Alopecia areata

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alopecia areata
Other namesAlopecia Celsi, vitiligo capitis, Jonston's alopecia
postpartum alopecia[1]
TreatmentSunscreen, head coverings to protect from sun and cold[7]
Medicationtopical minoxidil[10] and triamcinolone injections[11]
PrognosisDoes not affect life expectancy[7][1]
Frequency~2% (US)[7]

Alopecia areata, also known as spot baldness, is a condition in which

bald spots on the scalp, each about the size of a coin.[7] Psychological stress and illness are possible factors in bringing on alopecia areata in individuals at risk, but in most cases there is no obvious trigger.[7] People are generally otherwise healthy.[7] In a few cases, all the hair on the scalp is lost (alopecia totalis), or all body hair is lost (alopecia universalis). Hair loss can be permanent, or temporary.[7][1]

Alopecia areata is believed to be an

identical twins, if one is affected, the other has about a 50% chance of also being affected.[7] The underlying mechanism involves failure by the body to recognize its own cells, with subsequent immune-mediated destruction of the hair follicle.[7]

No cure for the condition is known.

eyelashes are missing, are also recommended.[7] In more than 50% of cases of sudden-onset localized "patchy" disease, hair regrows within a year.[14][15][7] In patients with only one or two patches, this one-year recovery will occur in up to 80%.[16][17] However, many people will have more than one episode over the course of a lifetime.[15] In many patients, hair loss and regrowth occurs simultaneously over the course of several years.[7] Among those in whom all body hair is lost, fewer than 10% recover.[18]

About 0.15% of people are affected at any one time, and 2% of people are affected at some point in time.[7][18] Onset is usually in childhood.[7] Females are affected at higher rates than males.[9]

Signs and symptoms

Alopecia areata

Typical first symptoms of alopecia areata are small bald patches. The underlying skin is unscarred and looks superficially normal. Although these patches can take many shapes, they are usually round or oval.[19] Alopecia areata most often affects the scalp and beard, but may occur on any part of the body with hair.[20] Different areas of the skin may exhibit hair loss and regrowth at the same time. The disease may also go into remission for a time, or may be permanent. It is common in children.[citation needed]

The area of hair loss may tingle or be mildly painful.[21] The hair tends to fall out over a short period of time, with the loss commonly occurring more on one side of the scalp than the other.[22]

Exclamation point hairs, narrower along the length of the strand closer to the base, producing a characteristic "exclamation point" appearance, are often present.[22] These hairs are very short (3–4 mm), and can be seen surrounding the bald patches.[17]

When healthy hair is pulled out, at most a few should come out, and ripped hair should not be distributed evenly across the tugged portion of the scalp. In cases of alopecia areata, hair tends to pull out more easily along the edge of the patch where the follicles are already being attacked by the body's immune system than away from the patch where they are still healthy.[23]

Nails may have pitting or

trachyonychia.[20]

Causes

In alopecia areata, a hair follicle is attacked by the immune system. T-cells swarm the roots, killing the follicle. This causes the hair to fall out and parts of the head to become bald.

Alopecia areata is thought to be a systemic autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own anagen

congenital alopecia areata have been reported.[24] It is recognized as a type 1 inflammatory disease.[25]

Alopecia areata is not

celiac disease.[8] It may be the only manifestation of celiac disease.[27][28]

Endogenous retinoids metabolic defect is a key part of the pathogenesis of the alopecia areata.[29]

In 2010, a genome-wide association study was completed that identified 129 single nucleotide polymorphisms that were associated with alopecia areata. The genes that were identified include those involved in controlling the activation and proliferation of regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, interleukin-2, interleukin-2 receptor A, and Eos (also known as Ikaros family zinc finger 4), as well as the human leukocyte antigen. The study also identified two genes, PRDX5 and STX17, that are expressed in the hair follicle.[30]

A psychodermatological connection is noted with impairment in psychiatric comorbidities including mental well-being, self esteem and mental disorders acting as pathogenic triggers for alopecia areata.[31][32][33][34]

Diagnosis

Alopecia areata is usually diagnosed based on clinical features.

hyperkeratotic plugs), small exclamation-mark hairs, and "black dots" (destroyed hairs in the hair follicle opening).[35]

Oftentimes, however, discrete areas of hair loss surrounded by exclamation mark hairs is sufficient for clinical diagnosis of alopecia areata. Sometimes, reddening of the skin, erythema, may also be present in the balding area.[18]

A biopsy is rarely needed to make the diagnosis or aid in the management of alopecia areata.

hair bulb and follicular stelae. Occasionally, in inactive alopecia areata, no inflammatory infiltrates are found.[citation needed
]

Classification

Varying degrees of alopecia areata, along with alopecia totalis

Commonly, alopecia areata involves hair loss in one or more round spots on the scalp.[22][36]

  • Hair may also be lost more diffusely over the whole scalp, in which case the condition is called diffuse alopecia areata.[22]
  • Alopecia areata monolocularis describes baldness in only one spot. It may occur anywhere on the head.
  • Alopecia areata multilocularis refers to multiple areas of hair loss.
  • Ophiasis refers to hair loss in the shape of a wave at the circumference of the head.
  • The disease may be limited only to the beard, in which case it is called alopecia areata barbae.[22]
  • If the person loses all the hair on the scalp, the disease is then called
    alopecia areata totalis.[7]
  • If all body hair, including
    alopecia areata universalis.[7]

Alopecia areata totalis and universalis are rare.[37]

Treatment

The objective assessment of treatment efficacy is very difficult and spontaneous remission is unpredictable, but if the affected area is patchy, the hair may regrow spontaneously in many cases.

side effects.[20] No one treatment is effective in all cases, and some individuals may show no response to any treatment.[39]

For more severe cases, studies have shown promising results with the individual use of the immunosuppressant methotrexate or adjunct use with corticosteroids.[40]

When alopecia areata is associated with

celiac disease, treatment with a gluten-free diet allows for complete and permanent regrowth of scalp and other body hair in many people, but in others, remissions and recurrences are seen.[27] This improvement is probably due to the normalization of the immune response as a result of gluten withdrawal from the diet.[27]

In June 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, for the treatment of severe alopecia areata.[41]

Ritlecitinib (Litfulo) was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2023.[42]

Fecal matter transplants (FMT) have been shown to reverse AA and support hair growth, with long lasting results, even going as far as growing additional hair on arms and face while grey hairs even regained colour. This supports the idea of a connection between gut microbiota having a part in hair loss.[43]


Hair transplantation may be an alternative for patients with chronic local alopecia areata. The fact that the disease is autoimmune and progresses with relapses is one of the biggest question marks before surgery. There have been case reports in the literature since the early 2000s. However, in an article published long-term follow-up; It is reported that the hair transplanted to the eyebrow area falls out again due to the recurrence of the disease.[44] A similar situation was not mentioned in previous studies on this subject. Perhaps the long-term follow-ups of other studies were not sufficient.

Prognosis

In most cases that begin with a small number of patches of hair loss, hair grows back after a few months to a year.[21] In cases with a greater number of patches, hair can either grow back or progress to alopecia areata totalis or, in rare cases, alopecia areata universalis.[21]

No loss of body function occurs, and the effects of alopecia areata are psychological (loss of self-image due to hair loss), although these can be severe. Loss of hair also means the scalp burns more easily in the sun. Patients may also have aberrant nail formation because keratin forms both hair and nails.[citation needed]

Hair may grow back and then fall out again later. This may not indicate a recurrence of the condition, but rather a natural cycle of growth-and-shedding from a relatively synchronised start; such a pattern will fade over time. Episodes of alopecia areata before puberty predispose to chronic recurrence of the condition.[20]

Alopecia can be the cause of psychological

stress. Because hair loss can lead to significant changes in appearance, individuals with it may experience social phobia, anxiety, and depression.[45]

Epidemiology

The condition affects 0.1%–0.2% of the population, with a lifetime risk of 1%-2%,[46] and is more common in females.[9]

Alopecia areata occurs in people who are otherwise healthy and have no other skin disorders.

teenage years, or young adulthood, but can happen at any ages.[22] Patients also tend to have a slightly higher incidence of conditions related to the immune system, such as asthma, allergies, atopic dermatitis, and hypothyroidism
.

Society and culture

The term alopecia, used by physicians dating back to Hippocrates, originates from the Greek word for fox, "alopex", and was so-named due to fur loss seen in fox mange. "Areata" is derived from the Latin word, "area", meaning a vacant space or patch.[47]

Alopecia areata and alopecia barbae have been identified by some as the biblical nethek condition that is part of the greater tzaraath family of skin disorders; the said disorders are purported to being discussed in the Book of Leviticus, chapter 13.[48]

Notable people

Actor Christopher Reeve suffered from the skin condition.[49] NASCAR driver Joey Logano, obstacle athlete Kevin Bull,[50] politicians Peter Dutton[51] and Ayanna Pressley,[52] K-pop singer Peniel Shin of BtoB,[53] actors Anthony Carrigan[54] and Alan Fletcher,[55] and actresses Jada Pinkett Smith,[56] May Calamawy,[57] and Lili Reinhart[58] all have some form of alopecia areata.

Research

Many medications are being studied.[59]

In 2014, preliminary findings showing that oral

myelofibrosis, restored hair growth in three individuals with long-standing and severe disease.[60]

In March 2020, the US FDA granted

JAK2.[63]

References

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