where Akbar laid the foundations of his fort.[56]

'Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni and Nizamuddin Ahmad mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an Imperial City there which he called Ilahabas.[14]

Mughal rule

Yamuna River

Abul Fazal in his Ain-i-Akbari states, "For a long time his (Akbar's) desire was to found a great city in the town of Piyag (Allahabad) where the rivers Ganges and Jamuna join... On 13th November 1583 (1st Azar 991 H.) he (Akbar) reached the wished spot and laid the foundations of the city and planned four forts." Abul Fazal adds, "Ilahabad anciently called Prayag was distinguished by His Imperial Majesty [Akbar] by the former name".[57] The role of Akbar in founding the Ilahabad – later called Allahabad – fort and city is mentioned by ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni as well.[58]

Nizamuddin Ahmad gives two different dates for Allahabad's foundation, in different sections of Tabaqat-i-Akbari. He states that Akbar laid the foundation of the city at a place of the confluence of Ganges and Jumna which was a very sacred site of Hindus, then gives 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding, and that it was named Ilahabas.[58]

Tomb of Nithar Begum (daughter of Mughal Emperor Jahangir) at Khusro Bagh

Akbar was impressed by its strategic location for a fort.[27] According to William Pinch, Akbar's motive may have been twofold. One, the armed fort secured the control of fertile Doab region. Second, it greatly increased his visibility and power to the non-Muslims who gathered here for pilgrimage from distant places and who constituted the majority of his subjects.[59] Later, he declared Ilahabas as a capital of one of the twelve divisions (subahs).[60] According to Richard Burn, the suffix "–bas" was deemed to "savouring too much of Hinduism" and therefore the name was changed to Ilahabad by Shah Jahan.[57] This evolved into the two variant colonial-era spellings of Ilahabad (Hindi: इलाहाबाद) and Allahabad.[57][61] According to Maclean, these variant spellings have a political basis, as "Ilaha–" means "the gods" for Hindus, while Allah is the term for God to Muslims.[61]

After

Friday prayers and his name minted on coins in Allahabad. After reconciliation with Akbar, Salim returned to Allahabad, where he stayed before returning in 1604.[63] After capturing Jaunpur in 1624, Shah Jahan ordered the siege of Allahabad. The siege was however, lifted after Parviz and Mahabat Khan came to assist the garrison.[64] During the Mughal war of succession, the commandant of the fort who had joined Shah Shuja made an agreement with Aurangzeb's officers and surrendered it to Khan Dauran on 12 January 1659.[65]

Nawabs of Awadh

The fort was coveted by the

in his name. The territories of Allahabad and Kora were given to the emperor after the treaty was signed in 1765.

Shah Alam spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the takeover of Delhi by the Marathas, left for his capital in 1771 under their protection.[67] He was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi. Upon realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general Najaf Khan to drive them out. Tukoji Rao Holkar and Visaji Krushna Biniwale in return attacked Delhi and defeated his forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial sanad for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.[68] In August and September 1773, Warren Hastings met Shuja and concluded a treaty, under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees.[69]

Gorakhpur and the Doab in 1801.[71]

British rule

Mahatma Gandhi at a January 1940 Congress Working Committee meeting with Vallabhbhai Patel and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit at Anand Bhavan in Allahabad

Acquired in 1801, Allahabad, aside from its importance as a pilgrimage centre, was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the Grand Trunk Road. It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the company. Initial revenue settlements began in 1803.[72] Allahabad was a participant in the 1857 Indian Mutiny,[73] when Maulvi Liaquat Ali unfurled the banner of revolt.[74] During the rebellion, Allahabad, with a number of European troops,[75] was the scene of a massacre.[16]

Allahabad University, established in 1887, is one of the oldest modern universities in the Indian subcontinent
.

After the mutiny, the British established a high court, a police headquarters and a public-service commission in Allahabad,

United Provinces,[81] with Allahabad its capital until 1920.[19]

The 1888 session of the

Muslim state for the Muslim-majority regions of India.[88]

Post-independence

Allahabad is known as the City of Prime Ministers because seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad (

Allahabad University or were elected from an Allahabad constituency.[2]

Geography

Cityscape

Prayagraj's elevation is over 90 m (295 ft) above sea level. The old part of the city, at the south of Prayagraj Junction railway station, consists of neighbourhoods like Chowk,

Chandrashekhar Azad Park etc.[93] The city experiences one of the highest levels of air pollution worldwide, with the 2016 update of the World Health Organization's Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database finding Prayagraj to have the third highest mean concentration of "PM2.5" (<2.5 μm diameter) particulate matter in the ambient air among all the 2972 cities tested (after Zabol and Gwalior).[94]

Triveni Sangam and Ghats

Pilgrims at the Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers in Prayagraj.

The Triveni Sangam (place where three rivers meet) is the meeting place of Ganges, the Yamuna and mythical Saraswati River, which according to Hindu legends, wells up from underground.[95][96] A place of religious importance and the site for historic Prayag Kumbh Mela held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi in 1948.[95]

The main ghat in Prayagraj is Saraswati Ghat, on the banks of Yamuna. Stairs from three sides descend to the green water of the Yamuna. Above it is a park which is always covered with green grass. There are also facilities for boating here. There are also routes to reach Triveni Sangam by boat from here.[97][98] Apart from this, there are more than 100 raw ghats in Prayagraj.

Topography

Large waterway, with small boats in the foreground and a long bridge in the background
The Yamuna in Prayagraj during the rainy season

Prayagraj is in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh, at the confluence of the

Baghelkhand, to the north and northeast is Awadh and to the west is the lower doab (of which Prayagraj is part).[99] The city is divided by a railway line running east–west.[102] South of the railway is the Old Chowk area, and the British-built Civil Lines is north of it. Prayagraj is well placed geographically and culturally.[103] Geographically part of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab (at the mouth of the Yamuna), culturally it is the terminus of the Indian west.[104]
The Indian Standard Time longitude (25.15°N 82.58°E) is near the city. According to a United Nations Development Programme report, Prayagraj is in a "low damage risk" wind and cyclone zone.[105] In common with the rest of the doab, its soil and water are primarily alluvial.[106] Pratapgarh is north of the city, Bhadohi is east, Rewa is south, Chitrakoot (earlier Banda) is west, and Kaushambi, which was until recently a part of Allahabad (Prayagraj), is North-West.

Climate

Prayagraj has a humid subtropical climate common to cities in the plains of North India, designated Cwa in the Köppen climate classification.[107] The annual mean temperature is 26.1 °C (79.0 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 18–29 °C (64–84 °F).[108] Prayagraj has three seasons: a hot, dry summer, a cool, dry winter and a hot, humid monsoon. Summer lasts from March to September with daily highs reaching up to 48 °C in the dry summer (from March to May) and up to 40 °C in the hot and extremely humid monsoon season (from June to September).[108] The monsoon begins in June, and lasts until August; high humidity levels prevail well into September. Winter runs from December to February,[109] with temperatures rarely dropping to the freezing point. The daily average maximum temperature is about 22 °C (72 °F) and the minimum about 9 °C (48 °F).[110] Prayagraj never receives snow,[111] but, experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires, coal fires, and open burning of rubbish—resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays.[109] Its highest recorded temperature is 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) on 9 June 2019, and its lowest is −0.7 °C (31 °F) on 26 December 1961.[108][112]

Rain from the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea branches of the

sunlight in May.[112]

Climate data for Prayagraj 1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.8
(91.0)
36.3
(97.3)
42.5
(108.5)
45.8
(114.4)
48.6
(119.5)
48.9
(120.0)
45.6
(114.1)
42.7
(108.9)
39.6
(103.3)
40.6
(105.1)
36.0
(96.8)
31.9
(89.4)
48.9
(120.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0)
27.1
(80.8)
33.7
(92.7)
39.5
(103.1)
41.2
(106.2)
39.2
(102.6)
34.3
(93.7)
33.2
(91.8)
33.1
(91.6)
33.0
(91.4)
29.7
(85.5)
25.0
(77.0)
32.6
(90.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6)
12.3
(54.1)
17.1
(62.8)
22.6
(72.7)
26.5
(79.7)
27.9
(82.2)
26.7
(80.1)
26.3
(79.3)
25.2
(77.4)
20.9
(69.6)
14.8
(58.6)
10.5
(50.9)
20.0
(68.0)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
1.1
(34.0)
7.2
(45.0)
12.7
(54.9)
17.2
(63.0)
18.7
(65.7)
18.8
(65.8)
21.1
(70.0)
18.3
(64.9)
11.7
(53.1)
5.6
(42.1)
−0.7
(30.7)
−0.7
(30.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.0
(0.67)
17.6
(0.69)
8.8
(0.35)
7.0
(0.28)
13.9
(0.55)
113.5
(4.47)
268.0
(10.55)
238.5
(9.39)
184.9
(7.28)
34.7
(1.37)
4.6
(0.18)
6.8
(0.27)
915.3
(36.04)
Average rainy days 1.6 1.5 1.0 0.7 1.2 5.5 12.0 11.8 8.4 1.5 0.4 0.5 46.1
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
62 49 32 22 28 46 71 75 74 62 58 63 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours 224.9 244.2 263.2 274.1 292.3 206.4 143.3 180.6 184.3 259.7 256.7 244.0 2,773.7
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[115][116][117]
Source 2:
NOAA (sun 1971–1990)[118]

Biodiversity

Peacock displaying its tail feathers
A typical Indian peacock, found in Prayagraj on a large scale

The Ganga-Jamuna Doab, of which Prayagraj is a part, is on the western

mammals led to the extinction of bird species, including large birds such as eagles.[121] The Allahabad Museum, one of four national museums in India, is documenting the flora and fauna of the Ganges and the Yamuna.[122]
To protect the rich aquatic biodiversity of river Ganges from escalating anthropogenic pressures, development of a Turtle sanctuary in Prayagraj along with a River Biodiversity Park at Sangam have been approved under Namami Gange programme.

The most common birds found in the city are

sangam and nearby wetlands.[124]

Demographics

Population growth of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation
YearPop.±%
182020,000—    
1865105,900+429.5%
1871143,700+35.7%
1881148,500+3.3%
1891175,200+18.0%
1901172,032−1.8%
1911171,697−0.2%
1921157,220−8.4%
1931173,895+10.6%
1941246,226+41.6%
1951312,259+26.8%
1961411,955+31.9%
1971490,622+19.1%
1981616,051+25.6%
1991792,858+28.7%
2001975,393+23.0%
20111,112,544+14.1%
20201,536,218+38.1%
Sources:[125][126][3]
Religion in Prayagraj City (2011)[127]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
76.03%
Islam
21.94%
Christianity
0.68%
Sikhism
0.28%
Others
1.07%
Others include Buddhism, Jainism, other religions and no particular religion (0.63%)

The 2011 census reported a population of 1,112,544 in the 82 km2 (32 sq mi) area governed by Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, corresponding to a density of 13,600/km2 (35,000/sq mi).[126][128] In January 2020, the boundaries of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation were expanded to 365 km2 (141 sq mi); according to the 2011 census, 1,536,218 people lived within those boundaries; this corresponds to a population density of 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi).[3]

Natives of Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Prayagraj's population. With regards to Houseless Census in Prayagraj, total 5,672 families live on footpaths or without any roof cover, this is approximately 0.38% of the total population of Prayagraj district. The sex ratio of Prayagraj is 901 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 893 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.[129]

Hindi, the official state language, is the dominant language in Prayagraj. Urdu and other languages are spoken by a sizeable minority. Hindus form the majority of Prayagraj's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census,

Buddhism
by 0.28%. Around 0.02% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.90% stated 'No Particular Religion'.

Prayagraj's

National Crime Records Bureau.[132]

Administration and politics

General administration

Prayagraj division, comprising four districts, is headed by the

divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Ashish Kumar Goel.[137][138][139][140]

Large building behind landscaped grounds
The Allahabad High Court is India's fourth-oldest high court

Prayagraj district administration is headed by the

sub-divisional magistrate.[139]

Police administration

City comes under the Prayagraj Police Zone and Prayagraj Police Range, Prayagraj Zone is headed by an

Provincial Police Service.[144] Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.[144]

Infrastructure and civic administration

The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Prayagraj Development Authority (PDA), which comes under the

ex-officio chairperson of PDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority.[145] The current chairperson of PDA is Bhanu Chandra Goswami.[146]

The Prayagraj Nagar Nigam, also called

1931 Indian census, when it was started to be counted as a separate census town. The Municipal Board became Municipal Corporation in 1959.[149] Allahabad Cantonment has a cantonment board. The city of Prayagraj is currently divided into 80 wards,[150] with one member (or corporator) elected from each ward to form the municipal committee. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but, the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government-appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority. The current mayor of Prayagraj is Abhilasha Gupta, whereas the current municipal commissioner is Avinash Singh.[151][152]

Prayagraj was declared to have metropolitan status in October 2006.

2011 Indian census and other official documents as Allhabad Urban Agglomeration. It consists of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, three census towns (the cantonment, Arail Uparhar, and Chak Babura Alimabad), and 17 Outer Growth (OG) areas listed in the table below.[126]

Population of Allahabad Urban Agglomeration and its Parts According to Census Data for 1901–2011.[126]
Name 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Prayagraj Urban Agglomeration 172,032 171,697 157,220 183,914 260,630 332,295 430,730 513,036 650,070 844,546 1,042,229 1,212,395
Prayagraj Municipal Corporation 172,032 171,697 157,220 173,895 246,226 312,259 411,955 490,622 616,051 792,858 975,393 1,112,544
Allahabad Cantonment
(included in Allahabad in the 1901–1921 figures)
12,487 11,996 11,615 10,019 14,404 20,036 17,529 20,591 30,442 38,060 24,137 26,944
Arail Uparhar 12,190
Chak Babura Alimabad 4,876
Total of Allahabad Outer Growth (OG) areas listed below: 1,246 1,823 3,577 13,628 42,699 55,841
Subedarganj Railway Colony (OG) 1,246 1,823 3,577 3,606 872 1,568
Triveni Nagar (N.E.C.S.W.) (OG) 4,125 1,732 3,515
T.S.L. Factory (OG) 466 317 753
Mukta Vihar (OG) 461 509 534
Bharat Pump and Compressor Factory (OG) 631 628 648
A.D.A. Colony (OG) 1,155 12,539 22,774
Doorbani Nagar (OG) 2,312 783 543
ITI Factory and Res. Colony (OG) 872 3,764 221
Shiv Nagar (OG) 990 1,449
Gurunanak Nagar (OG) 867 947
Gandhi Nagar, Manas Nagar, Industrial Labour Colony (OG) 5,319 6,313
Gangotri Nagar (OG) 1,641 6,749
Mahewa West (OG) 7,161 2,136
Begum Bazar (OG) 514 841
Bhagal Purwa (OG) 680 988
Kodra (OG) 690 587
IOC Colony, Deoghat, ADA Colony and Jhalwagaon (OG) 3,693 5,275

Politics

Prayagraj is the seat of

Phulpur and elects 12 members of the legislative assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.[154]

Central government offices/organisations

Prayagraj houses various central government offices and organisations, such as-

Ministry of Home Affairs

Ministry of Minority Affairs

  • Special officer for Linguistic Minorities (Regional Headquarters).

Ministry of Defence (India)

Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)

  • Civil Aviation Training College.

Ministry of Railways (India)

Ministry of Finance (India)

  • Headquarters of Accountants General, Uttar Pradesh.

Ministry of Human Resource Development

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Ministry of Science and Technology (India)

Economy

Overall Prayagraj has a stable and diverse economy comprising various sectors such as State and Central government offices, education and research institutions, real estate, retail, banking, tourism and hospitality, agriculture-based industries, railways, transport and logistics, miscellaneous service sectors, and manufacturing. Average household income of the city is US$2,299.[155]

The construction sector is a major part of Prayagraj's economy.[156] Secondary manufacturers and services may be registered or unregistered;[157] according to the third All India Census for Small Scale Industries, there are more than 10,000 unregistered small-scale industries in the city.[158][159] An integrated industrial township has been proposed for 1,200 acres (490 ha) in Prayagraj by the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India.[160]

The city is also home to glass and

HCL Technologies, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), Vibgyor Laboratories, Geep Industries, Hindustan Cable, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Baidyanath Ayurved, Hindustan Laboratories.[164][165][166]

The primary economic sectors of the district are tourism, fishing and agriculture, and the city is a hub for India's agricultural industry.[167][168] In the case of agriculture crops, paddy has the largest share followed by bajra, arhar, urd and moong, in declining order during the Kharif season. In Rabi, wheat is predominant followed by pulses and oilseed. Among oilseed crops, mustard has very little area under pure farming and is grown mainly as a mixed crop. Linseed dominates the oilseed production of the district and is mainly grown in Jamunapar area. In the case of pulses, gram has the largest area followed by pea and lentil (masoor). There is fairly good acreage under barley.[169]

Transportation and utilities

New Yamuna Bridge
in Prayagraj

Air

The main international and domestic airport serving Prayagraj is Prayagraj Airport (IATA: IXD, ICAO: VEAB), which began operations in February 1966. The airport is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the city centre and lies in Bamrauli, Prayagraj. As of now, Prayagraj is connected to eleven cities by flight, where Air India's regional arm Alliance Air connects Prayagraj to Delhi and Bilaspur, while IndiGo connects it to Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Raipur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar and Gorakhpur.[170][171] The nearest international airports are in Varanasi and Lucknow.[172]

The world's first airmail flight took place from Allahabad (Prayagraj) to Naini in February 1911, when 6,000 cards and letters where flown by French pilot Henri Pequet.[173]

Railways

North Central Railway Zone.[174]

Prayagraj has following nine railway stations in its city limits :[175]

Station Name Station Code Railway Zone Number of Platforms
Prayagraj Junction PRYJ, formerly ALD North Central Railway 10
Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station PCOI, formerly ACOI North Central Railway 3
Naini Railway Station NYN North Central Railway 4
Subedarganj railway station SFG North Central Railway 3
Prayag Junction railway station PRG Northern Railway 3
Prayagraj Sangam Railway Station PYG Northern Railway 5
Phaphamau Railway Station PFM Northern Railway 3
Prayagraj Rambagh railway station PRRB, formerly ALY North Eastern Railway 5
Jhusi Railway Station JI North Eastern Railway 3

The city is connected to most other Uttar Pradesh cities and major Indian cities such as Kolkata, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Patna, Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Bangalore, Guwahati, Thiruvananthapuram, Pune, Bhopal, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jaipur.[176]

Roads

Buses operated by

e-rickshaws.[178][179]

There are several important National Highways that pass through Prayagraj:[180]

NH (acc. new numbering system) NH (acc. old numbering system) Route Total Length
NH 19 NH 2
Mathura » Agra » Kanpur » Prayagraj » Varanasi » Mohania » Barhi » Palsit » Dankuni (near Kolkata
)
2542
NH 30 NH 24B & NH 27
Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh
2022
NH 35 NH 76 & NH 76 Extension Mahoba » Banda » Chitrakoot » Prayagraj » Mirzapur » Varanasi 346
NH 330 NH 96 Prayagraj » Pratapgarh » Sultanpur » Faizabad » Gonda » Balrampur 263

National Waterway 1, the longest Waterway in India, connects Prayagraj and Haldia.[185]

The city generates 5,34,760 kg of domestic solid wastes daily, while the per capita generation of waste is 0.40 kg per day. The sewer service areas are divided into nine zones in the city.

CCTVs at major crossings and markets.[189]

Human resources

Public health

MLN Medical College
, the Government Medical College in Prayagraj
Kamla Nehru Hospital

Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Uttar Pradesh oversees the healthcare system of Prayagraj. Its healthcare system comprises hospitals, medical facilities, private clinics and diagnostic centers. These facilities are either privately owned or owned and facilitated by the government. Prayagraj has a total of twenty four hospitals run by the administration.[190] Founded in memory of Pandit Motilal Nehru in 1961, Motilal Nehru Medical College (MLN Medical College and associated hospitals) is a government medical college in Prayagraj, with Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital, Sarojini Naidu Children's Hospital and Manohar Das Eye Hospital serving under its affiliation.[191] Some of the known multispecialty hospitals in and around Prayagraj are Alka Hospital, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital,[192] Amardeep Hospital, Asha Hospital, Ashutosh Hospital and Trauma Centre, Bhola Hospital, Dwarka Hospital, D R S Hospital, Jain Hospital, Parvati Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Phoenix Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Priya Hospital, Sangam Multispeciality Hospital, Vatsalya Hospital, Yashlok Hospital and Research Centre, etc.[193]

Prayagraj healthcare also comprises many medical research institutes. The city also has diagnostic labs, clinics, consultation providers and pathological institutes like Kriti Scanning Centre,[194] Prayag Scan & Diagnostic Centre, and Sprint Medical.[195][196][197][198]

Projects

IBM selected Prayagraj among 16 other global cities for its smart cities programme to help it address challenges like waste management, disaster management, water management and citizen services.[199][200] The company commenced working on solid waste management and power sector in generating renewable energy.[201]

A

district magistrate and collector, the vice-chairperson of Prayagraj Development Authority and the mayor in addition to the Additional Secretary (Urban Development) in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and representatives of the Ministry of External Affairs and the USTDA.[206][207] The project is being assisted by the U.S.-India Business Council.[208]

As a part of Smart City Project, Civil Lines is being developed on the lines of Lucknow's Hazratganj. A sum of ₹20 crore (US$3,024,000) has been sanctioned to beautify all prominent crossings of the city. As per the plan, the administration proposed uniformity in signage and colour of buildings and a parking lot to be set up to solve traffic congestion.[209] A 1.35 km long riverfront along Yamuna river would be developed by the Prayagraj Development Authority, irrigation and power departments at a cost of ₹147.36 crore. The riverfront would be developed in two phases. In the first phase, around 650 metres at Arail would be developed along with the Yamuna, while in the second phase 700 metres of the stretch between New Yamuna Bridge and Boat Club in Kydganj would be taken up.[210]

Education

Palm-tree-lined walkway to two-story building
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj, a public engineering and management school

The Prayagraj educational system is distinct from Uttar Pradesh's other cities, with an emphasis on broad education.

10+2+3 plan. After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in higher secondary schools affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education, the ICSE or the CBSE.[214] and focus on liberal arts, business or science. Vocational programs are also available.[215]

Prayagraj attracts students from throughout India. As of 2017, the city has one

Culture

Although Hindu women have traditionally worn

chooridar on festive occasions.[220] Diwali, Holi, Kumbh Mela, Eid al-Fitr and Vijayadasami are the most popular festivals in Prayagraj.[221]

Literature

Ornate blue-and-white building, with plaque on a rock in the foreground
Anand Bhavan, owned by Indian political leader Motilal Nehru
Large group of people and vehicles crossing a pontoon bridge
A procession of pilgrims cross the Ganges during the 2001 Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj

Prayagraj has a literary and artistic heritage; the former capital of the United Provinces, it was known as Prayag in the

Asians, visiting the city was 98,167 in 2010 which subsequently increased to 1,07,141 in 2014.[227] The city has a tradition of political graffiti which includes limericks and caricatures.[83] In 1900, Saraswati, the first Hindi-language monthly magazine in India, was started by Chintamani Ghosh. Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, the doyen of modern Hindi literature, remained its editors from 1903 to 1920.[228] The Anand Bhavan, built during the 1930s as a new home for the Nehru family when the Swaraj Bhavan became the local Indian National Congress headquarters, has memorabilia from the Gandhi-Nehru family.[229]

During the 19th and 20th centuries,

Entertainment and recreation

Prayagraj is noted for historic, cultural and religious tourism. Historic sites include

Thornhill Mayne Memorials, Minto Park, Allahabad Fort, the Ashoka Pillar and Khusro Bagh. Religious attractions include the Kumbh Mela, the Triveni Sangam and All Saints Cathedral. The city hosts the Maha Kumbh Mela, the largest religious gathering in the world, every twelve years and the Ardh (half) Kumbh Mela every six years.[238][239] It also hosts a Magh Mela annually on the banks of the Triveni Sangam that typically lasts for one and a half months.[240][241] Cultural attractions include the Allahabad Museum, the Jawahar Planetarium and the University of Allahabad. North Central Zone Culture Centre, under the Ministry of Culture and Prayag Sangeet Samiti are nationally renowned centres of Arts, Dance, Music, local Folk Dance and Music, Plays/Theatre etc. and nurture upcoming artists. The city has also hosted the International Film Festival of Prayag.[242]

Media

Sports

gymnasts for the Commonwealth Games. The Indira Marathon honours the late prime minister Indira Gandhi.[253][254][255]

See also

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Further reading

External links