Alternative education
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Alternative education encompasses many
The legal framework for such education varies by locality, and determines any obligation to conform with mainstream standard tests and grades.
Alternative pedagogical approaches may include different structures, as in the
History
Alternative education grew up in response to the establishment of standardized and
- Respect for the person
- Balance
- Decentralization of authority
- Noninterference among the political, economic, and cultural spheres of society
- A holistic worldview.
In modern times, at least in some localities, the legal right to provide educational alternatives has become established alongside a duty to provide education for school age children.
Localities
Canada
Education in Canada falls under the jurisdiction of the provincial government. Alternative education is provided in some public schools, such as Mountainview Montessori School and Trille des Bois Waldorf school in Ottawa,[6] as well as in independent schools, such as Toronto Montessori Schools and Vancouver Waldorf School.[7]
Origins
Alternative education in Canada stems from two philosophical educational points of view, Progressive and Libertarian.[8] According to Levin, 2006 the term "alternative" was adopted partly to distinguish these schools from the independent, parent-student-teacher-run "free" schools that preceded them (and from which some of the schools actually evolved) and to emphasize the boards' commitment to options within the public school system. Progressive educational tradition places emphasis on both the need to incorporate curriculum and teaching to match the stages of child development and the gradual integration of the child into adult society through planned experiential learning. The sources of stimulus would be from the philosopher John Dewey in the United States, from post WW1 New Schools in Great Britain and the Steiner/Waldorf schools in Europe. The Libertarian tradition focuses on the rights of the parents and children to make their own educational and life choices. As noted by Levin "It is rooted in the belief to uphold the individual freedom and the innate goodness of the child against institutional and social conformity and the corrupting influences of modern society."[8]
School types
The 1980s saw a shift to special schools and/or programs for those students that excelled in academia, were artistically talented, or through programs linking schooling with the workplace in a co-operative venture. It might be considered as a natural evolution of education to offer options and not a regimented one size fits all approach. Most alternative high schools falling under public jurisdiction offered independent study programs, basic-skills programs, and were mini-high schools with a mixture of conventional and nonconventional courses, and schools with an arts focus. They also offered smaller classes, closer and more informal relations with teachers, and greater flexibility in course selection and timetabling. The most recent development within alternative education in Canada may be to follow the United States in their "Charter School" movement. In the US specific states have passed legislation permitting their departments of education or local school boards to issue "charters" directly to individual schools wishing to operate autonomously. Alberta is the first province that has already embraced this model.[8]
India
Since the early 20th century, educators have discussed and implemented alternative forms of education, such as
. Others, after completing their education in a gurukula, enter mainstream higher education.Japan
Japanese education is a nationwide, standardized system under the
A free school is a non-profit group (or independent school) which specializes in the care and education of children who refuse to attend standard schools. The first
In 1992 Dr Shinichiro Hori, formerly Professor of Education at Osaka City University, founded the first, Kinokuni Children's Village in Wakayama Prefecture, of several alternative, democratic schools. In all he created six schools in Fukui prefecture, Kitakyushu, and Yamanashi prefecture. As friend and Japanese translator of
In 2003 Japan introduced Special Zones for Structural Reform (
Despite the schools' high tuition, some parents send their children to
Philippines
Taiwan
Founded after the lifting of martial law in Taiwan, the Forest School (森林小學) was the first alternative education school in Taiwan. It seeks to diverge from traditional Chinese education methodology and requires parents of their students to not hit or scold their children. The term 'forest school' has become a generalized term used by schools with alternative education approaches. There is also the case of the Caterpillar, which – like the Forest School – is housed in an unconventional campus and follows a creative and more fluid curriculum.[10] Both these schools charge expensive tuition fees but more personalized instruction.[10]
There is also alternative education that caters to learners with special needs such as the Taipei County's Seedling Elementary School, which opened in 1994.[11] This school caters to native students, who need a different and less stressful learning environment. It integrates traditional courses with strategies that focus on enhancing the learner's bond with nature and aboriginal culture.[11] Another example is the so-called "third-way" education that serves the needs of students that are not local but also not foreign such as the Taipei American School,[12] which provides instruction to Taiwanese students with family in the United States or those with occupations that took them, including their children, abroad.[10]
United Kingdom
In 2003, there were about 70 schools in the
The United Kingdom also has alternative provision schools and centres, designed to prevent exclusions from mainstream school, or improve behavioural problems so that students can re-access mainstream education. Since 1993, some of the centres have been referred to as Pupil Referral Units (PRU). These units are run by the local authority.
In recent years, in addition to Pupil Referral Units, many privately funded units (operated by businesses or charities) have set up versions of PRUs. These are known as private providers of alternative provision.
The influx of private businesses entering the sector has led to concerns being raised by Ofsted and the Department for Education in relation to so called illegal schools operating. Illegal schools refer to alternative provision centres providing students with a full time education without first registering properly as a school. Operating in this way means that providers avoid inspection by Ofsted.
United States
A variety of educational alternatives exist at the
School choice
Public-school alternatives in the U.S. include separate schools, classes, programs and semi-autonomous "schools within schools". Public school-choice options are open to all students, although some have waiting lists. Among these are charter schools, combining private initiatives and state funding, and magnet schools, which attract students to a particular program (such as the performing arts).
Independent schools
Independent, or private, schools have flexibility in staff selection and educational approach. Many are
Homeschooling
Families seeking alternatives for educational, philosophical or religious reasons, or if there is no nearby educational alternative may opt for home-based education. A minor branch is unschooling, an approach based on interest rather than a curriculum. Others enroll in umbrella schools which provide a curriculum. Homeschool courses give students in-depth, personal attention in any subject with which they struggle or excel. Some homeschool families form a cooperative, where parents with expertise in a subject may teach children from a number of families while their children are taught by other parents. There is great variation amongst families who homeschool, from parents who set up in-home "classrooms" and hold class for a set amount of time each day, to families that focus on experiential learning opportunities.[15]
Self-education
Self-directed inquiry is recognized at all levels of education, from the "unschooling" of children to the autodidacticism of adults, and may occur separately from (or with) traditional forms of education.[16]
See also
- Alternative schools
- Alternative university
- Anarchism and education
- Education
- Education policy
- Education reform#Alternatives to public education
- European Convention on Human Rights, Article 2
- Experiential education
- Freedom of education
- Free school movement
- Homeschooling
- Progressive education
- Right to education
- Special education
- UnCollege
- Unschooling
Forms and approaches of alternative education
- Anarchistic free school
- Artful Learning
- Democratic education
- Deschooling
- Free school movement
- Forest kindergarten
- Jiddu Krishnamurti Schools
- Sudbury school
- Thomas Jefferson Education
- Modern School Movement
- Montessori education
- Vocational education
Educators
- John Dewey
- Célestin Freinet
- Friedrich Fröbel
- Ivan Illich
- Joseph Jacotot
- Deborah Meier
- Maria Montessori
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Rudolf Steiner
- Jiddu Krishnamurti
- Bill Nye
Organizations
Media
- The Forbidden Education, a documentary film about alternative education
Public law on education in the US
References
- ^ "alternative education". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Sep. 2015.
- ^ Martin, Robin Ann (November 2000). "An Introduction to Educational Alternatives". Alternative Education Resource Organization. Paths of Learning. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
- ^ Jean Jacques Rousseau Bertram, Christopher, "Jean Jacques Rousseau", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
- ^ J. Scott Armstrong (2012). "Natural Learning in Higher Education". Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning.
- ^ Ron Miller, Self-Organizing Revolution, Holistic Education Press, 2008
- ^ "Trille des Bois". Retrieved 2022-10-22.
- ^ "Types of Private Schools".
- ^ a b c Levin, Malcolm (February 2007). "Alternative Education". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Shinichiro Hori. "Kinokuni Children's Village". Liberation Education, 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7656-1494-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-230-12014-3.
- ISBN 978-1-317-81448-1.
- ^ State Regulation of Private Schools, U.S. Department of Education, 2009 [1]
- ^ "Alternative Education Outside the Traditional 4-Year Path". AACAP. 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ^ "Advantages of homeschooling". 25 February 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ Hayes, C. (1989), Self-University
Further reading
- Korn, Claire V. (1991). Alternative American Schools: Ideals in Action. Ithaca, New York: SUNY Press.
- Trickett, Edison J. (1991). Living an Idea: Empowerment and the Evolution of an Alternative High School. University of Maryland: Brookline Books.
- Churchill, Christian J. and Gerald E. Levy. (2012) The Enigmatic Academy: Class, Bureaucracy, and Religion in American Education, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
External links
- Map of alternative education schools and projects by REEVO, Alternative Education Network
- Alternative Education Resource Organization (AERO)
- International Association for Learning Alternatives
- Informal Education
- Special Education in Alternative Education Programs (ERIC Digest E585) Archived 2022-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
- National Coalition of Alternative Community Schools
- National Association for the Legal Support of Alternative Schools
- Reggio Children Foundation
- Eklavya (Indian educational NGO)
- Iowa Association of Alternative Education
- Oklahoma Technical Assistance Center Archived 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine
- Learning for a Cause (in Japanese)