Almah
Almah (עַלְמָה ‘almā, plural: עֲלָמוֹת ‘ălāmōṯ), from a root implying the vigour of puberty, is a
Etymology and social context
Almah derives from a root meaning "to be full of vigour, to have reached puberty".[1] In the ancient Near East girls received value as potential wives and bearers of children: "A wife, who came into her husband's household as an outsider, contributed her labor and her fertility ... [h]er task was to build up the bet 'ab bearing children, particularly sons" (Leeb, 2002).[6] Scholars thus agree that almah refers to a woman of childbearing age without implying virginity.[7] From the same root, the corresponding masculine word elem עֶלֶם 'young man' also appears in the Bible,[8] as does alum (used in plural עֲלוּמִים) used in the sense '(vigor of) adolescence',[9] in addition to the post-Biblical words almut (עַלְמוּת) and alimut (עֲלִימוּת)[10] both used for youthfulness and its strength (distinct from post-Biblical Alimut אַלִּימוּת 'violence' with initial Aleph, although Klein's Dictionary states this latter root is likely a semantic derivation of the former, from 'strength of youth' to 'violence'[11]). In the original Hebrew language an unrelated word, betulah (בְּתוּלָה), best refers to a virgin,[12] as well as the idea of virginity, betulim (בְּתוּלִים).[13] However, while betulah occurs 51 times in the Hebrew scriptures, some scholars only see some occurrences as clearly meaning a virgin, and with Joel 1:8 being the most unlikely case.[14][15]
Biblical usage
The word almah occurs nine times in the Hebrew Bible:[4]
- In Genesis 24 a servant of Abraham, seeking a wife for his son, Issac, retells how he met Rebecca. He says that he prayed to the Lord that if an almah came to the well and he requested a drink of water from her, that should she then provide him with that drink and also water his camels; he would take that as a sign that she was to be the wife of Isaac. The word almah is only used during the retelling; another word, hanaara, is used during the events themselves. Dr. Phillip Goble states that the use of almahand betulah in Genesis 24:43 and Genesis 24:16 of the same person (Rebekah) is because both terms carry the common semantic freight of femaleness and virginity.[16]
- In Exodus 2, Miriam, an almah, the sister of the infant Moses, is entrusted to watch the baby; she takes thoughtful action to reunite the baby with his mother by offering to bring the baby to a Hebrew nurse maid (her mother).
- In 1 Chronicles 15:20 and the heading to psalmis to be played "on alamot". The musical meaning of this phrase has become lost with time: it may mean a feminine manner of singing or playing, such as a girls' choir, or an instrument made in the city of "Alameth".
- In a victory parade in Psalm 68:25, the participants are listed in order of appearance: 1) the singers; 2) the musicians; and 3) the "alamot" playing cymbals or tambourines.
- The concubines, as well as innumerable alamot, and in the next verse she is stated to be undefiled.[17]
- In Proverbs 30:19, concerning an adulterous wife, the Hebrew text and the Greek Septuagint differ: both begin by comparing the woman's acts to things the author claims are hard to predict: a bird flying in air, the movement of a snake over a rock, the path of a ship through the sea; but while the Hebrew concludes with the way of a man with an almah, the Greek reads "and the way of a man in his youth".
- The verses surrounding Isaiah 7:14 tell how Ahaz, the king of Judah, is told of a sign to be given in demonstration that the prophet's promise of God's protection from his enemies is a true one. The sign is that an almah is pregnant and will give birth to a son who will still be very young when these enemies will be destroyed.[18]
Greek translation
The Septuagint translates most occurrences of almah into a generic word neanis (νεᾶνις) meaning 'young woman' however, two occurrences, one in Genesis 24:43 and one in Isaiah 7:14, are translated as parthenos (παρθένος), the basic word associated with virginity in Greek (it is a title of Athena 'The Virgin Goddess') but still occasionally used by the Greeks for a unmarried woman who is not a virgin.[19] Steve Moyise states that most scholars agree that Isaiah's phrase (a young woman shall conceive and bear a son) did not intend to convey any miraculous conception, yet, considering other uses of almah, Moyise allows that context can sometimes suggest that virgin is an appropriate translation.[20] In this verse, as in the Genesis occurrence concerning Rebecca, the Septuagint translators used the Greek word parthenos generically to indicate an unmarried young woman, whose probable virginity (as unmarried young women were ideally seen at the time) was incidental.[4][21][22]
References
- ^ a b c Childs 2001, p. 66.
- ^ Sweeney 1996, pp. 161–162.
- ^ Williamson 2018, p. 152.
- ^ a b c Byrne 2009, p. 155.
- ISBN 978-0802428677. Retrieved 15 June 2023.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Leeb 2002, p. unspecified.
- ^ Sweeney 1996, p. 161.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 5958. עָ֫לֶם (elem) -- a young man". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 5934. עֲלוּם (alumim) -- youth, youthful vigor". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
- ^ Even-Shoshan Dictionary, entries עַלְמוּת and עֲלִימוּת
- ^ III.1 "Klein Dictionary, אלם III 1". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 1330. בְּתוּלָה (bethulah) -- a virgin". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 1331. בְּתוּלִים (bethulim) -- virginity". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- ISBN 978-0802823267. Retrieved 2 December 2023.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-1619701458. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ISBN 9780939341030. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ Clarke, Adam. "Clarke's Commentary". studylight.org/. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ Preuss 1974, p. 461.
- ^ MacLachlan 2007, p. 7.
- ^ Moyise 2013, p. 95,96.
- ^ Gravett et al. 2008, p. 72.
- ^ Fletcher Steele 1892, p. 24.
Bibliography
- Byrne, Ryan (2009). "Anatomy of a Cargo Cult". In Byrne, Ryan; McNary-Zak, Bernadette (eds.). Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807895498.
- Childs, Brevard S (2001). Isaiah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221430.
- Fletcher Steele, Wilbur (January 1892). "Art. I. -- The Virgin Birth -- Its Expectation and Publication". Methodist Review. Fifth. VIII. G. Lane & P. B. Sandford: 24.
- Gravett, Sandra L.; Bohmbach, Karla G.; Greifenhagen, F.V.; Polaski, Donald C. (2008). An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: A Thematic Approach. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664230302.
- Grindheim, Sigurd (14 March 2013). Introducing Biblical Theology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-567-32105-3.
- Leeb, C.S. (2002). "The widow: homeless and post-menopausal". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 32 (4): 160–162. S2CID 169057204. Archived from the originalon 2013-01-03.
- MacLachlan, Bonnie (2007). MacLachlan, Bonnie; Fletcher, Judith (eds.). Virginity Revisited: Configurations of the Unpossessed Body. University of Toronto Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8020-9013-3.
- Moyise, Steve (2013). Was the Birth of Jesus According to Scripture?. Wipf and Stock. p. PT95. ISBN 978-1-62189-673-9.
- Preuss, Horst Dietrich (1974). "Isaiah". In Botterweck, Gerhard Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (eds.). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. I. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823250.
- Seidman, Naomi (2010). Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74507-7.
- Sweeney, Marvin A. (1996). Isaiah 1-39: With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature. William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 9780802841001.
- Seidman, Naomi (2006). Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226745053.
- Williamson, H.G.M. (2018). Isaiah 6-12: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary. International Critical Commentary. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-567-67928-4. Retrieved 8 July 2023.