Altai Republic
Altai Republic
Республика Алтай | ||
---|---|---|
Altai Алтай Республика | | |
• Russian | Республика Алтай / Respublika Altay | |
ISO 3166 code | RU-AL | |
Vehicle registration | 04 | |
Official language(s) | ||
Website | www |
The Altai Republic (
The Altai Republic is one of Russia's
History
The
The southern part of the Altai Republic came under the
The Qing period is a semi-autonomous period with the supervision of two Altan Nuur Uriankhai Governor Banners and part of the seven
The entire
On June 1, 1922, the Altaians regained autonomy with the creation of the
Geography
The Altai Republic is situated in the Altai Mountains in the very center of Asia at the junction of the Siberian taiga, the steppes of Kazakhstan and the semi-deserts of Mongolia. Forests cover about 25% of the republic's territory.
- Area: 92,600 km2 (35,800 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: Tuva Republic (E), and Altai Krai(W/NW).
- international: Mongolia (East Kazakhstan Province) (S/SW)
- internal:
- Highest point: Mount Belukha(4,506 m)
- Maximum N–S distance: 360 km
- Maximum E–W distance: 380 km
Rivers and lakes
More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout the mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic's largest rivers are the
The source of the black Biya River is
The hydrographic network of the Republic also includes approximately 7,000 lakes, adding up to a total area of more than 700 km2 (270 sq mi). The largest lake is Lake Teletskoye, which is 80 km (50 mi) long and 5 km (3.1 mi) wide, has an area of 230.8 square kilometers (89.1 sq mi), and has a maximum depth of 325 meters (1,066 ft). The mountain lakes of Altai contain enormous freshwater reserves of a very pure quality as a result of their distance from civilization.[14] Lake Teletskoye alone contains more than 40 cubic kilometers (9.6 cu mi) of very clear water.
Potential groundwater storage is evaluated at 22 million cubic metres (780×10 6 cu ft) per day, while the present use constitutes about 44,000 m3 (1,600,000 cu ft) per day.
Mountains
The most striking geographical aspect of the Republic of Altai is its mountainous terrain. The Republic is situated within the Russian part of the
Natural resources
Various bodies of water are among the most important natural resources of the Republic. Mineral and hot springs are popular destinations for tourists and locals, sought for their therapeutic effects. Additionally, Altai glaciers contain a great amount of fresh water. The general volume of ice for registered Altai glaciers comes to a total of 57 km3, 52 km3 of which is water. The total water stock of the glaciers exceeds the average annual effluence of all Altai rivers, which are equal to 43 km3 per year. The largest glaciers are Bolshoy Taldurinsky (35 km2), Mensu (21 km2), Sofiysky (17 km2), and Bolshoy Maashey (16 km2).
Mineral resources in the region primarily include gold, silver, iron ores, and lithium, in addition to other smaller amounts of minerals. The large city of Barnaul in neighboring Altai Krai was founded as a processing center for minerals from the Altai region, although the mineral extraction industry today is much smaller than in the past.
Climate
The republic has a temperate continental climate with relatively short and mild summers (June–August); and long, cold, and often quite frosty winters (November–March).
In general, the republic's climate of the southeastern areas, such as the (Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky Districts), is harsher than the climate of the less elevated northern areas.
- Average annual temperature: +1 °C to −6.7 °C.
- January temperature range: -9.2 °C to −31 °C.
- July temperature range: +11 °C to +19 °C.
- Average annual precipitation: 100–1000 mm.
Administrative divisions
The Altai Republic is administratively divided into ten
Demographics
Population:
210,924 (2021 Census);[5] 206,168 (2010 Russian census);[15] 202,947 (2002 Census);[16] 191,649 (1989 Soviet census).[17]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 41,983 | — |
1926 | 106,544 | +153.8% |
1939 | 162,179 | +52.2% |
1959 | 157,161 | −3.1% |
1970 | 168,261 | +7.1% |
1979 | 171,835 | +2.1% |
1989 | 191,649 | +11.5% |
2002 | 202,947 | +5.9% |
2010 | 206,168 | +1.6% |
2021 | 210,924 | +2.3% |
Source: Census data |
Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived 2008-04-12 at the Wayback Machine[18][19]
Average population (× 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 168 | 3,236 | 1,486 | 1,750 | 19.3 | 8.8 | 10.4 | |
1975 | 170 | 3,805 | 1,724 | 2,081 | 22.4 | 10.1 | 12.2 | |
1980 | 175 | 3,841 | 2,082 | 1,759 | 21.9 | 11.9 | 10.1 | |
1985 | 185 | 4,256 | 2,097 | 2,159 | 23.0 | 11.3 | 11.7 | |
1990 | 194 | 3,753 | 2,126 | 1,627 | 19.3 | 10.9 | 8.4 | 2,52 |
1991 | 196 | 3,579 | 2,064 | 1,515 | 18.2 | 10.5 | 7.7 | 2,41 |
1992 | 197 | 3,263 | 2,271 | 992 | 16.6 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 2,25 |
1993 | 197 | 2,878 | 2,630 | 248 | 14.6 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 2,00 |
1994 | 198 | 2,931 | 2,875 | 56 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 0.3 | 2,03 |
1995 | 199 | 2,853 | 2,637 | 216 | 14.3 | 13.2 | 1.1 | 1,93 |
1996 | 200 | 2,704 | 2,567 | 137 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 0.7 | 1,80 |
1997 | 200 | 2,686 | 2,547 | 139 | 13.4 | 12.7 | 0.7 | 1,77 |
1998 | 201 | 2,923 | 2,367 | 556 | 14.5 | 11.8 | 2.8 | 1,89 |
1999 | 202 | 2,742 | 2,536 | 206 | 13.6 | 12.6 | 1.0 | 1,74 |
2000 | 203 | 2,907 | 2,645 | 262 | 14.3 | 13.0 | 1.3 | 1,82 |
2001 | 203 | 3,033 | 2,870 | 163 | 14.9 | 14.1 | 0.8 | 1,87 |
2002 | 203 | 3,252 | 3,061 | 191 | 16.0 | 15.1 | 0.9 | 1,98 |
2003 | 203 | 3,392 | 3,173 | 219 | 16.7 | 15.7 | 1.1 | 2,04 |
2004 | 202 | 3,513 | 3,015 | 498 | 17.4 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 2,08 |
2005 | 202 | 3,502 | 3,170 | 332 | 17.3 | 15.7 | 1.6 | 2,03 |
2006 | 202 | 3,395 | 2,837 | 558 | 16.8 | 14.1 | 2.8 | 1,93 |
2007 | 202 | 4,066 | 2,574 | 1,492 | 20.1 | 12.7 | 7.4 | 2,29 |
2008 | 203 | 4,442 | 2,549 | 1,893 | 21.9 | 12.5 | 9.3 | 2,48 |
2009 | 204 | 4,266 | 2,492 | 1,774 | 20.9 | 12.2 | 8.7 | 2,48 |
2010 | 206 | 4,224 | 2,508 | 1,716 | 20.6 | 12.2 | 8.3 | 2,48 |
2011 | 207 | 4,719 | 2,529 | 2,190 | 22.7 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 2,84 |
2012 | 209 | 4,693 | 2,416 | 2,277 | 22.4 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 2,91 |
2013 | 211 | 4,442 | 2,392 | 2,027 | 21.1 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 2,82 |
2014 | 213 | 4,404 | 2,365 | 2,039 | 20.7 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 2,88 |
2015 | 214 | 4,022 | 2,347 | 1,675 | 18.7 | 10.9 | 7.8 | 2,68 |
2016 | 216 | 3,911 | 2,151 | 1,760 | 18.1 | 10.0 | 8.1 | 2,63(e) |
2017 | 217 | 3,443 | 2,099 | 1,344 | 15.8 | 9.6 | 6.2 |
Ethnic groups
As per the
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Altai | 42,2131 | 42.4% | 39,285 | 24.2% | 38,019 | 24.2% | 46,750 | 27.8% | 50,203 | 29.2% | 59,130 | 31.0% | 68,0272 | 33.6% | 69,9633 | 34.5% | 73,242 | 37.0%4 |
Russians | 51,813 | 52.0% | 114,209 | 70.4% | 109,661 | 69.8% | 110,442 | 65.6% | 108,795 | 63.2% | 115,188 | 60.4% | 116,510 | 57.5% | 114,802 | 56.6% | 106,258 | 53.7% |
Kazakhs | 2,326 | 2.3% | 4,280 | 2.6% | 4,745 | 3.0% | 7,170 | 4.3% | 8,677 | 5.0% | 10,692 | 5.6% | 12,108 | 6.0% | 12,524 | 6.2% | 12,647 | 6.4% |
Others | 3,309 | 3.3% | 4,405 | 2.7% | 4,736 | 3.0% | 3,899 | 2.3% | 4,365 | 2.5% | 5,821 | 3.1% | 5,914 | 2.9% | 5,447 | 2.7% | 5,741 | 2.9% |
- including 3,414 Telengits, 1,384 Kumandins and 344 Teleuts
- including 2,368 Telengits, 1,533 Tubalars, 931 Kumandins, 830 Chelkans, 141 Shors and 32 Teleuts
- including 3,648 Telengits, 1,891 Tubalars, 1,062 Kumandins, 1,113 Chelkans and 87 Shors
- including 2,587 Telengits, 3,424 Tubalars, 1,037 Kumandins, 1,170 Chelkans and 91 Shors
- 3,432 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[21]
Politics
The head of government in the Altai Republic is the Head of the Republic, popularly elected for a four-year term. As of 2019[update], the Head of the Republic is Oleg Khorokhordin, who succeeded Alexander Berdnikov in this post. The supreme legislative body of the republic is the State Assembly—El Kurultai, with 41 deputies popularly elected every four years. Igor Yaimov is the current Chairman of the State Assembly-El Kurultai from January 2002.
The Republic's Constitution was adopted on June 7, 1997.
Economy
The Altai Republic is a
Mining
- Alakhinskoye mine (lithium reserve)
Transportation
The Altai Republic is one of the few Russian political divisions without rail access. The main paved road is the Chuysky Tract, which spans the republic from the capital Gorno-Altaisk in the north to the Mongolian border in the south. The republic's main paved road threads its way through the rugged Altai Mountains. A system of taxis and buses transports people between settlements. Within the settlements, people generally walk or ride horses.
Helicopters are used for emergency transportation, to supply remote government outposts, and by wealthy tourists. In 2012, runway capacity at the Gorno-Altaysk Airport near the republic's capital, was doubled. In June that same year, S7 Airlines started direct flights from Moscow. Prior to this, passengers used to fly through Barnaul in Altai Krai or Novosibirsk.[22]
Tourism
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Altai Republic's tourism industry has greatly expanded. Although wealthy Russians from neighboring Russian regions are the most common sort of tourist in Altai, foreign interest has also grown in the area, especially due to the area's spiritual significance.[citation needed]
Popular tourist destinations tend to be concentrated in the north, where the roads are more accessible. They are also almost entirely located along the Chuiskiy highway, which is the main road from the north into the mountains, although it is currently (2006) only two lanes wide. The north is also significantly warmer than the elevated southern areas, which tend to be chilly even in the summer.[citation needed]
Some of the more well-known tourist spots in the Altai Republic include Lake Aiya, a popular bathing spot, and the picturesque Chemal region. More adventurous travelers sometimes visit the more remote Lake Teletskoye or Mount Belukha in the south.[citation needed]
Education
There is one university (Gorno-Altaysk State University), 12 colleges, and 205 secondary schools in the republic.
Religion
Different religions are present in Altai. According to a 2012 survey,
The traditional religion of the native Altaians is Tengrist
It is unknown when Buddhism came into Altai but in various periods of history, the territory of the Altai and its population found themselves in full or partial subjection to neighboring states, where Buddhism was the official or one of the official religions: the state of the Khitans (tenth-twelfth centuries), the Mongol Empire (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries), and the Dzhungar Khanate (seventeenth-eighteenth centuries).[25]
From 1904 until the 1930s, a new religious movement called Burkhanism (or Ak Jang, the "white faith") was popularized among native Altaians. The religion originated in Altai and emphasized the "white" aspect of shamanistic practice. Burkhanism remains an important component of Altai national consciousness and is currently being revived in several forms along with indigenous Altai culture in general.
Russian Pagan followers often go on pilgrimages to Mount Belukha, which is considered to be the location of Shambhala both by some Pagans and locals of Altai. One can often find manifestations of shamanistic spirituality in the region; for example, at points along the Katun River, local believers in shamanic religions are known to tie white ribbons to nearby trees and leave offerings of coins or food to the spirits.[26] Although shamanism is much less widely practiced today, it is regaining popularity as a result of new religious freedom following the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Culture
The indigenous Altai culture holds the lands of Altai to be sacred. The indigenous (Turkic) languages are focused on the stewardship of the lands. The Altai oral history is transmitted by throat-singers. The Altai culture was repressed during Soviet times and has been rebounding since then. The clans of all ten regions gather in the village of Yelo for a biennial cultural celebration.
There is also a large contingent of "Old Believers" who fled to Altai when they split from the Russian Orthodox Church over 300 years ago.
The UNESCO World Heritage Site "Golden Mountains" protects the Ukok Plateau, on which there are many standing stones and kurgans. Although archaeologists consider kurgans to be burial sites, the indigenous people believe that they are highly refined magnetic instruments for directing the flow of cosmic energy into the Earth.[citation needed] Thus, there is great local indignation about the excavation and removal of the Siberian Ice Maiden, an extraordinary 2,500-year-old mummy that had been preserved in permafrost.
Gorno-Altaisk is the location of the National Museum of the Altai Republic, which houses the mummy, the "Altai Princess", the National Library of the Republic of Altai, the National Theatre of the Republic of Altai and the Municipal House of Culture.
Regularly held national holiday Maslenitsa, Nowruz, Chaga – Bayram, received in February 2013 with the official status of the Republican celebration.
In 2013, the Altai Republic participated in the Turkvision Song Contest. The Altai Republic's entry was the song "Altayym Menin" performed by Artur Marlujokov. The Altai Republic placed fifth in the contest.
Sport
Bandy is played in the Altai Republic.[27][28]
Notable people
- Alexander Berdnikov (born April 8, 1953), Chairman of the Government of the Altai Republic, and the head of the republic from January 20, 2006
- Grigory Gurkin (January 24, 1870 – October 11, 1937), landscape painter
- Mikhail Lapshin (September 1, 1934 – June 17, 2006), President of the Altai Republic from January 19, 2002, to January 19, 2006
- Sergey Mikayelyan (born April 27, 1992), cross-country skier
- Viktor Shvaiko (b. 1965), painter
- Semyon Zubakin (born May 4, 1952), Head of the Altai Republic, in Russia, from January 13, 1998, to January 19, 2002
See also
- Music of Altai
- Altai-Sayan region
References
Citations
- ^ Official website of the Altai Republic Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Constitution, Article 8
- ^ Official website of the Altai Republic. Biography of Alexander Vasilyevich Berdnikov Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
- ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution, Article 13.
- ^ "news-city.info". altaj.news-city.info. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
- ^ "Статья 4. Правовое положение языков | ГАРАНТ". base.garant.ru.
- ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
- ^ a b Znamenski, Andrei (2005). "Power of Myth: Popular ethnonationalism and Nationality Building in Mountain Altai, 1904–1922" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 22: 44–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-02.
- ^ "Wild Sightings in the Altai". altaiassistanceproject.org. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
- ^ "Altai Republic, Russia". Archived from the original on 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ БГД Archived 2018-02-19 at the Wayback Machine. Gks.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
- ^ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Gks.ru (2010-05-08). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ Перепись-2010: русских становится больше Archived 2018-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
- ^ James Brooke (March 27, 2013). "Altai Republic slowly opening up to outside world". www.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c "Main page project «Arena» : Non-profit research based consulting "Sreda"". Retrieved 2022-12-31.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- S2CID 161432849.
- ^ "Home - Sustainability – Syracuse University". sustainability.syr.edu. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006.
- ^ "РОО Республики Алтай "Федерация хоккея с мячом" | VK".
- ^ "Федерация хоккея с мячом России". rusbandy.ru.
Sources
- 7 июня 1997 г. «Конституция Республики Алтай (Основной Закон)», в ред. Конституционного закона №5-КРЗ от 27 ноября 2007 г. (June 7, 1997 Constitution of the Altai Republic (Basic Law), as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-KRZ of November 27, 2007. ).