Almora

Coordinates: 29°35′50″N 79°39′33″E / 29.5971°N 79.6591°E / 29.5971; 79.6591
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Almora
Town
District
Almora
Established1568
Founded byBalo Kalyan Chand
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • MayorPrakash Joshi[1]
Area
 • Total16.60 km2 (6.41 sq mi)
Elevation
1,642 m (5,387 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total35,513
 • Density2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
DemonymAlmoran (English) Almoradi(Kumaoni)
Languages
 • Official
Alpine (BSh) and Humid subtropical(Cwb) (Köppen)
Avg. annual temperature−3 to 28 °C (27 to 82 °F)
Avg. summer temperature12 to 28 °C (54 to 82 °F)
Avg. winter temperature−3 to 15 °C (27 to 59 °F)
Websitealmora.nic.in

Almora (

Himalaya range. The Koshi
(Kaushiki) and Suyal (Salmale) rivers flow along the city and snow-capped Himalayas can be seen in the background.

Almora was founded in 1568.[5] by King Kalyan Chand;[6][7][8] however, there are accounts of human settlements in the hills and surrounding region in the Hindu epic Mahabharata[9] (8th and 9th century BCE[10]). Almora was the seat of Chand kings that ruled over the Kumaon Kingdom. It is considered the cultural heart of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.

According to the provisional results of the

2011 Census of India, Almora had a population of about 179,000.[citation needed] Nestled within higher peaks of the Himalaya, Almora enjoys a year-round mild temperate climate. The town is visited by thousands of tourists annually from all over the world.[citation needed] There are 11 blocks (i.e. VikashKhand) in Almora district.[citation needed
]

Etymology

Almora got its name from Bhilmora, a kind of sorrel (although some have tried to derive it from Berberis "kilmora"[11][12]), a short plant commonly found there[13] which was used for washing the utensils of the sun temple at Katarmal. The people bringing the Bhilmora/kilmora were called Bhilmori/Kilmori and later "Almori" and the place came to be known as "Almora".[14][15]

When king Bhishm Chand laid the foundation of the town, he had initially named it Alamnagar. Prior to that, Almora was known as 'Rajapur' during the early phase of Chand rule.[16][17][18] The name 'Rajpur' is also mentioned over a number of ancient copper plates.[18] There is still a place called Rajpur in Almora.

History

Almora was founded in 1568

Chand dynasty.[20] Prior to that the region was under the control of Katyuri King
Bhaichaldeo who donated a part of Almora to Sri Chand Tiwari.

Almora in the 1860s

According to local tradition, the earliest inhabitants in Almora were Tewaris who were required to supply

Mahabharata war the district seems to have remained for some time under the sway of the kings of Hastinapur whose authority was never more than nominal.[21]: 166  The actual rulers were the local chiefs of whom the Kulindas (or Kunindas) were probably strong in the southern and western part of the city.[2]: 8  The Khasas were another ancient people who belonged to an early Aryan stock and were widely scattered in those times.[21]: 167  They gave this region the name Khasadesha or Khasamandala.[2]: 8 [21]
: 167 

Almora Bazaar, c1860

The next age was probably a period of many petty states rivalling each other for supremacy, which culminated in the inauguration of the noted and enduring dynasty of the Chands. Earlier than this, the Katyuris are recorded as the dominant clans in copper and stone engravings.[22] The Chand dynasty from their inception in 953 A.D. to their ouster in the late 18th century present a saga of strife, with a horrifying series of wars with the rulers of Garhwal culminating in the destruction of this prosperous land and establishment of inglorious Gurkha rule. This dynasty was peculiar in that it made Almora the seat of strongest hill power in 1563 A.D.[23] From that time onwards, the limits of the kingdom of Kumaon extended over the entire tracts of the districts of Almora and Nainital. Towards the end of the 17th century, the Chand Rajas again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688, King Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwer and Parbateshwer, to mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti. The Parbateshwar temple was renamed twice, eventually becoming the present Nanda Devi temple.

Almora in the 1777 map of Delhi and Agra
3rd Gurkha Rifles
, 1895.

In 1791, the Gorkhas of Nepal while expanding their kingdom westwards across the Kali River, invaded and overran Almora.

British East India Company
. After the war, the old Lal Mandi fort, near Almora was renamed ‘Fort Moira’.

Unlike neighbouring hill stations such as

British,[31][32][33] Almora was developed long before by the Chand kings.[34] The place where the present cantonment is located was formerly known as Lalmandi.[18][35][36] Presently where the collectorate exists, the 'Malla Mahal' (Upper Court) of the Chand kings was located.[18][37] The site of the present District Hospital used to be 'Talla Mahal' (Lower Court) of the Chand rulers.[18][38] Almora had a population of 8,596 in 1901.[39]

Geography

Location

Kosi River valley near Almora, Uttarakhand, India
Almora city in Uttarakhand India
Himalayan view from Kasar Devi, Almora

Almora is located at 29°35′50″N 79°39′33″E / 29.5971°N 79.6591°E / 29.5971; 79.6591

Kumaon[41] and is located 63 km north of Nainital, the administrative headquarters of Kumaon.[42]
It has an average elevation of 1,604 m (5,262 ft) above mean sea level.

Almora is situated on a ridge at the southern edge of the Kumaon Hills[18] of the Central Himalaya range in the shape of a horse saddle shaped hillock. The eastern portion of the ridge is known as Talifat[43] and the western one is known as Selifat.[18] The Almora Market is situated at the top of the ridge, where these two, Talifat and Selifat jointly terminate.[18] It is surrounded by thick forests of pine, deodar and fir trees. Flowing alongside the city are the Koshi (Kaushiki) and Suyal (Salmale) rivers. The snow-capped Himalayas can be seen in the background.

View of Almora city

Climate

View of Almora after rains

The climate of Almora is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The main seasons are summer from March to June, the monsoon season from July to October and winter from November to February. In summer, Almora is largely under the influence of moist, maritime airflow from the western side of the subtropical anticyclonic cells over low-latitude ocean waters. Temperatures are high and can lead to warm, oppressive nights. Summers are usually somewhat wetter than winters, with much of the rainfall coming from convectional thunderstorm activity; tropical cyclones also enhance warm-season rainfall in some regions. The coldest month is usually quite mild, although frosts are not uncommon, and winter precipitation is derived primarily from frontal cyclones along the polar front. The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Cwa (Humid Subtropical Climate).[44]

The average temperature for the year in Almora is 23.5 °C or 74.3 °F.[45] This information is as per the Abaal Institute. The warmest month, on average, is June with an average temperature of 31.1 °C or 88.0 °F.[45] The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 13.3 °C or 55.9 °F.[45] The average amount of precipitation for the year in Almora is 1,132.5 millimetres or 44.59 inches.[45] The month with the most precipitation on average is August with 330.3 millimetres or 13.00 inches of precipitation.[45] The month with the least precipitation on average is November with an average of 4.6 millimetres or 0.18 inches.[45] There are an average of 46.8 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in August with 11.9 days and the least precipitation occurring in November with 0.6 days.[45]

Climate data for Almora
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0)
16.1
(61.0)
20.6
(69.1)
25.6
(78.1)
28.3
(82.9)
27.8
(82.0)
25.6
(78.1)
25.6
(78.1)
25.0
(77.0)
23.3
(73.9)
20.0
(68.0)
16.1
(61.0)
22.3
(72.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0)
11.1
(52.0)
15.6
(60.1)
20.0
(68.0)
22.8
(73.0)
23.3
(73.9)
22.2
(72.0)
22.8
(73.0)
22.2
(72.0)
18.9
(66.0)
15.0
(59.0)
11.1
(52.0)
17.8
(64.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1)
7.2
(45.0)
10.6
(51.1)
15.0
(59.0)
17.8
(64.0)
18.9
(66.0)
20.0
(68.0)
20.0
(68.0)
18.9
(66.0)
15.0
(59.0)
10.6
(51.1)
7.2
(45.0)
13.9
(57.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.2
(0.80)
27.7
(1.09)
17.8
(0.70)
17.5
(0.69)
30.5
(1.20)
115.0
(4.53)
258.5
(10.18)
236.8
(9.32)
128.8
(5.07)
23.8
(0.94)
3.3
(0.13)
8.8
(0.35)
888.7
(35)
Source: https://weatherspark.com/y/110033/Average-Weather-in-Almora-India-Year-Round

Flora and fauna

Forests in Almora over hills

The region is immensely rich with 4000 species of plants, having remarkable diversity in its natural vegetation by virtue of its having a great range of elevation. Climatic variations, particularly in temperature and precipitation associated with the alignment and elevation of its ranges and valleys, determine the altitudinal growth and variety of vegetation. The flora of this region may be classified into tropical, Himalayan sub-tropical and subalpine and alpine vegetation. The alpine and sub-alpine zones are considered as the most natural abode of the largest number of medicinal plants.

The sub-alpine zones of Almora and outskirts are a natural sanctuary for

.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 6,260—    
1881 7,390+18.1%
1891 7,826+5.9%
1901 8,596+9.8%
1911 10,560+22.8%
1921 8,359−20.8%
1931 9,688+15.9%
1941 10,995+13.5%
1951 12,757+16.0%
1961 16,602+30.1%
1971 20,881+25.8%
1981 22,705+8.7%
1991 28,051+23.5%
2001 32,358+15.4%
2011 35,513+9.8%
Source: [2][46][47][48][49]

As of the

2001 Census of India.[52]

The earliest known reference to the population of Almora occurs in the book 'The Kingdom of Nepal' by

Francis Hamilton. During his visit to Fatehgarh, Hamilton was told by Pt. Hariballav Pande that there were around a thousand houses in Almora during the Gorkha rule.[24]: 297  Mr. G.W. Traill, the second commissioner of the Kumaon division, has written that there were 742 houses in Almora in 1821, in which 1,369 men, 1,178 women, and 968 children lived, and thus the total population of the town was 3,505.[53]
: 115 

Hinduism is practised by 90.84% of the total population and is the majority religion of Almora. Islam is practiced by 7.54% of people and is the largest minority religion. Other religions like Sikhism, Christianity and Buddhism are also practiced by a small number of people. Hindi and Sanskrit are the official languages of the state while Kumaoni is the mother tongue of the majority.

The

Municipal board (Nagar Palika Parishad) of Almora was established in 1864. The Almora Nagar Palika Parishad has a population of 34,122 of which 17,358 are males while 16,764 are females as per the report released by Census India 2011.[50] The population of children within the age range of 0-6 is 2950 which is 8.65% of the total population of Almora (NPP).[50] In Almora Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is of 966 against the state average of 963.[50] Moreover, the child sex ratio in Almora is around 857 compared to Uttarakhand's state average of 890.[50] Literacy rate of Almora city is 94.51% higher than state average of 78.82%.[50] In Almora, Male literacy is around 96.84% while female literacy rate is 92.13%.[50] Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 16.38% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 1.00% of total population in Almora (NPP).[50] Out of total population, 10,057 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 7,901 were males while 2,156 were females.[50] Of the total 10,057 working population, 93.25% were engaged in main work while 6.75% of total workers were engaged in marginal work.[50]
Almora Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 8,014 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. Almora is divided into 11 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

Culture

These mountains are associated with the best memories of our race: Here, therefore, must be one of centers, not merely of activity, but more of calmness of meditation, and of peace and I hope someone to realize it.

— Swami Vivekananda (replying to the address given to him by the people of Almora.)

[54][55]

Temples

Kasar Devi Temple

Almora has many notable temples, including

Binsar Mahadev, Garhnath and Baijnath
.

Kasar Devi temple constructed in 2nd century CE, was visited by Swami Vivekananda and this area has a Chabad House.[57][58]: 96 [59] It is believed that this temple is positioned on the earth’s Van Allen Belt. The region surrounding the Kasar Devi Temple has an enormous geomagnetic field, thanks to gaps in bands of radiation. As a result, Kasar Devi is believed to be endowed with a cosmic energy similar to that of Stonehenge in UK and Machu Pichu in Peru.[60][61]

Katyuri clan
, lies around 85 km from Ranikhet. Udaipur a temple of Golu devta is 5 km from Binta near Dwarahat.

Someshwar
is a tehsil in the Almora district, which is very rich in agricultural ways.

Pandu Kholi is another ancient temple in the Almora district. According to Hindu mythology, Pandavas spent some time here to escape from Duryodhana. The distance of this temple from Almora is about 80  km. Another very ancient and holy Shiva temple in Someshwar town is known as Khakeshwar Mahadev temple. It is in Bhaisor Gaun village, on the bank of a river.

Transport

Road

Kathgodam is the nearest railway station to Almora

Well connected by motorable roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand state and northern India.

ISBT near Lower Mall Road,[62] which will be helpful for establishing a large tourist network in the city and to destinations in the surrounding Kumaon region. It will be the second ISBT of Uttarakhand after Dehradun.[63] A Sub Regional Transport Office is located in Almora[64] where Vehicles are registered by the number UK-01.[65]

Train

Kathgodam railway station is the nearest railway station. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the broad gauge line of North East Railways that connects Kumaon with Delhi, Dehradun and Howrah.

Air

Pantnagar Airport, located in Pantnagar is the primary Airport serving the entire Kumaon Region. Bareilly Airport is another domestic airport which also serves the Kumaon region. Indira Gandhi International Airport, located in Delhi is the nearest International Airport.

Education

Almora has three universities, Kumaun University, Soban Singh Jeena University and Uttarakhand Residential University. Almora has a total of 23 Primary Schools, 7 Middle Schools, 2 Secondary Schools, and 9 Senior Secondary Schools.

  • Kumaon engineering college

Media and communications

All India Radio has a local station in Almora which transmits programs of mass interest.[66] Almora station of A.I.R. was founded in June 1986 and is a primary channel station running on medium wave catering the whole of Kumaon division.[67] The main service providers are Dish TV and Doordarshan. BSNL, Vodafone and Airtel have the three largest cellular networks in the city. There are Internet cafés in and around the city, but broadband connectivity is limited. Satellite dishes exist in most homes in the region and the channels available throughout India are also available here.

Multiple local Hindi and English newspapers are published, whereas regional and national Hindi and English newspapers, printed elsewhere in India, are also circulated in Almora. a number of historical newspapers and magazines have been published from Almora like Prabuddha Bharata, Almora Akhbar, Shakti and Swadhin Praja etc.[68]

In 1871 A.D. Pt. Buddhiballav Pant opened a debating club.[69]: 134  When Sir William Muir, the then provincial Governor, came here he was highly pleased with the working of this club.[53]: 120  It is said that he also advised to open a press here and publish a newspaper. Mr. Pant, as advised, opened a press here and started publishing a weekly magazine Almora Akhbar.[68]: 21  Almora Akhbar was the oldest Hindi weekly of this province. In 1913 A.D. Badri Datt Pandey took over the editing work of the magazine. Almora Akhbar made much progress; The number of its customers rose from 50–60 to 1500; however, it was closed in 1917. In 1918 one of the partners purchased the Debating Club Press and named it Vindhyavasini Press. From 1922 A.D. a weekly named Zila Samachar began to be published.[53]: 120  Later on it came to be called Kumaun Kumud and was still being published until the late 1930s.[53]: 120 

In 1893–1894, Babu Devidas opened Kumaun Printing Press which published a weekly named Kurmanchal Samachar.

Pandit Gobind Ballabh Pant.[71][69]
: 134 

In 1930 A.D., a paper named Swadhin Praja was published.[69]: 134 [72] Its director was patriot Victor Mohan Joshi.[72] In 1934 A.D. a weekly named Samta was published.[72] Directed by an artisan, Hari Prasad Tamta,[72] it received a monthly help of Rs. 2001- from the government.[53]: 120  Formerly it was printed in Indra Printing Press but later the publication shifted to Krishna Press in Haldwani.[53]: 120  Since 1935 A.D. an illustrated monthly magazine named Natkhat is being published from Indra Printing Press.[53]: 120 

Notable people

Swami Vivekananda visited Almora thrice during his Himalayan sojourns
Govind Ballabh Pant was born in Almora
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
has ancestral roots in Almora
  • Rabindranath Tagore spent time in Almora and purchased a house in nearby Ramgarh where he stayed during the First World War.[73]
  • Swami Vivekananda visited Almora thrice during his Himalayan sojourns. He expressed great eagerness in making an Ashrama in the bosom of Himalayas for the practice of pure Advaita Vedanta.[74]
  • Jawaharlal Nehru was in the Almora jail for a short time during the freedom struggle.[75][76]
  • Govind Ballabh Pant (10 September 1887 – 7 March 1961), noted freedom fighter, first chief minister of Uttar Pradesh and later Home Minister of India, was born in Almora.[77][78]
  • Alauddin Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, Annapurna Devi,[80] Amala Shankar et al. were some of the celebrities among people who became famous later and learnt to dance and act here like Guru Dutt, Zohra Sehgal
    .
  • Sumitranandan Pant, (20 May 1900 – 28 December 1977) a modern Hindi poet, was born at Kausani village of Bageshwar, in the hills of Kumaon.[citation needed]
  • Bhairab Dutt Pande, former cabinet secretary of India and governor of West Bengal, Punjab was a resident of Almora.[citation needed
    ]
  • Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his path-breaking discovery in malaria parasite, was born here in 1857.[81]
  • Manohar Shyam Joshi the eminent Hindi writer and Indian TV's soap opera pioneer was from an Almora family of Galli village.[82]
  • Swami Satyananda Saraswati of the Bihar School of Yoga and Rikhiapeeth was born in Almora on 25 December 1923 in Zamindari Family of Bhikiyasen and Gaja.[citation needed
    ]
  • Anagarika Govinda a leading authority on Tibetan Buddhism lived in Almora for a long time, along with his partner Li Gotami.[citation needed]
  • Alfred Sorensen, John Blofeld, Beat Poets Allen Ginsberg, Peter Orlovsky and Gary Snyder - the original Dharma Bums, the LSD Gurus Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner, the psychiatrist R. D. Laing, and Tibetologist Robert Thurman were among the many celebrities who lived or stayed in Almora.[citation needed]
  • Walter Evans-Wentz, Anthropologist and pioneer of Tibetan Buddhism studies lived in Almora.[citation needed]
  • American actress Uma Thurman spent a small part of her childhood at Crank's Ridge, near Almora, with her father Robert Thurman.[citation needed]
  • Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (née Sheila Irene Pant) (1905 - 13 June 1990) was born in a Kumauni Hindu-turned-Christian family at Almora.[83]: 132  She was the wife of Pakistan's first prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan.[84]
  • Comrade
    P.C. Joshi, the first chairman of the Communist Party of India (CPI), was born in Almora.[citation needed
    ]
  • Murli Manohar Joshi, the Union Human Resources Development minister of India (born 5 January 1934) in the NDA government.[citation needed]
  • B.C. Joshi, General Bhuwan Chandra Joshi, PVSM, AVSM, ADC (1935 - 19 November 1994) was the Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) of the Indian Army, belongs to Almora district (Talladaniya).[citation needed
    ]
  • Devendra Kumar Joshi former chief of Naval Staff, Admiral D. K. Joshi, PVSM, AVSM, ADC, YSM (born: 4 July 1954) in Almora[citation needed]
  • Shivani, Hindi writer was from Almora[85]
  • Munshi Hari Pradasd Tamta was the first industrialist of the Kumaon region. He was a social activist. He is remembered for his work of uplifting the downtrodden and the society. He was also an MLA from the Gonda constituency and Chairman of Almora municipal corporation. His life-size statue is kept in the Lt Col Joshi at Chaudhan Pata Almora to give him respect and honour.[citation needed]
  • Prasoon Joshi, writer poet-lyricist Adguru[citation needed]
  • Singer-musician Mohan Upreti,[86] and many other artistic gems have roots in Almora.[citation needed]
  • Swaragini, Gangaa & several others was born & brought up in Almora.[87]
  • Ekta Bisht is an Indian women's cricket player. She is a left-handed batswoman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler. She is the first International woman cricketer from Uttarakhand.[citation needed]
  • Baba Hari Dass (Hari Datt Karnatak, also known as Haridas Baba, born in Almora, 26 March 1923), a silent master yogi, founder of several teaching projects in US, Canada, and India, builder of temples and the author of scriptural commentaries.[88]
  • Nilamber Pant, former vice chairman of ISRO and a Padma Shri winner.[89]
  • Lalit Pande, a social worker, environmentalist and the founder of Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi Environmental Education Centre. The Government of India awarded him with Padma Shri, in 2007.[citation needed]
  • Sunil Kr. Tiwari, Actor from the town, worked in films: Fire in the Mountain, Samosa And Sons.
  • Lakshya Sen, India's highest ranked men's singles badminton player [as of 6-Apr-22], who has won several medals including at World Championship, All England Open, and Youth Olympics.

Further reading

  • Rivett-Carnac, J. H. (1879). Archaeological notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India. Calcutta : G.H. Rouse.
  • Upreti, Ganga Dutt (1894). Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal. Lodiana Mission Press.
  • Oakley, E Sherman (1905). Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal). Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London.
  • of Kumaon, Raja Rudradeva; (Ed. with English tr. Haraprasada Shastri) (1910). Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking. Asiatic Society, Calcutta.

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