Allison Guyot
Allison Guyot | |
---|---|
Height | 1.5 kilometres (4,900 ft) |
Summit area | 35 by 70 kilometres (22 mi × 43 mi) |
Location | |
Group | Mid-Pacific Mountains |
Coordinates | 18°16′N 179°20′E / 18.26°N 179.33°E[1] |
Geology | |
Type | Guyot |
Allison Guyot (formerly known as Navoceano Guyot) is a
The tablemount was probably formed by a
The platform emerged above sea level during the
Name and research history
Allison Guyot is named after E.C. Allison, an oceanographer and paleontologist at the
Geography and geology
Local setting
Allison Guyot is located in the equatorial Pacific Ocean,[1] part of the western Mid-Pacific Mountains.[13] The Mid-Pacific Mountains contain seamounts which were covered by limestones during the Barremian and Albian (circa 129.4 – circa 125 million years ago and circa 113–100.5 million years ago, respectively[14]).[15] Hawaii lies due east and the Marshall Islands southwest;[16] Resolution Guyot is 716 kilometres northwest.[17]
The
The seamount rises 1.5 kilometres[29] above the seafloor. Underneath Allison Guyot, the seafloor is about 130–119 million years old,[15] and a 128-million year-old magnetic lineation is located nearby.[30] The Molokai Fracture Zone forms a ridge which passes close to Allison Guyot and intersects with another ridge at the seamount.[31] Tectonically the seamount is part of the Pacific Plate.[4]
Regional setting
The west central and south central Pacific Ocean
The formation of many such seamounts has been explained with the
The "South Pacific Superswell" is a region in the
Composition
One drill core on Allison Guyot has found a 136-metre-thick layer of
Clays are found both within the limestones
Geological history
Both the sills and the dredged rocks were probably erupted after the main
Emergent phase
Allison Guyot began as a
The platform contains lagoon and
The carbonate deposits indicate sea level changes following orbital cycles[83] consistent with Milankovitch forcing;[77] parts of the platform occasionally rose above sea level.[84] At some point, karst environments existed on Allison Guyot and are probably the reason for the irregular surface of the summit platform[85] and the presence of sinkholes; there are clear indications of about 200 metres of emergence.[86]
Drowning and post-drowning evolution
A carbonate platform is said to 'drown' when sedimentation can no longer keep up with relative rises in sea level.[91] Carbonate sedimentation on Allison Guyot ended during late Albian times,[85] about 99 ± 2 million years ago, at the same time as at Resolution Guyot.[92] By Turonian times (93.9 – 89.8 ± 0.3 million years ago[14]), pelagic sedimentation was prevailing on Allison Guyot.[93] On both Allison and Resolution Guyots, the drowning was preceded by an episode where the platform rose above the sea;[94] possibly it was this emergence and the following submergence which terminated carbonate deposition and prevented it from beginning again.[95] Such emergence and drowning has been recorded at carbonate platforms of that age around the world and may be the consequence of tectonic events across the Pacific Ocean,[86] culminating in the uplift of a part thereof.[77] At that time, a last phase of volcanic activity on Allison Guyot generated several cones on its eastern part.[96] The evidence for this theory is not conclusive,[97] and another theory holds that the drowning of Allison Guyot occurred when it moved through equatorial waters, where upwelling increased the amount of nutrients available,[98] hampering the growth of platforms.[e][99] The waters might also have been too hot to support the survival of reef builders, as happens in present-day coral bleaching events.[100]
About 160 metres[f] of pelagic sediment[17] in the form of sand, ooze[101] and pelagic limestone accumulated on Allison Guyot; pelagic limestone is of Turonian to Campanian (83.6 ± 0.2 − 72.1 ± 0.2 million years ago[14]) age while the oozes and sands were deposited starting in the early Paleocene (66–56 million years ago[14]).[84] In drill cores, the ooze has a sandy, watery habitus owing to the prevalence of fossil foraminifera in the sediment.[13] The pelagic sediments have been bioturbated[g] in some places[103] and modified by sea currents, which have formed the large mound of pelagic sediment.[23] In drill cores, the ooze overlies Cretaceous shallow-water limestones,[104] which were modified by phosphatisation and manganese accumulation.[50] As plate tectonics moved Allison Guyot northward, its surrounding water masses changed, as did the properties of the pelagic cap.[85] Slumping of the platform occurred during the Cenozoic (the last 66 million years).[14][27]
The pelagic ooze bears evidence of the
Sea currents have altered the pelagic deposits by removing smaller particles. In particular deposits from warmer periods have been altered in this way on Allison Guyot, perhaps because warmer climates increased
Notes
- ^ Pit-like depressions within carbonate rocks that are filled with water.[40]
- ^ Between circa 125 and 113 million years ago[14]
- ^ Clays that became solid rocks.[68]
- symbiotic organisms in the platform builders.[99]
- ^ Some of which was later probably eroded away.[17]
- ^ Animals have stirred, mixed and otherwise modified the sediments.[102]
- ^ The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum was an episode of extreme global warmth about 55.5 million years ago, during which temperatures rose by about 5–8 °C.[105]
References
- ^ a b Arreguín-Rodríguez, Alegret & Thomas 2016, p. 348.
- ^ "Allison Guyot". GEOnet Names Server. Retrieved 2019-02-24.
- ISSN 0148-0227.
- ^ a b c "Allison Guyot". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ "Search Results". Seamount Catalog. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ^ "Ocean Drilling Program". Texas A&M University. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
- ^ "Ocean Drilling Program Legacy". Consortium for Ocean Leadership. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ a b Bralower & Mutterlose 1995, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sager & Tarduno 1995, p. 399.
- ^ Winterer, Sager & Firth 1992, pp. 56–57.
- ^ a b c Baker, Castillo & Condliffe 1995, p. 255.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 497.
- ^ a b c Bralower & Mutterlose 1995, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d e f "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. August 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ^ a b c Baker, Castillo & Condliffe 1995, p. 245.
- ^ Bralower et al. 1995, p. 843.
- ^ a b c d Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 501.
- S2CID 128836166.
- ^ a b c d e f Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 516.
- ^ Röhl & Ogg 1996, p. 606.
- ^ a b Grötsch & Flügel 1992, p. 156.
- ^ a b Iryu & Yamada 1999, p. 476.
- ^ a b Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 527.
- ^ Winterer, Sager & Firth 1992, p. 10.
- ^ Shipboard Scientific Party 1993, p. 15.
- ^ . Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- ^ a b Winterer, Jerry. "Relative changes in Cretaceous sea level as recorded on guyots of the Mid-Pacific Mountains" (PDF). ODP Legacy. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 509.
- ^ a b c Janney & Castillo 1999, p. 10574.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 508.
- ISSN 0169-555X.
- ^ Janney & Castillo 1999, p. 10571.
- ^ a b Grötsch & Flügel 1992, p. 153.
- ^ a b c Pringle et al. 1993, p. 359.
- ^ Iryu & Yamada 1999, p. 485.
- ^ Röhl & Strasser 1995, p. 211.
- ^ Röhl & Ogg 1996, pp. 595–596.
- ^ Röhl & Ogg 1996, p. 596.
- . Retrieved 2018-10-08.
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- ^ Pringle et al. 1993, p. 360.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 498.
- .
- ^ Paull et al. 1995, p. 232.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 518.
- ^ a b c Iryu & Yamada 1999, p. 477.
- ^ a b c Baker, Castillo & Condliffe 1995, p. 253.
- . Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- ^ a b c Murdmaa & Kurnosov 1995, p. 459.
- ^ a b c d e Bralower & Mutterlose 1995, p. 33.
- ^ a b Iryu & Yamada 1999, p. 478.
- ^ Grötsch & Flügel 1992, p. 158.
- ^ Bibcode:2006AGUFM.V13A0651F.
- ^ a b c d Baker, Castillo & Condliffe 1995, p. 250.
- ^ a b Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 503.
- ^ Kurnosov et al. 1995, p. 476.
- ^ Baker, Castillo & Condliffe 1995, p. 251.
- ^ Kurnosov et al. 1995, p. 486.
- ^ Baker, Castillo & Condliffe 1995, p. 254.
- ^ Kurnosov et al. 1995, p. 479.
- ^ Kurnosov et al. 1995, p. 487.
- ^ Kurnosov et al. 1995, pp. 478–479.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 519.
- ^ Murdmaa & Kurnosov 1995, p. 462.
- ^ Murdmaa & Kurnosov 1995, p. 466.
- ^ Murdmaa & Kurnosov 1995, p. 467.
- ^ Murdmaa & Kurnosov 1995, p. 461.
- ISBN 9783642417139.
- ^ Shipboard Scientific Party 1993, p. 16.
- ISSN 0887-0624.
- ^ Baudin & Sachsenhofer 1996, p. 311.
- ^ a b Baudin & Sachsenhofer 1996, p. 320.
- ^ Baudin et al. 1995, p. 189.
- ^ Baudin et al. 1995, p. 176.
- ^ a b c d Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 504.
- ^ Sager & Tarduno 1995, p. 402.
- ^ a b c d e f g Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 532.
- ^ Röhl & Ogg 1996, p. 608.
- ^ Sager & Tarduno 1995, p. 403.
- ^ Baudin et al. 1995, p. 191.
- ^ a b c Swinburne & Masse 1995, p. 9.
- ^ Paull et al. 1995, p. 231.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 521.
- ^ a b Shipboard Scientific Party 1993, p. 17.
- ^ a b c Sliter 1995, p. 20.
- ^ a b Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 525.
- ^ Grötsch & Flügel 1992, p. 155.
- ^ Grötsch & Flügel 1992, pp. 155–156.
- ^ Swinburne & Masse 1995, p. 3.
- ISSN 0025-3227.
- ^ Jenkyns & Wilson 1999, p. 342.
- ^ Jenkyns & Wilson 1999, p. 372.
- ^ Sliter 1995, p. 23.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 523.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, pp. 532–533.
- ^ Winterer & Sager 1995, p. 526.
- ^ Jenkyns & Wilson 1999, p. 373.
- ^ Jenkyns & Wilson 1999, p. 374.
- ^ a b Jenkyns & Wilson 1999, p. 375.
- ^ Jenkyns & Wilson 1999, p. 378.
- ^ Jenkyns & Wilson 1999, p. 355.
- ISBN 9789400766440.
- ^ Arreguín-Rodríguez, Alegret & Thomas 2016, p. 350.
- ^ Bralower et al. 1995, p. 842.
- ^ Arreguín-Rodríguez, Alegret & Thomas 2016, p. 346.
- ^ Arreguín-Rodríguez, Alegret & Thomas 2016, p. 349.
- ^ Arreguín-Rodríguez, Alegret & Thomas 2016, p. 354.
- ^ Arreguín-Rodríguez, Alegret & Thomas 2016, p. 359.
- ^ Arreguín-Rodríguez, Alegret & Thomas 2016, p. 355.
- ^ Bralower & Mutterlose 1995, p. 52.
Sources
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- Baker, P.E.; Castillo, P.R.; Condliffe, E. (May 1995). "Petrology and Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks from Allison and Resolution Guyots, Sites 865 and 866" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 143 Scientific Results. Vol. 143. Ocean Drilling Program. pp. 245–261. . Retrieved 2018-10-07.
- Baudin, F.; Deconinck, J.-F.; Sachsenhofer, R.F.; Strasser, A.; Arnaud, H. (May 1995). "Organic Geochemistry and Clay Mineralogy of Lower Cretaceous Sediments from Allison and Resolution Guyots (Sites 865 and 866), Mid-Pacific Mountains" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 143 Scientific Results. Vol. 143. Ocean Drilling Program. pp. 173–196. . Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- Baudin, François; Sachsenhofer, Reinhard F. (December 1996). "Organic geochemistry of Lower Cretaceous sediments from Northwestern Pacific guyots (ODP leg 143)". Organic Geochemistry. 25 (5–7): 311–324. ISSN 0146-6380.
- Bralower, T.J; Mutterlose, J. (May 1995). "Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy of Site 865, Allison Guyot, Central Pacific Ocean: A Tropical Paleogene Reference Section" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 143 Scientific Results. Vol. 143. Ocean Drilling Program. pp. 31–47. . Retrieved 2018-10-07.
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- Murdmaa, I.; Kurnosov, V.and Vasilyeva (December 1995). "Clay Mineralogy of the Shallow-Water Deposits on Allison and Resolution Guyots, Sites 865 and 866" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 144 Scientific Results. Vol. 144. Ocean Drilling Program. pp. 459–468. . Retrieved 2018-10-08.
- Paull, C.K.; Fullagar, P.D.; Bralower, T.J.; Rohl, U. (May 1995). "Seawater Ventilation of Mid-Pacific Guyots Drilled during Leg 143" (PDF). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 143 Scientific Results. Vol. 143. Ocean Drilling Program. pp. 231–241. . Retrieved 2018-10-07.
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