Allied leaders of World War II

• Albert Lebrun was the last President of the Third Republic. In 1940, he was forced to accept the German terms of surrender of France and was replaced by Philippe Pétain as head the French state (see Vichy France). In 1944, Lebrun acknowledged de Gaulle's leadership of the restored French, provisional, government. In 1945, since he had not resigned from his presidential office, and that Pétain was not president, Lebrun thought he could be able to return to power after the liberation.^[12]
• Édouard Daladier was prime minister from 1938 to 1940. He led his country during the opening stages of the war. Daladier resigned on 9 May 1940, the day before the German invasion of France, because of his failure to aid Finland's defence in the Winter War.
• Paul Reynaud succeeded Daladier as prime minister in 1940 and led France during the Battle of France. After Germany had occupied large parts of France, Reynaud was advised by his newly appointed Minister of State Philippe Pétain to come to separate peace with Germany. Reynaud refused to do so, and resigned.
• Philippe Pétain was prime minister in 1940.
• Maurice Gamelin commanded the French military during the critical days of May 1940, before being removed from his position after failing to defend France from the Germans.
• Maxime Weygand replaced Gamelin as commander of the French army in May 1940. He eventually favoured an armistice with Germany.

Free French Forces (and later Fighting France and Provisional government of the French Republic)

• Fall of France
  . A vehement opponent of collaboration, he eventually took nominal command of the French resistance and headed the French Army of Liberation from its foundation to the war's end.
• Casablanca Conference
  of 1943. He was the chief of staff of the French Army of Liberation from 1943 to July 1944.
• Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque was a leader of the Free French forces, and commanded forces both in Africa and in France. After the war ended, he commanded the French Far East Expeditionary Corps in the First Indochina War. He signed the armistice with Japan on behalf of France on September 2, 1945.
• Alphonse Juin became chief of staff of the French Army in July 1944 after being the commander of the French Expeditionary Corps (130,000 men) in Italy.
• Marie-Pierre Kœnig became commander in chief of the French Forces of the Interior which effectively helped the Allies in the invasion of France.
• Governor-General of French Equatorial Africa
  until 1944.
• First French Army
  which invaded southern France with 260,000 men. His army numbered more than 320,000 men when he entered in Germany with the integration of the FFI.
• Georges Catroux was the main French military leader in Syria and Lebanon before entering De Gaulle's government.
• André Lemonnier was a French Admiral who served as the French Navy chief of staff in 1943 and led the French Navy's participation in Operation Dragoon (34 warships including one battleship and eight cruisers).

Kingdom of Greece (1940–1945)

• exiled government
  and Greek armed forces serving in the Middle East.
• Italian invasion
  of the country.
• Greek Resistance, during the Axis occupation of Greece
  .
• Georgios Papandreou was the last prime minister of the Greek government-in-exile. He also served as the first Prime Minister of Greece, after its liberation from the Axis powers, during the reestablishment of the exiled free government.
• Battle of Greece. As head of the Army from 1935, he played an active role in the attempts at its reorganization and modernization. When war was declared he was named Commander-in-Chief and led Greek forces against Italy
  along the Albanian border and later against the invading German army. When the Greek government fled to Crete, Papagos remained behind and with other generals. During the years of occupation he established a resistance organization, but he was arrested by the occupation authorities and sent to concentration camps in Germany. In 1945, after the Allied Victory, he was liberated, repatriated and rejoined the Army.
• Georgios Siantos was the main leader of the National Liberation Front (EAM), the country's largest resistance organization.
• National Republican Greek League
  (EDES), the country's second largest resistance organization.
• Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), the country's largest guerrilla force, aligned to the leftist National Liberation Front
  .
• Archbishop Damaskinos served as Regent of Greece between the end of the German occupation in 1944 and the return of King George II to Greece in 1946.

Imperial State of Iran (after Anglo-Soviet Invasion)

Mohammad Reza Shah

• Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the Shah (King) of Iran which came to power after the abdication of his father, Reza Pahlavi. Reza Shah was forced to abdicated power to his son after Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.
• Mohammad-Ali Foroughi was the prime minister of Iran
  during the abdication of Reza Shah. He remained in office and assisted to new Shah. He retired from politics on 9 March 1942.
• Foreign Minister of Iran and then Prime Minister of Iran
  from 9 March to 9 August 1942 and again from 15 February 1943 until his resignation on 6 April 1944.
• Ahmad Qavam was the prime minister of Iran from 9 August 1942 from 15 February 1943. He resolved the Soviet inspired rebellion of the occupied Azerbaijan province. He ordered the Iranian delegation to the UN to negotiate issues pending before the Security Council directly with the Soviet delegation. He then flew to Moscow to discuss the issues personally with Stalin.
• Imperial Army of Iran
  .

Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

Kim Koo

• President of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
  from 1940 until 1947.
• Ryu Dong-yeol was the Chief of Staff of the Korean Liberation Army
• Ji Cheong-cheon was the Supreme Commander of the Korean Liberation Army

Republic of Liberia

• Edwin Barclay was the President of Liberia from 1930 until 1944.
• William Tubman was the President of Liberia from 1944 until 1971.

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

• Grand Duchess Charlotte was head of state of Luxembourg.
• occupied
  .
• Corps des Gendarmes et Volontaires during the German invasion of Luxembourg
  . He was briefly held prisoner.
• Guillaume Konsbruck was a captain who fled Luxembourg following invasion and served as aide-de-camp to Grand Duchess Charlotte during her exile. He was promoted to major and returned to Luxembourg in 1944 and helped establish a new army for the country.

United Mexican States (1942–1945)

• Manuel Ávila Camacho was Brigade General and President of Mexico from 1940 till 1946. Ávila declared war against the Axis powers in 1942 after two of Mexico's ships were destroyed by German submarines. Ávila Camacho cooperated in the war effort, providing the United States with 15,000 soldiers and 300,000 workers under the Bracero Program.
• Antonio Cárdenas Rodríguez was Colonel and Commander of the Mexican Expeditionary Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana (FAEM)) since January 1, 1945. He and 300 elements from the FAEM arrived on May 1 in Manila, in Luzon, principal island of Philippines, and established in Clark Field under the 5th Air Force of the USAAF, commanded by General Douglas MacArthur. He represented Mexico at the signing of the Japanese surrender document on the USS Missouri on September 1.
• Radamés Gaxiola Andrade was Captain and Commander of the 201st Squadron (
  Escuadrón 201) of the FAEM, under the 58th Group of the 5th Air Force of the USAAF. He commanded Mexican air operations on Luzon and recognition flies on Formosa from June 7 to August 26, 1945. In total, the FAEM performed 59 combat missions.^[13]

Mongolian People's Republic

• Khorloogiin Choibalsan was Prime Minister of Mongolia during World War II. He was also the general chief commander of the Mongolian armed forces. Troops under his command defended Khalkhiin Gol from Japan in 1939 and liberated Inner Mongolia in 1945.

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1940–1945)

• Dutch government in exile
  after escaping to Britain.
• Wing commander for the Royal Air Force
  from 1941 until 1944.
• Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands
  he fled to London. As he wanted to make peace with Nazi Germany, he was forced to resign.
• Fall of France
  and Dirk Jan de Geer's resignation, Gerbrandy was appointed the office of prime minister by Queen Wilhelmina in London. After the liberation, he returned to form a new cabinet but ended up resigning.
• Battle of the Netherlands
  . Winkelman was responsible for defending the Netherlands the Nazi invasion. He was captured and interned for the rest of the war.
• Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1936 to 1942 when the colony was occupied by Japan
  .
• Netherlands East Indies campaign. At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific Helfrich assumed command of all Dutch naval units in the Dutch East Indies. On September 2, 1945, he signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender aboard the battleship USS Missouri on behalf of the Dutch government.^[14]

Kingdom of Norway

• King of Norway and the formal head of state from 1905 to his death in 1957. Following the German invasion of Norway in 1940, Haakon refused to meet the demands of the attackers, and went into exile in London
  , where he stayed for the rest of the war.
• Johan Nygaardsvold was prime minister during the war. His government agreed with the King not to meet the German demands, and went into exile in London. Nygaardsvold resigned shortly after the war.
• Norwegian Campaign
  . After the Germans had conquered Norway, Ruge was arrested and sent to Germany. He resumed his position for a short time after the war.
• Chief of Defence
  , leading the Norwegian forces in exile from 1 July 1944.
• Norwegian 6th Division during the Norwegian Campaign. He led the allied recapture of Narvik on May 28, 1940, later heading into exile in the United Kingdom
  , where he was named commander of the Norwegian Army in exile. He was the first commander to win a major victory against the Germans.

Second Polish Republic

• President of Poland from 1926 until 1939. After the Invasion of Poland
  he was forced to resign and went into exile in Switzerland.
• Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski was a Polish physician, general and politician who served as Polish Minister of Internal Affairs from 1936 to 1939 and was the last Prime Minister of Poland before World War II. After the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, he fled to Romania and was interned there. After the German occupation of Romania in 1940, he went to Turkey and thence to Palestine. In 1947, he went to London, where he died in 1962.
• Polish armed forces during the invasion of Poland
  . After the invasion; Śmigły-Rydz took complete responsibility for Poland's military defeat. He later resigned and joined the resistance movement as a common underground soldier.
• Polish Army. At the outbreak of World War II, he was the commander of the Westerplatte position. Troops under his command defended Westerplatte
  for seven days against overwhelming odds. Sucharski survived the war and was posthumously promoted to the rank of General. Despite his efforts to improve the defences, he later tried to persuade his fellow officers to surrender and suffered a nervous breakdown which required his deputy to assume command.

Polish Government in Exile and Secret State

• invaded Poland
  , Raczkiewicz fled to London where he established the government in exile.
• diplomatic relations between Poland and the Soviet Union, which had been severed after the Soviet alliance with Germany. In July 1943, Sikorski was killed when his plane crashed into the sea 16 seconds after takeoff from Gibraltar
  .
• Stanisław Mikołajczyk succeeded Sikorski as prime minister, serving in this post from 1943–1944.
• Tomasz Arciszewski succeeded Mikołajczyk as prime minister, serving in this post from 1944–1947.
• Kazimierz Sosnkowski succeeded Sikorski as Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, serving in this capacity from 1943–1944.
• Polish Armed Forces in the East
  until 1942.
• Home Army during the Warsaw Uprising
  .
• Polish Soviet War, the Invasion of Poland in 1939, and from just after the initial landing in Normandy to the end of war as the commander of the 1st Armoured Division (Poland) (Hill 262, Breda, Wilhelmshaven
  )
• Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, which fought with distinction at Arnhem
  .
• Marian Kukiel commander of the I Polish Corps from their formation in 1940 until 1942. He was Minister of War in exile from 1943–1944.
• Cross of Valor
  for his service during the war.

Soviet Union (1941–1945)

Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder

.

• Joseph Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during World War II. From 1941 onwards, he was also Chairman of the Committee of the People's Comissars (Premier) of the Soviet Union. It was during Stalin's reign that the USSR emerged as a superpower that rivaled the United States. As the supreme commander of the Red Army, Stalin led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from Nazi occupation. After the war Stalin put communist leaders in power in Eastern Europe, setting up the Eastern Bloc and leading to the Cold War.
• Kliment Voroshilov was the leader of the Soviet Army during WW2.
• Georgy Zhukov was a Soviet Field Marshal who led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from Nazi occupation. He also led the Soviets to overrun much of Eastern Europe and to conquer and capture Germany's capital, Berlin. After the war Zhukov was the supreme Military Commander of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany.
• Admiral of the Soviet Navy, which was primarily responsible for keeping the Nazis out of the Black Sea and the Caucasus. Despite orders to the contrary, he placed his navy on high alert hours before the commencement of Operation Barbarossa
  resulting in the Navy being the only branch of the Soviet armed forces that was prepared for the invasion.
• Vyacheslav Molotov was Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union from 1939–1949. He was responsible for the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact which governed Soviet-German relations until June 1941 when Hitler attacked the Soviet Union. Molotov conducted urgent negotiations with Britain and, later, the United States for wartime alliances. He secured Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill's agreement to create a "second front" in Europe.
• Mikhail Kalinin was during the whole war period the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the nominal Head of State of the Soviet Union. Although he was the Head of State, he remained mostly in the background, while Stalin was the undisputed war leader with supreme authority over the Soviet Union. A Communist Party elder, Kalinin was a key member of Stalin's inner circle of power until his death. He signed the order authorizing the Katyn massacre.
• Stalingrad during the crucial Battle of Stalingrad
  .
• Operation Spark. In 1944, he was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union
  .
• Ivan Konev was commander of the 19th Army during the early days of the Nazi invasion. He led the Red Army on the Eastern Front and liberated much of Eastern Europe. He helped in the capture of Berlin.
• 7th Army during the Winter War. He was responsible for breaking the Mannerheim Line
  .
• Ivan Bagramyan
• Ivan Isakov
• Sergei Khudyakov
• Konstantin Rokossovsky was made Marshal of the Soviet Union for his planning of Operation Bagration.
• Boris Shaposhnikov
• Semyon Timoshenko
• Fyodor Tolbukhin
• Marshall of the Soviet Union
  in 1943.
• Matvei Zakharov
• Nikita Khrushchev

United States (1941–1945)

Harry S Truman

• 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 until his death in 1945. Roosevelt had come into power during the Great Depression on a promise to heal the country. Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, he attempted to aid the Allies without declaring war. He died in office two weeks before the surrender of Germany
  .
• Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States from 1945 until 1953. Truman took office after the death of Roosevelt. President Truman ordered the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. After the war he oversaw postwar recovery efforts.
• Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief
  and an American naval officer who served as the senior-most United States military officer on active duty during World War II. Leahy was recalled to active duty as the personal Chief of Staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 and served in that position throughout World War II. He chaired the Chiefs of Staff and was a major decision-maker during the war.
• George Marshall was General of the Army and the Chief of Staff during the war. As Chief of Staff, Marshall oversaw the largest military expansion in American history. Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific. After the war Marshall became Secretary of State and led the post-war reconstruction effort in Europe, which became known as the Marshall Plan. For his role in the recovery he received the Nobel Peace Prize
  .
• U.S. Army Air Forces
  during World War II.
• Ernest King was Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet (1941–45) as well as Chief of Naval Operations (1942–45) and Fleet Admiral
  (from 1944).
• atomic bomb
  .
• Cordell Hull was Secretary of State from 1933 until 1944. Hull was responsible for foreign relations before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He sent the Hull note to Japan prior to the attack, which was part of the United States attempt to open Chinese markets to U.S. goods against Japanese interests there. After the war he was the key architect for establishing the United Nations and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
• William J. Donovan was the director of the Office of Strategic Services from 1942 until it was disbanded in 1945. Donovan and the OSS was responsible for collecting intelligence by the Army, Navy, and State Department. For his actions he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.
• J. Edgar Hoover was the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1935 until 1972. Hoover and the FBI were responsible for the intelligence in the United States and South America during the war. Hoover had success in shutting down a Nazi spy network in the United States.

European and North African Front

• U.S. Occupation Zone. Seven years after the war, he was elected as president of the United States
  .
• First United States Army during Operation Overlord
  and the invasion of Europe. He was informally known as "the soldier's general."
• Italian Campaign. He led allied forces through the invasion of Italy, the battles of Anzio and Monte Cassino and the subsequent capture of Rome
  in 1944, the first of the three major axis capitals to fall.
• Rhine River and accepted the surrender of German forces in Austria. Initially the CG of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, in the late summer of 1942 he "swapped jobs" with Gen. Eisenhower, becoming Commanding General European Theater of Operations, freeing up Ike to command the Operation Torch
  invasion of North Africa in November 1942. In early 1943 he returned to command the MTO for the Sicily, Italy and Southern France Campaigns.
• John C. H. Lee was the commanding general of all supply and service forces in the ETO, beginning in May 1942. His logistics command was responsible for the Operation Bolero buildup of over 3 million men and women, and 37,000,000 tons of materiel in the UK, and delivering a total of 41,000,000 tons to support the fighting forces in the entire Theater. He was Deputy Theater Commander for Supply and Administration to Gen. Eisenhower, and he led the largest single unit in World War II. The Communications Zone, or COM-Z as it was known after D-Day numbered some 435,000 soldiers at its peak.
• North Africa, Sicily, France and Germany
  . He was known as "Old Blood and Guts".
• USAAF
  in the European Theater of Operations.
• Mediterranean
  .

Pacific Front

• Supreme Commander Allied Powers
  .
• Pacific Ocean Area
  , 1942–45.
• Gilberts-Marshalls islands, Saipan, and Iwo Jima
  .
• India as well as deputy commander of South East Asia Command
• Third Fleet, formed in 1943, and appeared in the Guadalcanal campaign and the Battle of Leyte Gulf
  .
• Raymond A. Spruance commanded United States Navy forces at both the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
• Frank Jack Fletcher was commander of the Allied Naval forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea.
• Pacific theater
  of World War II.
• Husband E. Kimmel was commander-in-chief of the United States Pacific Fleet when the Japanese attacked the naval base at Pearl Harbor. After the attack, he was relieved of his command.
• Walter Short was commander-in-chief of the Army forces at Pearl Harbor.
• William S. Parsons was an American admiral. He was the weaponeer of the aircraft Enola Gay, which dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945. He worked on the Manhattan Project
  .
• Paul Tibbets was a United States Air Force general who flew the Enola Gay, along with Parsons, over Hiroshima.
• Alexander Vandegrift was United States Marine Corps four star general who commanded forces at the Battle for Henderson Field.

Puerto Rico

USS Appalachian

.

• Rexford Tugwell, Tugwell served as the last appointed American Governor of Puerto Rico, from 1941 to 1946. He worked with the legislature to create the Puerto Rico Planning, Urbanization, and Zoning Board in 1942. Tugwell supported Puerto Rican self-government through amendment to the Organic Act in 1948. He publicly supported Luis Muñoz Marín's Popular Democratic Party, the PPD, which wanted a Commonwealth status. As he prepared to retire from the Governorship, Tugwell was instrumental in getting the first Puerto Rican appointed to the job, Jesús T. Piñero, then serving as Resident Commissioner in Washington, D.C. Tugwell also served as Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico.
• Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division, in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France.^[15]

• Pedro del Valle, was a highly decorated Marine lieutenant general who played a key role in the Guadalcanal Campaign and the Battle of Guam and became the Commanding General of the First Marine Division. Del Valle played an instrumental role in the defeat of the Japanese forces in Okinawa and was in charge of the reorganization of Okinawa.^[16][17][18]
• Juan César Cordero Dávila, was a brigadier general who in World War II commanded the 65th Infantry Regiment (United States), a Puerto Rican unit, in Europe.

Commonwealth of the Philippines

• Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
  under U.S. rule in the early period of the 20th century. After the Japanese invasion, he was evacuated to Washington, D.C., where he died of tuberculosis in 1944.
• Sergio Osmeña was the second Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. As Vice President, he ascended to the presidency after Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces.
• Basilio J. Valdes
  was the commanding general of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Valdes was given the rank of Major General of the Commonwealth Army. After the Japanese Invasion, he was evacuated to Washington, D.C., and he was returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces.
• Vicente Lim commanded the Philippine Commonwealth Army during the early days of the war. Lim was given the rank of Brigadier General and became the top ranking Filipino under General MacArthur. He was placed in command of the 41st Infantry Division, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFFE tasked with the defense of Bataan. After the fall of the Philippines, he led resistance against Japanese occupation.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

• Treaty of Vis which was an agreement to share power with Josip Broz Tito. But, after the war, Peter was deposed in a referendum held by the Communist government
  .
• Chetniks, the royalist resistance movement, supported by the exiled royal government until August 1944, when the government switched support to Josip Broz Tito's Partisans under British pressure. Mihailović was decorated with the highest war medals by France and the United States (Legion of Merit
  ). After the war, he was executed by the newly formed Communist government of Tito in 1945 for high treason, war crimes and crimes against humanity. In 2015, he was rehabilitated by the High Court of Serbia.
• Josip Broz Tito was a leader of Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement, which was the largest in Europe. Communist by political orientation, Tito was nevertheless able to gather nationwide support for anti-fascist cause, and to persuade Allied governments that only his forces were mounting credible resistance to Axis powers in Yugoslavia. By the end of war, occupied Yugoslavia had drawn attention of no less than 20 German divisions alone, prompting several major operations in the 1942–1944 period, which were futile. Finally, with help from advancing Soviet forces, the Partisans liberated Yugoslavia, reaching at the final days of operations a respectable size of 800,000 soldiers.
• Dušan Simović was the Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Yugoslav Army and prime minister.
• Slobodan Jovanović was the prime minister of the Yugoslav government in exile during World War II from January 11, 1942, to June 26, 1943.
• Tito-Šubašić Agreement
  ) was signed on June 14, 1944.

See also

• Allies of World War II
• Axis leaders of World War II
• Commanders of World War II
• Neutral powers during World War II
• Opposition to World War II

Notes

1. ^ "The History of the Commonwealth". The Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
2. ^ "Robert Menzies. In office". Australia's prime ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on May 1, 2003. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
3. ^ "Arthur Fadden". Australia's prime ministers. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2008-09-25. ^{[dead link]}
4. ^ "John Curtin". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
5. ^ "Francis Forde". Australia's prime ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
6. ^ "Ben Chifley". Australia's prime ministers. National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
7. ^ "machine code facts, information, pictures". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
8. ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
9. ^ Savarkar, V.D.; Bhide, Anant Sadashiv (1941). Veer Savarkar's "Whirl-wind Propaganda.": Statements, Messages & Extracts from the President's Diary of His Propagandistic Tours, Interviews from December 1937 to October 1941. p. 354. Retrieved 2023-09-13. In the new army of some one lakh of recruits some sixty thousand were Hindus. The Sikhs are being recruited with a view to restore their original proportion in the army in the large numbers.
10. ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 2011-09-24.
11. ^ Caidin, ibid., dates the departure of the first AVG pilots 10 December 1941.
12. ^ Albert Lebrun's biography on the French Presidency official website Archived April 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ Flores, Santiago A. (1999–2000). "201st Mexican Fighter Squadron". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
14. ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Vice-Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
15. ^ Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (1940). "Education". Puerto Rico: A Guide to the Island of Boriquén. New York: The University Society, Inc. Archived from the original on 2000-07-07.
16. ^ "RootsWeb: PUERTORICO-L Re: Navy Admirals from Puerto Rico". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
17. ^ Sontag, Blind Man's Bluff.
18. ^ "Lieutenant General Pedro A. Del Valle, USMC". History Division. United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved October 10, 2006.

References

• L, Klemen (2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942".