Altan Khan
Altan Khan | |
---|---|
Tümed | |
1st Ming Shunyi King (顺义王) | |
Reign | 21 April 1571 – 26 February 1582 |
Predecessor | First |
Successor | Sengge Düüreng |
Born | 1507 |
Died | 1582 (aged 74–75) |
Spouse | Erketü Qatun |
House | Borjigin |
Father | Bars Bolud Jinong |
Religion | Tibetan Buddhism |
Altan Khan of the Tümed (1507–1582;
Consolidation of power
Borjigin Barsboladiin Altan was the second son of
When
Altan Khan also founded the city of Köke Khota (
Becoming high official of Ming China
Altan Khan led raids into the
Alliance with the Gelug
Altan Khan is particularly remembered for establishing ties between Mongolia and the religious leaders of the Tibetan Gelug order. He became very interested in the Gelug, and Beijing was happy to provide him with Tibetan lamas (teachers), Tibetan scriptures, and translations.[2] Altan Khan first invited Sonam Gyatso to Tümed in 1569, but apparently he refused to go and sent a disciple instead, who reported back to him about the great opportunity to spread Buddhist teachings throughout Mongolia.[15][verification needed]
In 1573, Altan Khan took some Tibetan Buddhist monks prisoner.[16][relevant?]
Sonam Gyatso accepted Altan Khan's invitation to Tümed in 1577.[17] Altan Khan later had Thegchen Chonkhor, Mongolia's first monastery, built at the place of the meeting.[18] Also, the ruler of the Khalkha Mongols, Abtai Sain Khan, rushed to Tümed to meet the Dalai Lama. The Erdene Zuu Monastery was built by him in 1586, at the site of the former Mongol capital of Karakorum following his adoption of Buddhism as the state religion.[19] This monastery is also often (wrongly) referred to as the first monastery in Mongolia and it grew into a massive establishment. In 1792, it contained 68 temples and some 15,000 lamas.[20]
Sonam Gyatso publicly announced that he was a reincarnation of the Tibetan
Altan Khan designated Sonam Gyatso as "Dalai" (a translation into Mongolian of the name Gyatso, meaning "ocean").
Sonam Gyatso never returned to Tibet but remained proselytizing among the Mongols.[23] The Tümed Mongols and their allies were brought into the Gelug tradition, which was to become the main spiritual orientation of the Mongols in the ensuing centuries.[23]
Sonam Gyatso's message was that the time had come for Mongolia to embrace Buddhism, that from that time on there should be no more animal sacrifices, there must be no taking of life, animal or human, military action must be pursued only with purpose and the immolation of women on the funeral pyres of their husbands must be abolished.[25] He also secured an edict abolishing the Mongol custom of blood-sacrifices.[26] "These and many other such laws were set forth by Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso and were instituted by Altan Khan."[27]
A massive program of translating Tibetan (and Sanskrit)[28] texts into Mongolian was commenced, with letters written in silver and gold and paid for by the Dalai Lama's Mongolian devotees. Within 50 years virtually all Mongols had become Buddhist, with tens of thousands of monks, who were members of the Gelug order, loyal to the Dalai Lama.[18]
When Sonam Gyatso died in 1588, his incarnation – and thus, the new Dalai Lama – was Altan Khan's great-grandson.[23]
Death
Altan Khan died in 1582, only four years after meeting with the Third Dalai Lama. He was 74 or 75 years old at the time.[21]
Succession
Altan Khan's title Shunyi Wang (顺义王) was succeeded by his son
See also
References
- ^ Алтан хан Mongoltoli.mn
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4422-0491-1.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9(paper).
- ISBN 978-0-87773-376-8(pbk).
- ISBN 978-90-04-25455-8.
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 12, p. 373.
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. I, p. 275.
- ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 9, p. 601.
- ^ History of Ming: 又雜采崇古及廷臣議,賜王印,給食用,加撫賞,惟貢使不聽入京。
- ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
- ^ https://m.sohu.com/a/704380634_121124386 1571 年,明廷封俺答汗为"顺义王",其弟把都儿、侄子吉能(袄儿都思部济农)等人以下台吉60 多人被封为都督、指挥、千户、百户等明朝官职,按职给赏,俺答汗等人每年向明朝贡马,右翼蒙古终于与明朝建立了通贡互市关系。In 1571, the Ming Dynasty granted Anda Khan the title of "King of Shunyi". His younger brother Badu'er, nephew Ji Neng (Yao'erdu Sibu Ji Nong) and others, more than 60 people were assigned to governor, commander, Qianhu and Baifu official positions of the Ming Dynasty. Rewards were granted according to their posts. Anda Khan and others paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty every year. Right-wing Mongolia finally established a mutual tribute and trade relationship with the Ming Dynasty.
- ^ History of Ming: 昆都力、辛愛等皆授官
- ISBN 978-0-671-20559-1(pbk).
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9(paper).
- ^ a b McKay 2003, p. 18
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
- ^ "Erdene Zuu Monastery" "Erdene Zuu Monastery - mandal". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007. accessed 7 December 2007.
- ^ Discover Mongolia Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 7 December 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
- ISBN 9780671205591.
- ^ a b c d e McKay 2003, p. 19
- ^ 《明实录》又载:"万历十五年(1587)十月丁卯......番僧答赖(即达赖)准升'朵儿只唱名号,仍给敕命、图书......"
- ISBN 978-0-671-20559-1(pbk).
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0901-9(paper).
- ISBN 978-1-57416-092-5.
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 12, p. 374.
- ISBN 978-0-19-995866-5.
Sources
- McKay, A. (editor) (2003): History of Tibet. Publisher: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1508-4