Allende meteorite
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2010) |
Allende | |
---|---|
GMT) on 1969 February 8 | |
TKW | 2 tonnes |
Strewn field | Yes |
Chondrules of Allende | |
Related media on Wikimedia Commons |
The Allende meteorite is the largest
Carbonaceous chondrites compose about 4 percent of all meteorites observed to fall from space. Prior to 1969, the carbonaceous chondrite class was known from a small number of uncommon meteorites such as Orgueil, which fell in France in 1864. Meteorites similar to Allende were known, but many were small and poorly studied.[3]
Fall
The original stone is believed to have been approximately the size of an automobile traveling towards the Earth at more than 10 miles (16 km) per second. The fall occurred in the early morning hours of February 8, 1969. At 01:05 a huge, brilliant fireball approached from the southwest and lit the sky and ground for hundreds of miles. It exploded and broke up to produce thousands of fusion crusted pieces. This is typical of falls of large stones through the atmosphere and is due to the sudden braking effect of air resistance. The fall took place in northern Mexico, near the village of Pueblito de Allende in the state of Chihuahua. Allende stones became one of the most widely distributed meteorites and provided a large amount of material to study, far more than all of the previously known carbonaceous chondrite falls combined.
Strewnfield
Stones were scattered over a huge area – one of the largest meteorite
Study
Allende is often called "the best-studied meteorite in history." There are several reasons for this: Allende fell in early 1969, just months before the
Allende contains chondrules and CAIs that are estimated to be 4.567 billion years old,
Structure
The meteorite was formed from nebular dust and gas during the early formation of the Solar System. It is a "stony" meteorite, as opposed to an "iron," or "stony iron," the other two general classes of meteorite. Most Allende stones are covered, in part or in whole, by a black, shiny crust created as the stone descended at great speed through the atmosphere as it was falling towards the earth from space, causing the exterior of the stone to become very hot, melting it, and forming a glassy "fusion crust."
When an Allende stone is sawed into two pieces and the surface is polished, the structure in the interior can be examined. This reveals a dark matrix embedded throughout with mm-sized, lighter-colored
Composition
The matrix and the
There was found to be a small amount of carbon (including graphite and diamond), and many organic compounds, including amino acids, some not known on Earth. Iron, mostly combined, makes up about 24% of the meteorite. Unpublished detailed study in 2020 have purportedly identified iron and lithium-containing protein of extraterrestrial origin, hemolithin, first such discovery in meteorite.[9][10]
Subsequent research
Close examination of the chondrules in 1971, by a team from Case Western Reserve University, revealed tiny black markings, up to 10 trillion per square centimeter, which were absent from the matrix and interpreted as evidence of radiation damage. Similar structures have turned up in lunar basalts but not in their terrestrial equivalent which would have been screened from cosmic radiation by the Earth's atmosphere and geomagnetic field. The meteorite was estimated to have been around two tons of solid rock and dust. Thus it appears that the irradiation of the chondrules happened after they had solidified but before the cold accretion of matter that took place during the early stages of formation of the Solar System, when the parent meteorite came together.[11]
A 1977 analysis at
See also
Notes
a. ^ The number of specimens and total weight can never be known with certainty. Clarke et al. (1971) reported that "At least two tons of meteoritic stones have been recovered." Hundreds more have been found since it was published.[13]
References
- ^ Marmet. "The Allende Meteorite (Mexico)". Marmet-Meteorites.
- S2CID 94914236.
- ^ "Learn About the Allende Carbonaceous Chondrite Meteorite". The Meteorite Market.
- ISBN 0-87842-373-7.
- ^ Wasson, J.T. (2006). "Learn About the Allende Carbonaceous Chondrite Meteorite". Encyclopedia of Meterorites. Pierre-Marie Pele. Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
- S2CID 129185779.
- doi:10.1038/ngeo2075.
- ^ Bryner, Jeanna. "1969 Fireball Meteorite Reveals New Ancient Mineral". Live Science. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
- arXiv:2002.11688 [astro-ph.EP].
- ^ Crane, Leah (3 March 2020). "Have we really found an alien protein inside a meteorite?". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- Darling, David. "Allende meteorite". The Internet Encyclopedia of Science. The Worlds of David Darling. Archivedfrom the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
- ^ "Meteorite Gives Clue To Solar System". Indiana Evening Gazette. Associated Press. 1977-11-12. p. 8. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
- hdl:10088/809.
External links
- Allende Meteorite at the Smithsonian Institution Archived 2016-01-21 at the Wayback Machine