Alternative for Germany
Alternative for Germany Alternative für Deutschland | |
---|---|
Abbreviation | AfD |
Co-leaders | |
Deputy co-leaders | |
Parliamentary leaders |
|
Honorary chairman | Alexander Gauland |
Founders | Alexander Gauland Bernd Lucke Konrad Adam |
Founded | 6 February 2013 |
Split from | Christian Democratic Union of Germany |
Headquarters | Schillstraße 9 10785 Berlin |
Youth wing | Young Alternative for Germany |
Membership (2023) | 34,000[1] |
Ideology | Right-wing populism |
Political position | Far-right[A] |
European affiliation | Identity and Democracy Party |
European Parliament group | |
Colours | Light blue |
State Parliaments | 252 / 1,884 |
European Parliament | 9 / 96 |
Website | |
www | |
^ A: Although beginning as a centre-right alternative to the CDU/CSU, the AfD has been considered to be part of the radical right, a subset of the far right that does not oppose democracy, since 2015.[2] |
Alternative for Germany (German: Alternative für Deutschland, AfD; German pronunciation:
Established in April 2013, AfD narrowly missed the 5%
AfD was founded by Gauland,
Several state associations and other factions of AfD have been linked to or accused of harboring connections with far-right nationalist and proscribed movements, such as
The party is the strongest in the areas of the former
History
Founding
In September 2012,
Some candidates of what would become AfD sought election in Lower Saxony as part of the Electoral Alternative 2013 in alliance with the Free Voters, an association participating in local elections without specific federal or foreign policies, and received 1% of the vote.[47][48] In February 2013, the group decided to found a new party to compete in the 2013 federal election; according to a leaked email from Lucke, the Free Voters leadership declined to join forces.[49] Advocating the abolition of the euro, AfD took a more radical stance than the Free Voters.[50] The Pirate Party Germany opposed any coalition with AfD at their 2013 spring convention.[51]
The AfD's initial supporters were the same prominent economists, business leaders, and journalists who had supported the Electoral Alternative 2013, including former members of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), who had previously challenged the constitutionality of the German government's eurozone policies at the Federal Constitutional Court.[52][53][54] AfD did not regard itself as a splinter party from the CDU, as its early membership also contained a former state leader from the Free Democratic Party and members of the Federation of Independent Voters, a pressure group of independents and small business owners.[5]
On 14 April 2013, the AfD announced its presence to the wider public when it held its first convention in
2013 federal election
On 22 September 2013, AfD won 4.7% of the votes in the 2013 federal election, just missing the 5% barrier to enter the Bundestag. The party won about 2 million party list votes and 810,000 constituency votes, which was 1.9% of the total of these votes cast across Germany.[61]
2013 state elections
AfD did not participate in the
2014 European Parliament election
In early 2014, the
AfD held a party conference on 25 January 2014 at
In February 2014, AfD officials said they had discussed alliances with Britain's anti-EU
In the 2014 European Parliament election on 25 May, AfD came in fifth place in Germany, with 7.1% of the national vote (2,065,162 votes), and seven
2014 state elections
On 31 August, AfD scored 9.7% of the vote in the
2015 state elections
On 15 February, AfD won 6.1% of the vote in the 2015 Hamburg state election, gaining the mandate for eight seats in the Hamburg Parliament,[77] winning their first seats in a western German state. On 10 May, AfD secured in the 5.5% of the vote in the 2015 Bremen state election gaining representation in their fifth state parliament on a 50% turnout.[78]
Petry assumes leadership and Lucke quits
After months of factional infighting and a cancelled party gathering in June 2015,
Co-operation with FPÖ and exclusion from ECR group
In February 2016, AfD announced a cooperation pact with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ).[85] On 8 March 2016, the bureau of the ECR group began motions to exclude AfD from their group due to its links with the far-right FPÖ,[86] inviting the two remaining AfD MEPs to leave the group by 31 March, with a motion of exclusion to be tabled on 12 April if they refuse to leave voluntarily.[87] While MEP Beatrix von Storch left the ECR group on 8 April to join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group,[88][89] Marcus Pretzell let himself be expelled on 12 April 2016.[90]
2016 state elections
With the
2016 party congress
At the party congress held on 30 April to 1 May 2016, AfD adopted a policy platform based upon opposition to Islam, calling for the ban of Islamic symbols including burqas, minarets, and adhan (call to prayer), using the slogan "Islam is not a part of Germany".[95][96][97][98]
2017 federal election
At the party conference in April 2017, Frauke Petry announced that she would not run as the party's main candidate for the 2017 federal election. This announcement grew out of internal power struggle as the party's support had fallen in polls from 15% in the summer of 2016 to 7% just before the conference. Björn Höcke from the far-right wing of the party and Petry were attempting to push each other out of the party. Petry's decision was partly seen as a step to avoid a vote at the conference on the issue of her standing.
In the 2017 federal election, AfD won 12.6% of the vote and received 94 seats; this was the first time it had won seats in the Bundestag.[102][103] It won three constituency seats, which would have been enough to qualify for proportionally-elected seats in any event. Under a long-standing law intended to benefit regional parties, any party that wins at least three constituency seats qualifies for its share of proportionally-elected seats, regardless of vote share.[104]
Split-off parties
The
At a press conference held by AfD the day after the 2017 federal election, Frauke Petry said that she would participate in the Bundestag as an independent; she said she did this because extremist statements by some members made it impossible for AfD to function as a constructive opposition, and to make clear to voters that there is internal dissent in the AfD. She also said that she would be leaving the party at some future date.
In 2018,
2021 federal election
Ahead of the 2021 federal election, AfD campaigned with the slogan "Germany. But Normal" and took a position of opposing further lockdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Having moved further right on economic issues and remaining strongly right on socio-cultural issues, despite attempts to normalize, AfD's manifesto for the federal election was deemed to be still too radical for the party to take part in government.[112]
In the federal election, AfD saw a dip in national vote share by getting 10.3% of the vote, compared to 12.6% in 2017; however, the party emerged as the largest in the states of
2022–2023 state and district elections
AfD held their three seats in the
On October 8 state elections, AfD significantly increased its share in Hesse where it became the second biggest party (+9 seats) and in Bavaria, where it became the third (+10 seats).
Observers considered the increase of support for the AfD as not being limited to the local level. Opinion polling for the next German federal election conducted in early July 2023 showed that the AfD polled more than the SPD, achieving second place behind the CDU/CSU alliance.[131] Amid this surge and warnings from the monitoring agency about AfD's extremism, Germans considered whether to ban the party. The German Institute for Human Rights stated that "the AfD have reached a degree of dangerousness that they can be banned according to the constitution", having warned that the party is actively and methodically trying "to implement its racist and Right-wing extremist goals" and "shifting the limits of what can be said so that people can get used to their ethno-nationalist positions". The SPD co-leader said a ban should be considered if the AfD is categorized as a group of "proven Right-wing extremists" by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Friedrich Merz, the CDU leader, warned that "banning parties has never actually solved political problems". Germans are evenly split on a ban, with 47 per cent in favour and 47 per cent against; the ban is more popular in the west and among liberal Greens.[132]
In December 2023, Tim Lochner of AfD was elected mayor of Pirna (Saxony), he became the first mayor of a city with more than 20,000 inhabitants to be appointed by the party.[133]
2023 meeting with far-right extremists and subsequent protests
In January 2024,
The AfD distanced itself from the meeting, saying it was not responsible for what was discussed and that its members had attended only in a personal capacity. Alice Weidel parted ways with Roland Hartwig, an advisor who was present at the meeting.[136][137]
The plan was condemned by German politicians, including chancellor Olaf Scholz.[138][139] The report sparked protests against the AfD across Germany, with protestors calling for a ban of the AfD.[139][137]
Ideology and platform
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in Germany |
---|
The AfD is broadly considered to be a
AfD was initially founded as a
In 2015, more moderate members, including founder and former chairman
AfD underwent a further shift to the right after Petry left the party in 2017 and formed
In March 2020, the
Ideological factions
Political commentators and analysts have described the party as containing two prominent factions: subscribers to more moderate right-wing and national-conservative policies, such as parliamentarians
Economic policies
AfD is an
German nationalism
Over time, a focus on
In January 2017, Höcke in a speech stated, in reference to the
Circumcision
AfD supports a ban on circumcision for non-medical reasons for those under the age of majority, saying that the practice composes a "serious violations of fundamental rights".[180]
Immigration, multiculturalism and Islam
AfD describes German national identity as under threat both from European integration and from the presence and accommodation of immigrants and refugees within Germany.
In its program, AfD wants to end what it describes as mass immigration and focus on taking in small numbers of skilled immigrants who are expected to integrate into society and speak German. It encourages German nationals to have more children, as opposed to trying to boost the German population through foreign migration. The party wants to review EU freedom of movement rules and states that immigrants must be employed and contribute to social security through paying taxes for at least four years before being allowed to receive state benefits. AfD calls for mass deportation of foreign born criminals with multiple citizenship or permanent residency. The party describes the Geneva Convention on Refugees as "outdated", calls for stricter vetting of refugees, and believes the German government should invest in special economic and safe zones in third world nations as opposed to taking in large numbers of asylum seekers without background checks.[181]
AfD is critical of multiculturalism in Germany, stating that "the concept of a multi-cultural society has failed." The party favours banning the burqa, the Islamic call to prayer in public areas and the construction of new minarets, ending foreign funding of mosques and putting imams through a state vetting procedure.[172]
The AfD began to employ anti-Muslim rhetoric during the leadership of Frauke Petry, who responded positively to comparisons between the party and Pegida.
Ritual slaughter
AfD is supportive of a ban on kosher slaughter within the country, as well as the "import and sale of kosher meat".[187]
LGBT rights and feminism
According to its interim electoral manifesto, AfD opposes same-sex marriage and favours civil unions.[188] The left-leaning newspaper Die Tageszeitung described the group as advocating "old gender roles".[189] AfD deputy leader Beatrix von Storch has publicly opposed same-sex marriage. In an effort to overturn same-sex marriage laws, AfD filed a lawsuit over the issue in 2017.[190] Wolfgang Gedeon, an elected AfD representative, has included feminism, along with "sexualism" and "migrationism", in an ideology he calls "green communism" that he opposes, and argues for family values as part of German identity.[191] As AfD has campaigned for traditional roles for women, it has aligned itself with groups opposed to modern feminism.[192] The youth wing of the party has used social media to campaign against aspects of modern feminism, with the support of party leadership.[193] Alice Weidel, co-chairwoman of the party, is a lesbian and is in a civil union with a female Sri Lankan-born Swiss film producer. Weidel has two adopted children with her partner.[194][195][196]
Environment and climate change
AfD has a platform of
Conscription
AfD wants a reinstatement of conscription in Germany, starting for able-bodied men at the age of 18.[201][188]
Foreign policy
AfD is historically pro-
AfD initially held a position of
The party is pro-Israel.
The AfD is considered a key ally for the International Agency for Current Policy in an OCCRP investigation from February 2023. The report accuses Manuel Ochsenreiter of having received payments for publishing pro-Russian propaganda in his Zuerst! magazine.[220]
AfD has historically been more skeptical of China, demanding the government to strip the "developing country" status for China, voicing opposition to "Chinese economic espionage" and opposing Chinese state-owned company COSCO Shipping buying of a stake in the Port of Hamburg.[221] However, it started changing its position in 2023, with AfD's Bundestag caucus accusing foreign minister Annalena Baerbock and economic affairs minister Robert Habeck of launching an "economic war" against China.[221] AfD has also criticized restrictions on the use of 5G material from Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE. AfD leader Tino Chrupalla has also voiced opposition against restrictions on Chinese technology and backed Chinese foreign minister Qin Gang on his peace-brokering efforts for Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[221]
In August 2023 a journalist investigation was published by The Insider, describing how money was funnelled from Moscow to AfD politicians who initiated a constitutional complaint in Germany against the supplies of weapons for Ukraine.[222]
Organisation
Membership
2013 | 17,687[223] |
2014 | 20,728[223] |
2015 | 16,385[223] |
2016 | 26,409[223] |
2017 | 29,000[224] |
2018 | 33,500[225] |
2019 | 35,100[215] |
2020 | 32,000[226] |
2023 | 34,000[1] |
Party finances
Because the 2013 federal election was the first attempt to join by the party, AfD had not received any federal funds in the run-up to it;[227] by receiving 2 million votes, it crossed the threshold for party funding and was expected to receive an estimated 1.3 to 1.5 million euros per year of state subsidies.[228] After joining the parliament with more than 90 representatives in the 2017 federal election, the party received more than 70 million euros per year; this probably rose to more than 100 million euros per year from 2019 onward. The party has also established and acknowledged a foundation for political education, and other purposes, close to the party but organized separately, which may be able to claim up to 80 million euro per year.[229] This foundation would need to be acknowledged by the federal parliament in Germany first, but it has a legal claim to these subsidies.
In 2018, the Alternative for Germany donation scandal became public, as federal and European Parliament politicians Alice Weidel, Jörg Meuthen, Marcus Pretzell, and Guido Reil had profited from illegal and unnamed donations from non-EU countries. The acceptance of donations from non-EU countries is prohibited for German parties and politicians.
Young Alternative for Germany
Young Alternative for Germany (
European affiliations
Following the 2014 European Parliament election on 12 June, AfD was accepted into the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament.[73]
In February 2016, AfD announced a closer cooperation with the right-wing populist party Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which is a member of the Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF) group.[85] On 8 March 2016, the bureau of the ECR group began motions to exclude AfD MEPs from their group due to the party's links with the far-right FPÖ and controversial remarks by two party leader about shooting immigrants.[86][87] MEP Beatrix von Storch pre-empted her imminent expulsion by leaving the ECR group to join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group on 8 April,[88][89] and Marcus Pretzell was expelled from the ECR group on 12 April 2016.[90] During the party convention on 30 April 2016, Pretzell announced his intention to join the Europe of Nations and Freedom group,[234][235] although he subsequently left AfD to join Petry's Blue Party.[236]
In April 2019,
Beyond Identity and Democracy, the AfD has ties to parties like Hungary's Our Homeland Movement,[240] Slovakia's Republic party,[241] Bulgaria's Revival,[242] Alternative for Sweden,[243] Serbia's Dveri[244] and the Serbian Party Oathkeepers.[245]
Public image
Early days
At the outset, AfD presented itself as
Relationship with right-wing groups
Outside the Berlin hotel where the party held its inaugural meeting, it has been alleged that copies of
In 2013, AfD party organisers sent out the message that they are not trying to attract right-wing radicals and toned down rhetoric on their
Members of Alliance 90/Green Party have accused AfD of pandering to xenophobic and nationalistic sentiments.[255] There have been altercations between AfD members and Green Youth members.[255] Following the 2013 federal election, the anti-Islam German Freedom Party unilaterally pledged to support AfD in the 2014 elections and concentrate its efforts on local elections only.[256] Bernd Lucke responded by saying that the German Freedom Party's support was unwanted and sent a letter to AfD party associations recommending a hiring freeze.[257]
Stern reported that among 396 AfD candidates for the 2017 Bundestag, 47 candidates did not distance themselves from right-wing extremism. Although a large proportion of the candidates are not openly racist, some relativize Germany's role in World War II or call for the recognition of a "Cult of Guilt". 30 candidates claimed to tolerate right-wing friends in their profile or were themselves members of groups associated with such people; others said that they mourned the German Reich or used their symbols.[258]
Refugees
In 2016, AfD MEP Marcus Pretzell was expelled from the party after he said that German borders should be defended from incursion by refugees "with armed force as a measure of last resort".[90] Later that same year, former AfD party chair and MEP Frauke Petry told a reporter from the regional newspaper Mannheimer Morgen that the German Border police must do their jobs by "hindering illegal entry of refugees" and that they may "use firearms if necessary" to "prevent illegal border crossings".[259][260] Petry later stated that no policeman "wants to fire on a refugee and I don't want that either" but that border police must follow the law to maintain the integrity of European borders. Afterwards, Petry made several attempts to justify these statements.[260]
Pegida
In response to the Pegida movement and demonstrations, members of AfD have expressed different opinions of it, with Lucke describing the movement as "a sign that these people do not feel their concerns are understood by politicians".[261] In response to the CDU Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière alleging an "overlap" between Pegida rallies and AfD, Alexander Gauland stated that AfD are "natural allies of this movement".[262] Hans-Olaf Henkel asked members of the party not to join the demonstrations, telling Der Tagesspiegel that he believed it could not be ruled out that they had "xenophobic or even racist connotations".[261] A straw poll by The Economist found that nine out of ten Pegida protesters would back the AfD.[263]
Anti-communism
AfD is
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
In January 2017,
In February 2017, AfD leaders asked for Höcke to be expelled from the party due to his speech. The arbitration committee of AfD in Thuringia was set to rule on the leaders' request.[274] In May 2018 an AfD tribunal ruled that Höcke was allowed to stay in the party.[275]
Election results
Federal Parliament (Bundestag)
Election | Constituency | Party list | Seats | +/– | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
2013[276] | 810,915 | 1.9 (#8) | 2,056,985 | 4.7 (#7) | 0 / 631
|
New | No seats |
2017[102][103] | 5,316,095 | 11.5 (#3) | 5,877,094 | 12.6 (#3) | 94 / 709
|
94 | Opposition |
2021 | 4,694,017 | 10.1 (#4) | 4,802,097 | 10.3 (#5) | 83 / 735
|
11 | Opposition |
European Parliament
Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
---|---|---|---|---|
2014[277] | 2,070,014 | 7.1 (#5) | 7 / 96
|
|
2019 | 4,103,453 | 11.0 (#4) | 11 / 96
|
4 |
State parliaments (Landtage)
State parliament | Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg | 2021 | 473,309 | 9.7 (#5) | 17 / 154
|
6 | Opposition |
Bavaria | 2023 | 1,999,924 | 14.6 (#3) | 32 / 203
|
10 | Opposition |
Berlin | 2023
|
137,810 | 9.1 (#5) | 17 / 147
|
4 | Opposition |
Brandenburg | 2019 | 297,484 | 23.5 (#2) | 23 / 88
|
12 | Opposition |
Bremen | 2023 | Did not run | – | 0 / 84
|
– | No seats |
Hamburg | 2020 | 211,327 | 5.3 (#5) | 7 / 123
|
1 | Opposition |
Hesse | 2023 | 518,674 | 18.4 (#2) | 28 / 133
|
9 | Opposition |
Lower Saxony | 2022 | 396,839 | 11.0 (#4) | 18 / 146
|
9 | Opposition |
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 2021 | 152,747 | 16.7 (#2) | 14 / 79
|
4 | Opposition |
North Rhine-Westphalia | 2022 | 388,768 | 5.4 (#5) | 12 / 195
|
4 | Opposition |
Rhineland-Palatinate | 2021 | 160,273 | 8.3 (#4) | 9 / 101
|
5 | Opposition |
Saarland
|
2022 | 25,718 | 5.7 (#3) | 3 / 51
|
0 | Opposition |
Saxony
|
2019 | 595,671 | 27.5 (#2) | 38 / 119
|
24 | Opposition |
Saxony-Anhalt | 2021 | 221,487 | 20.8 (#2) | 23 / 97
|
2 | Opposition |
Schleswig-Holstein | 2022 | 61,169 | 4.4 (#6) | 0 / 69
|
5 | No seats |
Thuringia | 2019 | 259,359 | 23.4 (#2) | 22 / 90
|
11 | Opposition |
See also
References
- ^ a b "More people become members of AfD". Borkener Zeitung (in German). 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-315-51456-7.
- (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- Lux, Thomas (June 2018). "Die AfD und die unteren Statuslagen. Eine Forschungsnotiz zu Holger Lengfelds Studie Die "Alternative für Deutschland": eine Partei für Modernisierungsverlierer?". KZFSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. 70 (2): 255–273. S2CID 149934029.
- Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger (2 January 2017). "The 'Alternative für Deutschland in the Electorate': Between Single-Issue and Right-Wing Populist Party". German Politics. 26 (1): 124–148. S2CID 156431715.
- Johannes Kiess; Oliver Decker; Elmar Brähler (2016). "Introduction | German perspectives on right-wing extremism: challenges for comparative analysis". In Johannes Kiess; Oliver Decker; Elmar Brähler (eds.). German Perspectives on Right-Wing Extremism: Challenges for Comparative Analysis. Routledge. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-317-23184-4.
- Frank Decker (2015). "Follow-up to the Grand Coalition: The Germany Party System before and after the 2013 Federal Election". In Eric Langenbacher (ed.). The Merkel Republic: An Appraisal. Berghahn Books. pp. 34–39. ISBN 978-1-78238-896-8.
- Hans-Jürgen Bieling (2015). "Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'". In Johannes Jäger; Elisabeth Springler (eds.). Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-65298-4. Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- Egbert Jahn (2015). German Domestic and Foreign Policy: Political Issues Under Debate. Springer. p. 30. ISBN 978-3-662-47929-2.
- Perrone, Alessio; Loucaides, Darren (10 March 2022). "A key source for Covid-skeptic movements, the Epoch Times yearns for a global audience". Coda Media. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
It was then that the German edition of Epoch Times started to enjoy a steep rise in web traffic, coinciding with its coverage of the anti-migrant group Pegida and frequent interviews with politicians from the emerging right-wing populist party Alternative for Germany, or AfD.
- Lux, Thomas (June 2018). "Die AfD und die unteren Statuslagen. Eine Forschungsnotiz zu Holger Lengfelds Studie Die "Alternative für Deutschland": eine Partei für Modernisierungsverlierer?". KZFSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. 70 (2): 255–273.
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (September 2021). "Germany". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- ^ from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021 – via Arzheimer's personal website.
- S2CID 181403226.
- ^ Far-right:
- "Germany's far-right party will make the Bundestag much noisier". The Economist. 24 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- Ehrhardt, Sabine (2 December 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD chooses nationalist as co-leader". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- "German election: How right-wing is nationalist AfD?". BBC News. 13 October 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Is it far-right? Yes.
- Eddy, Melissa (24 October 2017). "Far Right Upsets Tradition of Consensus in New German Parliament". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
the Alternative for Germany, the first far-right party to enter Parliament in decades
- Chase, Jefferson Chase (24 September 2017). "AfD: What you need to know about Germany's far-right party". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- Schuetz, Simon (10 October 2017). "The 'Very Different' Leaders of Germany's Far-Right AfD Party". NPR. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- Rainer, Buergin (19 November 2017). "German Far-Right AfD Is in Parliament. Now What?". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- Farand, Chloe (21 November 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD says it is 'ready' to take advantage of political stalemate". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017.
- Oltermann, Philip (3 December 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD sidelines moderates as police and protesters clash". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- Ellyatt, Holly (25 September 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD party: 5 things you need to know". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- Kamran Khan; Tim McNamara (2017). "Citizenship, immigration laws, and language". In Canagarajah, Suresh (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Taylor & Francis. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-317-62434-9. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- Nixon, Jon (2017). "Introduction: Thinking Within, Against, and Beyond Austerity". In Nixon, Jon (ed.). Higher Education in Austerity Europe. Bloomsbury. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4742-7727-3. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- "Just how far to the right is AfD?". 13 October 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- Heinze, Anna-Sophie (1 March 2021). "Zum schwierigen Umgang mit der AfD in den Parlamenten: Arbeitsweise, Reaktionen, Effekte". Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft (in German). 31 (1): 133–150. ISSN 2366-2638.
Der 2013 gegründeten 'Alternative für Deutschland' (AfD) gelang es – anders als früheren Rechtsaußenparteien wie der NPD, DVU oder den Republikanern ... [English: The 'Alternative for Germany' (AfD) party founded in 2013 succeeded – unlike earlier far-right parties such as the NPD, DVU or the Republicans ...
- ^ a b Pittelkow, Sebastian; Riedel, Katja; Schmidt, Martin (28 January 2022). "Meuthen verlässt die AfD". Tagesschau (in German). Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Parteichef Jörg Meuthen verlässt die AfD". Deutsche Welle (in German). 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Schultheis, Emily (28 September 2021). "Germany's far-right AfD loses nationally, but wins in the East". Politico. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ Kinkartz, Sabine (7 July 2023). "Poll: Far-right AfD is Germany's second strongest party". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ a b c
- D'Ottavio; Saafeld, Thomas (2016). Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?. Routledge. ISBN 9781317128373.
Beyond economic liberalism, the AfD fosters rather more conservative core issues, such as traditional forms of morality and political authority.
- Muzergues, Thibault (2019). The Great Class Shift: How New Social Class Structures are Redefining Western Politics. Routledge. ISBN 9781000727432.
Created in 2013, first and foremost as a libertarian and Eurosceptic party, ... .
- Close, Caroline (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9781351245494.
- Havertz, Ralf (2021). Radical Right Populism in Germany: AfD, Pegida, and the Identitarian Movement. Routledge. ISBN 9781000368888.
The founders of the AfD party were a group of economic liberal, ... .
- D'Ottavio; Saafeld, Thomas (2016). Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?. Routledge.
- ISBN 978-1-137-41411-3.
- ISBN 978-1-4758-1224-4.
- ISBN 978-1-317-44515-9.
- ^ "Germany's AfD: How right-wing is nationalist Alternative for Germany?". BBC News. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
As AfD moved to the right so did he, making a number of remarks condemned as racist.
- ^ a b Zeller, Frank. "Anti-migrant, anti-Muslim and anti-Merkel, Germany's AfD set to enter parliament". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ Ellyatt, Holly (25 September 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD party: 5 things you need to know". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Nowadays, the AfD is mainly known for its anti-immigration (namely, anti-Islamic)
- ^ Dancygier, Rafaela. "The anti-Muslim AfD just scored big in Germany's election. What does this mean for German Muslims?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- S2CID 156431715.
- ^ a b c d Taub, Amanda; Fisher, Max (18 January 2017). "Germany's Extreme Right Challenges Guilt Over Nazi Past". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
- ^ a b c "Understanding the 'Alternative for Germany': Origins, Aims and Consequences" (PDF). University of Denver. 16 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d Beyer, Susanne; Fleischhauer, Jan (30 March 2016). "AfD Head Frauke Petry: 'The Immigration of Muslims Will Change Our Culture'". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
- ^ ISBN 9781529228816.
- ISBN 978-1-4724-4439-4. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-4724-4439-4. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-351-26554-6. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ "Thousands rally in Hanover against anti-Islam AfD party". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
... rally in Hanover against anti-Islam AfD party
- ^ Pfaffenbach, Kai (24 September 2017). "German Election: Anti-Islam AfD Party That Worked With U.S. Ad Agency Predicted To Take Third Place". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Sunday's election in Germany is expected to bring big gains for the hard-right, anti-Islam Alternative for Germany (AfD) party ...
- ^ Horn, Heather (27 May 2016). "The Voters Who Want Islam Out of Germany". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
The AfD's founder Bernd Lucke, an economics professor, left the party last summer, condemning rising xenophobia.
- ^ "German election: Why this vote matters". BBC News. 15 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-4833-3327-4. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- Dervis, Kemal; Mistral, Jacques (2014). "Overview". In Dervis, Kemal; Mistral, Jacques (eds.). Europe's Crisis, Europe's Future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8157-2554-1. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- Ladrech, Robert (2014). "Europeanization of National Politics: the centrality of politics parties". In Magone, José M. (ed.). Routledge Handbook of European Politics. Routledge. p. 580. ISBN 978-1-317-62836-1. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- William T. Daniel (2015). Career Behaviour and the European Parliament: All Roads Lead Through Brussels?. Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-871640-2. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- Dervis, Kemal; Mistral, Jacques (2014). "Overview". In Dervis, Kemal; Mistral, Jacques (eds.). Europe's Crisis, Europe's Future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 13.
- ^ "Germany has an unholy new alliance: climate denial and the far right Bernhard Pötter". theguardian.com. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ Deleja-Hotko, Vera; Müller, Ann-Katrin; Traufetter, Gerald (6 May 2019). "AfD Hopes to Win Votes by Opposing Climate Protection". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ Bennhold, Katrin (3 March 2021). "Germany Places Far-Right AfD Party Under Surveillance for Extremism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "The Utilisation of Historically Revisionist Narratives by the FPÖ and the AfD". 21 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "AfD embraces Pegida ahead of German election". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ Meaker, Morgan. "How Two Cities Encapsulate the Battle for Germany's Identity". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Waving German flag, far-right and anti-Islam groups rally together before vote". Reuters. 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Verfassungsschutz darf AfD als »Verdachtsfall« beobachten". Der Spiegel (in German). 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "Germany's far-right AfD party 'tearing itself apart'". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Scholz, Kay-Alexander (2 September 2019). "What drives AfD voters in eastern Germany?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ Knight, Ben (11 June 2021). "Why young eastern German voters support the far-right AfD". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ Schultheis, Emily (7 July 2021). "East Germany is still a country of its own". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ Pfeifer, Hans (29 June 2023). "Half of eastern Germans 'want authoritarian rule'". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ "Why AFD was created". BBC World news. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ a b Lachmann, Günther (3 March 2013). "Anti-Euro-Partei geißelt die Politik der Kanzlerin" [Anti-euro party lashes out at politics of Chancellor Merkel]. Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
"Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist in der schwersten Krise ihrer Geschichte. Das Euro-Währungsgebiet hat sich als ungeeignet erwiesen. Südeuropäische Staaten verarmen unter dem Wettbewerbsdruck des Euro. Ganze Staaten stehen am Rande der Zahlungsunfähigkeit." [The Federal Republic of Germany is in the gravest crisis of its history. The euro currency area has shown itself to be unfit for purpose. Countries in southern Europe are sinking into poverty under the competitive pressure of the euro. Whole countries are on the brink of bankruptcy.]
- ^ Frymark, Kamil (10 April 2013). "German Euro-sceptics to establish a political party". Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ "Here comes ... the German Anti-Euro Party". Open Europe. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Pop, Valentina (12 March 2013). "New anti-euro party forms in Germany". EUobserver. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Scholz, Kay-Alexander (13 May 2013). "German Pirate Party in uncharted waters". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ Czuczka, Tony (4 March 2013). "German Euro Foes to Found Party in Merkel Election Challenge". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ Winand von Petersdorff-Campen (4 March 2013). "Die neue Anti-Euro-Partei". Frankfurter Allgemeine (in German). Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ Boesler, Matthew (4 March 2013). "A small band of German professors is the hottest new threat to the future of the Euro". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
- ^ "Southern Europe out of euro says Alternative For Germany". BBC Daily Politics. BBC. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Jahn, Joachim (14 April 2013). "Aufstand gegen Merkels 'alternativlose Politik'". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
Vasagar, Jeevan (14 April 2013). "1,000 Germans abandon Angela Merkel for Eurosceptic party". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. - ^ a b "Bernd Lucke und die wilde Jugend" (in German). N24. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
- ^ Tories build secret alliance with Eurosceptics behind Merkel's back Archived 16 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph, UK, 12 April 2013.
- ^ "Germany and the euro — with Professor Bernd Lucke". The Bruges Group. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ a b Weinthal, Benjamin (3 May 2013). "The Rise of Germany's Tea Party". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ "German Euroskeptic Party AFD Could Unravel After Election". Der Spiegel. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ a b Paulick, Jane (5 May 2013). "German Euro-Skeptic Party Gaining Ground". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ Janz, Marcus (10 March 2014). "Ex-Abgeordneter fehlte acht Monate im Landtag – keine Sanktionen". Hessische/Niedersächsische Allgemeine (in German). Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ Demuth, Norbert (26 February 2014). "Germany's top court scraps 3 percent vote threshold for EU poll". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ a b Benzow, Gregg (26 January 2014). "Germany's euroskeptic party revamps its image". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ a b Lachmann, Günther (26 January 2014). "Wie die AfD ihr inhaltliches Vakuum füllen will". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Czygan, Michael (26 January 2014). "Die Alternative für Deutschland nominiert in Aschaffenburg Kandidaten für Europa". Main Post (in German). Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ "Unsere Kandidaten für Europa" (in German). Alternative für Deutschland. Retrieved 3 February 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Marsh, Sarah (13 February 2014). "German anti-euro party says won't team up with xenophobes". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
- ^ a b Waterfield, Bruno (24 April 2014). "EU elections: German Eurosceptics snub 'ridiculous' Ukip". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
- ^ Barker, Alex (11 May 2014). "David Cameron's European Parliament group fights for survival". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Der Bundeswahlleiter (n.d.). "Endgültiges Ergebnis der Europawahl 2014". Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.
- ^ a b c Nicolaou, Anna; Barker, Luke (12 June 2014). "Anti-euro German AfD joins Cameron's EU parliament group". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ "Landtagswahl 2014" (in German). Free State of Saxony. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ Torry, Harriet (31 August 2014). "Alternative for Germany Party Takes Its First Seats in a State Parliament". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- ^ "Anti-euro party makes big leap in Thuringia, Brandenburg state elections". Deutsche Welle. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ Exner, Ulrich; Sturm, Daniel Friedrich (15 February 2015). "Wer bei Scholz Führung bestellt, wird sie bekommen". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Setback for SPD after narrow win in Bremen". Deutsche Welle. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^ "Germany's Far-Right Populists Have an Infighting Problem". The Atlantic. 22 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ "Germany's euroskeptic AfD elects conservative leader Petry". Deutsche Welle. 4 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ Schneider, Jens (6 July 2015). "Lucke und der Auszug der Gemäßigten". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ "Nach "Richtungsentscheidung" AfD meldet Hunderte Austritte" (in German). N-TV. 7 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ Barkin, Noah (8 July 2015). "German AfD founder leaves party decrying xenophobic shift". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ "Ousted chief of Germany's euroskeptic AfD sets up new political party". Deutsche Welle. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- ^ a b Deutsche AfD und FPÖ beschließen Zusammenarbeit (in German). Archived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Der Standard. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^ a b Crisp, James (9 March 2016). "AfD links to Austrian far-right 'final straw' for ECR MEPs –". Euractiv.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
- ^ EU Observer. Archivedfrom the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
- ^ EU Observer. Archivedfrom the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
- ^ a b "German AfD lawmaker joins eurosceptic group in European Parliament". Europe online. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
- ^ a b c "German AfD lawmaker evicted from conservative group in EU legislature". Europe online. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016.
- ^ Oltermann, Philip (13 March 2016). "Anti-refugee AfD party makes big gains in German state elections". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ "Landtagswahlen 2016: Die sechs Datenanalysen zur Wahl". Der Spiegel. 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ "Nationalists overtake Merkel's party in German state vote". Associated Press. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
The three-year-old Alternative for Germany, or AfD, won 21 to 22 percent of votes in the election for the state legislature in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, according to projections for ARD and ZDF television based on exit polls and partial counting. They put support for Merkel's Christian Democrats between 19 and 20 percent, their worst result yet in the state.
- ^ "Berlin 2016". 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ^ Bender, Ruth (1 May 2016). "Germany's AfD Adopts Anti-Islam Stance at Party Conference". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
- ^ Shotter, James (May 2016). "Germany's AfD party adopts anti-Islamic manifesto". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ Bellon, Tina (1 May 2016). "Anti-immigrant AfD says Muslims are not welcome in Germany". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016.
- ^ "German fury at AfD Hoecke's Holocaust memorial remark". BBC. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ Huggler, Justin (21 April 2017). "German far-right leader stuns party by quitting chancellor race". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ Wehner, Markus (28 February 2015). "AfD-Vizechef im Porträt – Die drei Leben des Alexander Gauland". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ a b Troianovski, Anton (23 April 2017). "Head of Germany's Upstart Anti-Immigrant Party Pushed Aside". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ a b "CDU/CSU remains strongest parliamentary group in the Bundestag despite losses". German Bundestag. 27 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ a b "Bundestagswahl am 24. September 2017". Wahlrecht.de (in German). Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ "Grundmandatsklausel - Die Bundeswahlleiterin" [Basic Mandate Clause - The Federal Returning Officer]. www.bundeswahlleiterin.de (in German). Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ^ "Ex-chief of German anti-euro party starts new eurosceptic group". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Frauke Petry, co-chair of the far-right AfD, to quit the party". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2017. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ Elwazer, Schams; Clarke, Hilary (25 September 2017). "German far-right party AfD in disarray". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Germany: Frauke Petry's Blue Party dissolves after election routs". Deutsche Welle. 6 November 2019. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Warum Poggenburg zurücktreten musste". Der Spiegel. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Ninz, Ulrike (8 March 2018). "Wer glaubt, die AfD mäßigt sich, liegt falsch". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "André Poggenburg tritt aus seiner rechtsnationalen Partei ADPM aus". RND. 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Schwichtenberg, Leonie; Zehnter, Lisa (2 August 2021). "Das Wahlprogramm der Alternative für Deutschland zur Bundestagswahl 2021" [The election manifesto of the Alternative for Germany for the 2021 federal election]. Democracy (in German). Manifesto Project. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ "Germany's far-right populist AfD: No gains, small losses". Deutsche Welle. 27 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ "Germany: Far-right AfD co-chair Jörg Meuthen quits party". Deutsche Welle. 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ Kurmayer, Nikolaus J. (28 January 2022). "Far-right AfD chief Jörg Meuthen quits party". www.euractiv.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ "Germany: SPD maintains winning streak in Saarland vote". Deutsche Welle. 27 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ Martus, Theresa (9 May 2022). "AfD: Machtkämpfe in der Partei – Wird Meuthens Prophezeiung wahr?". www.morgenpost.de (in German). Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ "Social Democrats win Lower Saxony election – DW – 10/09/2022". dw.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Berlin: Conservatives projected to win repeated vote". Deutsche Welle. 13 February 2023. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- ^ Marsh, Sarah; Rinke, Andreas; Marsh, Sarah (14 May 2023). "Scholz's Social Democrats win Bremen state vote, Greens slump". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- Sueddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 17 March 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ "German far-right party wins its first county leadership post as it rises in polls". ABC News. Associated Press. 25 June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Germany: Far-right AfD wins first governing post". Deutsche Welle. 25 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Germany's far-right AfD wins vote to lead district for first time". Reuters. 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Muss Sesselmann gehen? Das sagen die Experten". www.fr.de (in German). 2 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ ""Wähler wollen diese Partei": Chef der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung über AfD - WELT". DIE WELT (in German). 2 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: AfD-Erfolg ist mehr als "Protest"". tagesschau.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ mdr.de. "Hannes Loth wird erster hauptamtlicher AfD-Bürgermeister in Deutschland | MDR.DE". www.mdr.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ deutschlandfunk.de. "Sachsen-Anhalt - Deutschlandweit erster AfD-Bürgermeister in Raguhn-Jeßnitz". Die Nachrichten (in German). Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ Kinkartz, Sabine (7 July 2023). "Poll: Far-right AfD is Germany's second strongest party". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
- ^ mdr.de. "Oberbürgermeisterwahl in Pirna: Kandidat Lochner gewinnt für AfD | MDR.DE". www.mdr.de (in German). Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ "Secret plan against Germany". Correctiv. 15 January 2024. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ "Germany: AfD disputes 'remigration' investigative report". Deutsche Welle. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ a b c "German far-right party assailed over report of extremist meeting". Associated Press. 18 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ a b Tanno, Sophie (20 January 2024). "Germany's far-right AfD face mounting protests over plan to deport migrants". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ "Germany's Scholz condemns alleged plot by far-right groups to deport millions if they take power". Associated Press. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Tens of thousands protest in Germany against the far-right". Al Jazeera. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ dta. "Partei". Alternative für Deutschland (in German). Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-000-36886-4. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2021 – via Google Books.
- ^ ISBN 9781351342797.
- ^ a b Gedmin, Jeffrey (4 December 2019). "How 'populist' is the AfD?". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ Payerhin, Mayek (2017). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2017-2018. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 254.
- ^ a b "German party says 'no' to the euro, 'yes' to the EU". Deutsche Welle. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-137-41411-3.
- Wayne C. Thompson (2014). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2014. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-4758-1224-4.
- Lee McGowan; David Phinnemore (2015). A Dictionary of the European Union. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1-317-44515-9.
- Arzheimer, Kai (2015). "The AfD: Finally a Successful Right-Wing Populist Eurosceptic Party for Germany". West European Politics. 38 (3): 535–556. from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- Wayne C. Thompson (2014). Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2014. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 283.
- ISBN 978-1-4758-1883-3.
- ^ a b "AfD Grundsatzprogramm" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ "The rise of Germany's AfD: From ordoliberalism to new right nationalism and into the Bundestag?". LSE. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ^ Orde, Sabine am (29 June 2016). "AfD vor dem Parteitag: National-sozial vs. national-liberal". Die Tageszeitung. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Ewing, Jack (19 June 2014). "A German Voice, Hans-Olaf Henkel, Calls for Euro's Abolition". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- ^ "German Eurosceptic leader Lucke sets up Alfa party". BBC. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ Werner, Alban. "Germany's Shift to the Right". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ "Bavarian AfD wants to shut down mosques". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ "German Muslims fear more radical AfD without Petry in election race". Reuters. 20 April 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021.
- ^ "Germany: Former AfD leader Frauke Petry charged with perjury". BBC. 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "The leader of Germany's far-right party quit hours after its election success—because it's too radical". Quartz. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Germany's Far-Right Party Is Worse Than the Rest of Europe's". Foreign Policy. 26 January 2024.
- ^ "How dangerous is the Identitarian Movement?". Deutsche Welle. 13 July 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ "Germany's far-right AfD set to embrace anti-Islam PEGIDA". Reuters. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ "Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz stuft AfD-Teilorganisation "Der Flügel" als gesichert rechtsextremistische Bestrebung ein" (in German). Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ "Verfassungsschutz stuft "Flügel" als rechtsextrem ein - DER SPIEGEL - Politik". Der Spiegel (in German). 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ Bennhold, Katrin (3 March 2021). "Germany Places Far-Right AfD Party Under Surveillance for Extremism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Germany to spy on far-right AfD party, reports say". 4 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Germany places entire far-right AfD under surveillance — reports". Deutsche Welle. 3 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ Chazan, Guy (5 March 2021). "German court bars surveillance of far-right AfD". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "German court blocks surveillance of far-right AfD". The Local Germany. 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ "German court suspends surveillance of far-right AfD, for now". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ Agence France-Presse (26 April 2023). "Germany labels youth wing of far-right AfD party as extremist group". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Rinke, Andreas; Marsh, Sarah (26 April 2023). "German spy agency ranks youth group of far-right AfD 'extremist'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Germany's AfD: How right-wing is nationalist Alternative for Germany?". BBC News. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ "Can German nationalism ever be normal?". 23 July 2020. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- ^ Kamann, Matthias (23 July 2017). ""Alternative Mitte": In der AfD wächst ein zartes Pflänzchen der Mäßigung". Die Welt. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022 – via www.welt.de.
- ^ Sebastian Hesse: AfD ringt um Verhältnis zu Pegida Archived 4 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, MDR, 2 March 2018.
- ^ "Die Organisation der AfD". BPB.de. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ "'Nazi word' revived by German AfD chief". BBC. 12 September 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ Chambers, Madeline (18 January 2017). "German AfD rightist triggers fury with Holocaust memorial comments". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ Dearden, Lizzie (19 January 2017). "German AfD politician 'attacks Holocaust memorial' and says Germans should be more positive about Nazi past". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ "Far-right Germans call to ban circumcision and minarets". Politico. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "Manifesto for Germany: The Political Programme of the Alternative for Germany" (PDF). Alternative for Germany. 12 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ a b "Factsheet: Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland/AfD)". Bridge Initiative. Georgetown University. 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "The myth of Eurabia: how a far-right conspiracy theory went mainstream". The Guardian. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
'Europeans, vote for AfD, so that Europe will never become 'Eurabia'!'
- S2CID 218843237.
- ^ Aked, H.; Jones, M.; Miller, D. (2019). "Islamophobia in Europe: How governments are enabling the far-right 'counter-jihad' movement" (PDF). Spinwatch Public Interest Investigations. University of Bristol: 32-33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ISBN 9781445678009. Archivedfrom the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ "Jewish supporters of far-right AfD party favor kosher ban". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Manifesto for Germany" (PDF). Alternative for Germany. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Entwurf für AfD-Programm: Neue Asylpolitik, alte Genderrollen". Die tageszeitung. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Treeck, Johanna (2 July 2017). "Germany's AfD threatens law suit over gay marriage". Politico. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ Heni, Clemens (1 August 2016). "Germany's Hot New Party Thinks America is 'Run by Zionists'". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
- ^ Kemper, Andraes (March 2014). "Keimzelle der Nation? Familien- und geschlechter-politische Positionen der AfD – eine Expertise" [Germ cell of the nation? Family and gender political positions of the AfD – an expertise] (PDF). Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Forum Politik und Gesellschaft (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
- ^ "Anti-euro party turns anti-feminist". The Local Germany. Thelocal.de. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- RTL Next (in German). 21 September 2017. Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ Steiner, Thomas (23 April 2017). "Das neue Gesicht der AfD: Wer ist eigentlich Alice Weidel?". Badische Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "AfD-Frontfrau Alice Weidel hat einen Wohnsitz in der Schweiz". Die Welt (in German). 29 April 2017. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ Knight, Ben (7 March 2016). "What does the AfD stand for?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
It's skeptical of climate change and against Germany's energy transition.
- ^ from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Alternative für Deutschland (2021). Deutschland aber normal. Programm der Alternative für Deutschland für die Wahl zum 20. Deutschen Bundestag (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "The global campaign to make environmental destruction an international crime". POLITICO. 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Die USA von Biden & Soros sind nicht unser Freund! Petr Bystron - AfD-Fraktion im Bundestag, archived from the original on 30 June 2023, retrieved 7 June 2023
- ^ from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
Likewise, the AfD professes its desire to maintain an intimate security relationship with the US, stating NATO is, and remains, the bond of a transatlantic security architecture, whose crucial anchor is the alliance with the USA."38 However, it also expresses a need for a closer relationship with Russia to resolve problems in Eastern Europe. However, a resolution passed that calls for an end to European sanctions imposed on Russia, and to abstain from further measures designed to bind Ukraine and EU or Ukraine and Russia closer together, has led some to charge the party with anti-Americanism.39 The debate about a more pro-American or pro-Russian course appears to divide the AfD deeply, and opinions differ significantly among even the party leadership, as a Die Welt article reports.
- ^ Chesnokov, Edvard (9 March 2019). Глава партии «Альтернатива для Германии» Александр Гауланд: Ситуация в Донбассе — это внутреннее дело России и Украины Archived 14 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ Stefan (1 September 2021). "Hampel: Die Rolle der USA als Weltpolizist ist ausgespielt". AfD-Fraktion im deutschen Bundestag (in German). Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ Rebecca (8 February 2022). "Joachim Wundrak: Scholz gibt Richtlinienkompetenz an Biden ab". AfD-Fraktion im deutschen Bundestag (in German). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "Tino Chrupalla: Vorwürfe von Seymour Hersh untersuchen". AfD-Fraktion im deutschen Bundestag (Press release) (in German). 23 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ Rebecca (30 June 2022). "Tino Chrupalla: Neue Nato-Strategie treibt Keil in den Kontinent Europa". AfD-Fraktion im deutschen Bundestag (in German). Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ "AfD chief Lucke denies plans to split the party". Deutsche Welle. 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ "The Far Right Wants to Gut the EU, Not Kill It". The Atlantic. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ "AfD party congress over "Dexit"". Zeit Online. 12 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ "AfD party congress: Back to a 'Europe of nations'". Euractiv. 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ^ "Far-right AfD calls for 'normal' Germany at conference | DW | 11.04.2021". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ "Parteitag in Dresden: AfD bläst Kandidatenkür ab". 10 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ a b "AfD". tagesschau.de. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ a b "German far-right MP pushes recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital". The Times of Israel. 17 April 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- ^ "AfD: A New Hurdle in the German-Israeli Relationship?". besacenter.org. Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. 28 November 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
- ^ "AfD streitet über Israel-Unterstützung". ZDF Heute. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Where does Europe's far right stand on the Israel-Hamas war?". Deutsche Welle. 18 November 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ Tkachenko, Martin Laine (Eesti Ekspress), Cecilia Anesi (IrpiMedia), Lorenzo Bagnoli (IrpiMedia), and Tatiana. "Kremlin-Linked Group Arranged Payments to European Politicians to Support Russia's Annexation of Crimea". OCCRP. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Kastner, Jens (20 April 2023). "China finds unlikely allies in Germany's far right and far left". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ "Exclusive: Far-right German parliamentary aide tasked by Russia with stopping Leopard tanks to Ukraine". The Insider (in Russian). 4 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische. "Mitgliederentwicklung der Parteien | Infografiken | Parteien in Deutschland | bpb". bpb.de (in German). Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ "Home - Alternative für Deutschland". www.afd.de (in German). Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ "Home - Alternative für Deutschland". www.afd.de (in German). Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ^ "Party members: Greens gain, AfD and SPD lose". RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland (in German). 14 February 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ Petterdorff-Campen, Winand von (21 April 2013). ""Alternative für Deutschland" Haste mal 'ne Mark?" (in German). Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ Verzählt – Nachschlag für die AfD in Frankfurt (in German, Subsidies for AfD). Archived 17 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine Die Welt. 28 September 2013
- ^ AfD erhält rund 400 Millionen Euro vom Staat Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Lamparski, NIna (12 May 2014). "Germany's youth rebels against EU". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ Krass, Sebastian (31 March 2014). "Zu weit rechts". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ White, J. Arthur (31 March 2014). "Anti-euro party turns anti-feminist". The Local Germany. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
- ^ "Anti-feminist campaign targets German gender quota proposal". Al Jazeera. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "EUROPE ONLINE". en.europeonline-magazine.eu. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "AfD: EU-Abgeordneter Pretzell wechselt zur Front-National-Fraktion". Die Zeit. 30 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Frauke Petry founded 'Blue party' ahead of national elections - reports". Deutsche Welle. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Germany's AfD joins Italy's League in new populist coalition". Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Far-right parties form new group in European Parliament". Deutsche Welle. 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Germanys far-right AfD to join European far-right coalition party".
- ^ @ToroczkaiLaszlo (28 July 2022). "Megmutattam a 19. Magyar Sziget fesztivál külföldi vendégeinek, szövetségeseinknek, a magyar-szerb határon a kerítést és a határvédelmet" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @MilanUhrik (26 January 2023). "Tanky proti Rusku na Ukrajine ⁉️" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ ""Възраждане" води депутати от "Алтернатива за Германия" на Шипка". 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Ungersk partiledare talar på valupptakten". alternativforsverige.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ ""We Are Their Voice": German Far-Right Builds Balkan Alliances". 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
- ^ "Đurđević Stamenkovski dobila podršku čelnika AFD u Bundestagu". Beta. 17 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d Wittrock, Philipp (12 April 2013). "The Know-It-All Party: Anti-Euro 'Alternative for Germany' Launches". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- ^ a b Nicholas Kulish and Melissa Eddy, German elites drawn to anti-Euro party, spelling trouble for Merkel Archived 17 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times (15 April 2013)
- ^ Connelly, Kate (14 April 2013). "Leading German economist calls for dissolution of eurozone to save EU". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ Scally, Derek (13 April 2013). "Upstart political party challenges Germany's consensus on the euro". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
- ^ Barkin, Noah (14 April 2013). "Analysis: Don't underestimate Germany's new anti-euro party". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Mayntz, Gregor (24 April 2013). "AfD hat schon fast 10.000 Mitglieder". Rheinische Post (in German). Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ Schneider, Theo. "Neo-Nazis rally against Alternative for Germany party congress". demotix.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ Alling, Daniel (13 March 2013). "Nytt eurokritiskt parti i Tyskland". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
- ^ Alexander, Harriet; Jeevan Vasagar (7 April 2013). "Bernd Lucke interview: 'Why Germany has had enough of the euro'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- ^ a b Heine, Friederike (14 August 2013). "Hard Knocks for Anti-Euro Party". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Hebel, Christina (1 October 2013). ""Die Freiheit": Anti-Islam-Partei will sich der AfD anschließen". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ^ Leber, Fabian (1 October 2013). "Alternative für Deutschland und "Die Freiheit" Islamkritiker empfehlen jetzt die AfD". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ^ Stern (14 September 2017). "SPD fällt in Umfrage auf 20 Prozent". Stern. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ Beale, Charlotte (31 January 2016). "Refugees should be shot "if necessary", says party leader in Germany". The Independent. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016.
- ^ a b Mack, Steffen; Serif, Walter (30 January 2016). "Sie können es nicht lassen!". Mannheimer Morgen (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
- ^ a b Huggler, Justin (10 December 2014). "German Eurosceptics embrace anti-Islam protests". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
- ^ Withnall, Adam (15 December 2014). "Germany sees 'visible rise' in support for far-right extremism in response to perceived 'Islamisation' of the West". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Gone boy on the right: How an anti-foreigner, anti-establishment group is changing German politics". The Economist. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ "Germany's far-right AfD: Victim or victor?". BBC. 2 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
The AfD ran a politically savvy campaign. It tapped into historical grievances in former communist eastern Germany, by co-opting phrases from the dissident movement that brought down the Berlin Wall 30 years ago. The AfD posters demanded a "Wende 2.0", using the German word for the peaceful revolution that brought down East German communism, and the AfD leaders compared Mrs Merkel's government to the Stasi secret police.
- ^ "Scharfe Kritik an Marx-Denkmal von der AfD". Focus.de. 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst". BBC News. 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ Polke-Majewski, Karsten (18 February 2016). "Björn Höcke: Mein Mitschüler, der rechte Agitator". Die Zeit. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "Landtagswahl 2014: Welche Koalitionen sind in Thüringen möglich?"". Thüringische Landeszeitung. 16 July 2014.
- ^ "AfD Vorstand Thüringen". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "Thüringen: Ausschuss hebt Immunität von AfD-Fraktionschef Höcke auf". Der Spiegel. 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ a b c "AfD-Mann Höcke löst mit Kritik an Holocaust-Gedenken Empörung aus". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ Matthias Kamann (19 January 2017). "Was Höcke mit der "Denkmal der Schande"-Rede bezweckt". Die Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "AfD-Chefin Petry: "Höcke ist eine Belastung für die Partei"". Junge Freiheit (in German). 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "Germany's right-wing AfD seeks to expel state leader over Holocaust remarks". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Oltermann, Philip (16 September 2019). "AfD politician threatens journalist after Hitler comparison". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022.
- ^ "Bundestagswahl am 22. September 2013". Wahlrecht.de (in German). Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Wahlergebnisse – Europawahl (Europaparlament)". wahlrecht.de (in German). Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
Further reading
- Arzheimer, Kai, and Carl C. Berning. "How the alternative for Germany (AfD) and their voters veered to the radical right, 2013–2017." Electoral Studies 60 (2019): 102040.
- Berbuir, Nicole, Marcel Lewandowsky, and Jasmin Siri. "The AfD and its sympathisers: Finally a right-wing populist movement in Germany?." German Politics 24.2 (2015): 154-178 online[permanent dead link].
- Diermeier, Matthias. "The AfD’s Winning Formula—No Need for Economic Strategy Blurring in Germany." Intereconomics 55.1 (2020): 43–52. online
- Franz, Christian, Marcel Fratzscher, and Alexander Kritikos. "At opposite poles: How the success of the Green Party and AfD reflects the geographical and social cleavages in Germany." DIW Weekly Report 9.34 (2019): 289–300. online
- ISBN 978-3-658-25179-6.
- Hansen, Michael A., and Jonathan Olsen. "Flesh of the same flesh: A study of voters for the alternative for Germany (AfD) in the 2017 federal election." German Politics 28.1 (2019): 1–19. online[permanent dead link]
- Havertz, Ralf. "Right-wing populism and neoliberalism in Germany: The AfD’s embrace of ordoliberalism." New Political Economy 24.3 (2019): 385–403.
- Küppers, Anne. "'Climate-Soviets,' 'Alarmism,' and 'Eco-Dictatorship': The Framing of Climate Change Scepticism by the Populist Radical Right Alternative for Germany." German Politics (2022) online.
- Rosellini, Jay. The German New Right: AfD, PEGIDA and the Re-Imagining of National Identity (Hurst, 2020) online review
- Spiegel Online's Guide to German Political Parties: Alternative for Germany
External links
- Official website (in German)
- Manifesto for Germany: The Political Programme for the Alternative for Germany (2017, English translation)