Allgemeine SS
Allgemeine SS | |
RKFDV ) |
The Allgemeine SS ([ˌalɡəˈmaɪ̯nə ˈɛs ˈɛs]; "General SS") was a major branch of the Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany; it was managed by the SS Main Office (SS-Hauptamt). The Allgemeine SS was officially established in the autumn of 1934 to distinguish its members from the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS Dispositional Troops or SS-VT), which later became the Waffen-SS, and the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS Death's Head Units or SS-TV), which were in charge of the Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps. SS formations committed many war crimes against civilians and allied servicemen.[1]
Starting in 1939, foreign units of the Allgemeine SS were raised in occupied countries. From 1940 they were consolidated into the Directorate of the
Early years
Adolf Hitler in 1925 ordered Julius Schreck to organise the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando ("Protection Command").[2] Hitler wanted a small group of tough ex-soldiers like Schreck, who would be loyal to him. The unit included old Stoßtrupp members like Emil Maurice and Erhard Heiden.[3][4] The unit made its first public appearance on 4 April 1925. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national level. It was also successively renamed the Sturmstaffel ("Storm Squadron") and then finally the Schutzstaffel ("Protection Squadron"; SS) on 9 November 1925.[5] The SS was subordinated to the SA and thus a subunit of the SA and the NSDAP. It was considered to be an elite organization by both party members and the general population.
The main task of the SS was the personal protection of the Führer of the Nazi Party, Adolf Hitler. In 1925 the SS had only 200 active members and in 1926, it ended the year with the same number.[6][7] There were 280 members in 1928 as the SS continued to struggle under the SA.[8] After Heinrich Himmler took over the SS in January 1929, he worked to separate the SS from the SA.[9] By December 1929, the number of SS members had grown to 1,000.[10] Himmler began to systematically develop and expand the SS with stricter requirements for members as well as a general purge of SS members who were identified as drunkards, criminals, or otherwise undesirable for service in the SS. Himmler's ultimate aim was to turn the SS into the most powerful organization in Germany and most influential branch of the party.[11] By 1930 Himmler had persuaded Hitler to run the SS as a separate organisation, although it was officially still subordinate to the SA.[12]
Formation and service
After the
On 20 April 1934, Göring and Himmler agreed to put aside their differences, largely because of their mutual hatred of the SA. Göring transferred control of the Gestapo to Himmler, who was also named chief of all German police forces outside Prussia. Two days later Himmler named Reinhard Heydrich the head of the Gestapo.[13] The SS was further cemented when both it and the Gestapo participated in the destruction of the SA leadership during the Night of the Long Knives from 30 June to 2 July 1934. They either killed or arrested every major SA leader, above all Ernst Röhm.[14]
Himmler was later named the chief of all German police in June 1936, [15] and the Gestapo was incorporated with the Kripo (Criminal Police) into sub-branches of the SiPo. Heydrich was made head of the SiPo and continued as chief of the SD.[16]
In August 1934, Himmler received permission from Hitler to form a new organisation from the SS Sonderkommandos and the Politischen Bereitschaften, the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT). This was a paramilitary force, which in war was to be subordinate to the Wehrmacht ("Armed Forces"), but remained under Himmler's control in times of peace and under Hitler's personal control regardless. According to this restructure, the SS now housed three different subordinate commands:
- Allgemeine SS,
- SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)[17]
- SS-Wachverbände, known as the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) from 29 March 1936, forward[18][19]
Himmler further conducted additional purges of the SS to exclude those deemed to be opportunists, alcoholics, homosexuals, or of uncertain racial status. This "house cleaning" removed some 60,000 SS members by December 1935. By 1939, the SS had risen again and reached its peak with an estimated 240,000 members.[20]
By the outbreak of World War II in Europe, the SS had solidified into its final form. Correspondingly, the term "SS" could be applied to three separate organizations, mainly the Allgemeine SS, SS-Totenkopfverbände and the Waffen-SS, which until July 1940 was officially known as the SS-VT.[17][21] When the war first began, the vast majority of SS members belonged to the Allgemeine SS, but this statistic changed during the later stages of the war when the Waffen-SS opened up membership for non-Germans.[22][23] Further, with Himmler as Chief of the German Police, the SS also controlled the uniformed Ordnungspolizei (Order Police).[15]
Hierarchy and structure
The term Allgemeine-SS referred to the "General SS," meaning those units of the SS considered "main, regular, or standard." By 1938, the Allgemeine SS was administratively divided into several main sections:
- Full-time officers and members of the main SS departments
- Part-time volunteer members of SS regional units
- SS security forces, e.g., the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo – Gestapo & Kripo) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
- Concentration Camp staffs of the Totenkopfverbände
- Reserve, honorary or otherwise inactive SS members
After World War II began, the lines between the Allgemeine SS and the Waffen-SS became increasingly blurred, due largely to the Allgemeine SS headquarters offices having administrative and supply command over the Waffen-SS. By 1940, all of the Allgemeine SS had been issued grey war-time uniforms. Himmler ordered that the all-black uniforms be turned in for use by others. They were sent east where they were used by auxiliary police units and west to be used by
Full time SS personnel
Approximately one third of the Allgemeine SS were considered "full time" meaning that they received a salary as government employees, were employed full-time in an SS office, and performed SS duties as their primary occupation. The vast majority of such full-time SS personnel were assigned to the main SS offices that were considered part of the Allgemeine SS. By 1942, these main offices managed all activities of the SS and were divided as follows:[24][25]
- Hauptamt Persönlicher Stab Reichsführer-SS (Main Office Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS; HaPerStab)
- SS-Hauptamt (SS Main Office; SS-HA)
- SS-Führungshauptamt(SS Leadership Main Office; SS-FHA)
- Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office; RSHA)
- SS-Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt (SS Main Economic and Administrative Office; SS-WVHA)
- Ordnungspolizei Hauptamt (Order Police Main Office)
- Hauptamt SS-Gericht (SS Court Main Office; HA SS-Gericht)
- SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt (SS Race and Settlement Main Office; RuSHA)
- SS Personalhauptamt|SS-Personalhauptamt (SS Personnel Main Office; SS PHA)
- Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (Coordination Center for Ethnic Germans; VoMi)
- SS-Schulungsamt (SS Education Office)
- Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums; RKFDV (Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood; RKF or RKFDV)
Main office commanders and staff were exempt from military conscription, although many, such as Heydrich, served as reservists in the regular German military. Main office members did join the Waffen-SS, where they could accept a lower rank and serve in active combat or be listed as inactive reservists. By 1944, with Germany's looming defeat, the draft exemption for the Allgemeine SS main offices was lifted and many junior members were ordered into combat with senior members assuming duties as Waffen-SS generals.
SS regional units
The core of the Allgemeine SS was part-time mustering formations spread throughout Germany. Members in these regional units would typically meet once a week in uniform, as well as participate in various Nazi Party functions. Activities including drill and ideological instruction, marching in parades, and providing security at various Nazi party rallies.
Regional SS units were organized into commands known as
Security forces
In 1936, the state security police forces of the Gestapo and Kripo (Criminal Police) were consolidated. The combined forces were folded into the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) and placed under the central command of Reinhard Heydrich, already chief of the party Sicherheitsdienst (SD).[15] Later from 27 September 1939 forward, the SD, Gestapo, and Kripo were folded into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) that was placed under Heydrich's control.[29] As a functioning state agency, the SiPo ceased to exist. The ordinary uniformed German police, known as the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo), were under SS control after 1936 but were never incorporated into the Allgemeine SS; although many police members were also dual SS members.[15]
The death squad units of the Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of Heydrich and operated by the SS before and during World War II.[30] In September 1939, they operated in territories occupied by the German armed forces following the invasion of Poland. Men for the units were drawn from the SS, the SD, and the police.[31] Originally part of the SiPo, in late September 1939 the operational control of the Einsatzgruppen was taken over by the RSHA. When the killing units were re-formed prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the men of the Einsatzgruppen were drawn from the SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo, civilian (SS auxiliary) and Waffen-SS.[32] The Einsatzgruppen units perpetrated atrocities in the occupied Soviet Union, including mass murder of Jews, communists, prisoners of war, and hostages, and played a key role in the Holocaust.[33]
Concentration camp personnel
All Concentration Camp staffs were originally part of the Allgemeine SS under the office of the
As the Nazi regime became more oppressive and World War II escalated, the concentration camp system grew in size, lethal operation, and scope as the economic ambitions of the SS intensified.[35] Intensification of the killing operations took place in late 1941 when the SS began construction of stationary gassing facilities to replace the use of Einsatzgruppen for mass killings.[36][37]
Victims at these new
After 1942, the entire camp service was placed under the authority of the Waffen-SS for a variety of administrative and logistical reasons. The ultimate command authority for the camp system during World War II was the
Other units
By late 1940 the Allgemeine SS controlled the
The Allgemeine SS also consisted of the SS-Frauenkorps (literally, "Women's Corps") which was an auxiliary reporting and clerical unit,[47] which included the SS-Helferinnenkorps (Women Helper Corps), made up of female volunteers. Members were assigned as administrative staff and supply personnel, and served in command positions and as guards at women's concentration camps in places such as Ravensbrück concentration camp.[48][49] Like their male equivalents in the SS, females participated in atrocities against Jews, Poles, and others.[50]
In 1942, Himmler set up the Reichsschule für SS Helferinnen (Reich school for SS helpers) in
Ranks
The
SS members could also hold reserve commissions in the regular military as well as a
, SS-Generals thereby hoped they would be given status as military prisoners rather than captured police officials.Social background of SS-Officers
Social background of SS-Officers in 1938 | |||
Social background | SS-Branch | ||
Social class when entering the SS-Officer Corps | SS-Totenkopfverbände | SS-Verfügungstruppe | Allgemeine SS |
---|---|---|---|
Lower Class [n 1] | 26% | 22% | 27% |
Lower Middle Class [n 2] | 41% | 42% | 43% |
Upper Middle Class [n 3] | 33% | 36% | 31% |
| |||
Source: | [57] |
Total manpower
In 1944, the stated membership estimate for the SS was 800,000. The Waffen-SS had approximately 600,000 of those members in their ranks.
Order of battle
The mustering formations of part-time SS members, considered before 1938 to be the core of the Allgemeine SS, were maintained in their own order of battle, beginning with regiment sized Standarten units and extending upwards to division strength Oberabschnitte commands. Within the Allgemeine SS Standarten there were in turn subordinate battalions of Sturmbann themselves divided into company Sturme.
For most rank and file members of the Allgemeine SS, the Sturm level was the highest which the ordinary SS member would typically associate with. The Sturm itself was further divided into platoon sized Truppen (sometimes known as Zug) which were in turn divided into squad sized Scharen. For larger Allgemeine SS commands, the Scharen would be further divided into Rotte which were the Allgemeine SS equivalent of a
Himmler had grand visions for the SS and authorized SS and Police Bases (SS- und Polizeistützpunkte) to be established in occupied Poland and occupied areas of the Soviet Union. They were to be "armed industrialized agricultural complexes". They would also maintain order in the areas they were established. They did not go beyond the planning stage.[61]
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Stein 2002, pp. 75–76, 276–280.
- ^ Weale 2010, p. 26.
- ^ Weale 2010, pp. 16, 26.
- ^ McNab 2009, pp. 10, 11.
- ^ Weale 2010, pp. 26, 27, 29.
- ^ a b c McNab 2009, p. 16.
- ^ Weale 2012, p. 32.
- ^ Weale 2010, pp. 32, 33.
- ^ Weale 2010, pp. 45–47.
- ^ Weale 2012, p. 49.
- ^ Weale 2010, pp. 45–47, 300–305.
- ^ Evans 2003, pp. 228–229.
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 61.
- ^ Hildebrand 1984, pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b c d Williams 2001, p. 77.
- ^ Longerich 2012, pp. 201, 469, 470.
- ^ a b Stein 1984, p. 23.
- ^ a b Padfield 2001, p. 129.
- ^ Buchheim 1968, p. 258.
- ^ Snyder 1994, p. 330.
- ^ Flaherty 2004, p. 156.
- ^ Koehl 2004, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Höhne 2001, p. 458.
- ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 13–21.
- ^ Stackelberg 2007, p. 302.
- ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 82, 83.
- ^ Yerger 1997, p. 117.
- ^ Yerger 1997, p. 169.
- ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 163.
- ^ Longerich 2012, p. 425.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 144.
- ^ Longerich 2010, p. 185.
- ^ McNab 2009, pp. 113, 122–131.
- ^ Wachsmann 2015, pp. 196–198.
- ^ Wachsmann 2010, pp. 26–27, 196–198.
- ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 208.
- ^ Longerich 2010, pp. 279–280.
- ^ Evans 2008, p. 283.
- ^ Evans 2008, p. 283, 287, 290.
- ^ Evans 2008, pp. 295, 299–300.
- ^ Wachsmann 2010, p. 29.
- ^ Weale 2012, p. 115.
- ^ Longerich 2012, p. 559.
- ^ Reitlinger 1989, p. 265.
- ^ Stein 1984, pp. 258–263.
- ^ McNab 2013, pp. 105–106.
- ^ Lower 2013, p. 108.
- ^ Schwarz 1997, pp. 223–244.
- ^ Lower 2013, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Lower 2013, p. 109.
- ^ Gerhard Rempel, Hitler's Children (University of North Carolina Press: 1989) pp. 224-232.
- ^ Century 2011.
- ^ Rempel 1989, pp. 223–224.
- ^ Mühlenberg 2011, p. 27.
- ^ Miller 2006, p. 306.
- ^ "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 20 day 195". Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
- ^ Ziegler, Herbert F. (1989). "Elite recruitment and National Socialism: the SS-Führerkorps, 1925-1939." Politik und Milieu: Wahl- und Elitenforschung im historischen und interkulturellen Vergleich. Sankt Katharinen, table 1. 2020-01-11
- ^ Stein 1984, p. xxv.
- ^ McNab 2009, pp. 54, 56, 57, 66.
- ^ Stein 1984, p. xxi.
- ^ Ingrao, Charles W.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (2008). The Germans and the East. Purdue University Press, p. 288. [1]
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