Altiero Spinelli

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Altiero Spinelli
Spinelli in 1969
Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship
In office
1 July 1970 – 4 July 1976
PresidentFranco Maria Malfatti
Sicco Mansholt
Preceded byGuido Colonna di Paliano
Succeeded byÉtienne Davignon
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
5 July 1976 – 10 July 1983
ConstituencyRome
Member of the European Parliament
for Central Italy
In office
10 June 1979 – 23 May 1986
Parliamentary groupCommunist and Allies Group
Personal details
Born(1907-08-31)31 August 1907
Rome,
PCdI (1924–1937)
PdA (1943–1946)
CDR
(1946)
Spouse
​
(m. 1945)​
Children3, including Barbara
ProfessionWriter

Altiero Spinelli (31 August 1907 – 23 May 1986) was an Italian communist politician,

European integration process
.

Spinelli had a leading role in the foundation of the

member of the European Commission for six years, and a member of the European Parliament for ten years right up until his death. The main building of the European Parliament in Brussels is named after him. The 1987–1988 academic year at the College of Europe and the 2009–2010 academic year of the European College of Parma
were named in his honour.

Early life

Spinelli was born in Rome, the son of a

Bolshevik ideology and supporting Trotskyism.[2]

Ventotene Manifesto

Spinelli when a prisoner in Ventotene, 1930s

In June 1941, well before the outcome of the war was safely predictable, Spinelli and fellow prisoner

Italian Resistance, and was later adopted as the programme of the European Federalist Movement (MFE), which Spinelli, Colorni and some 20 others established, as soon as they were able to leave their internment camp. The founding meeting was held in clandestinity in Milan on the 27/28 August 1943.[citation needed
]

The Manifesto was widely circulated in other resistance movements towards the end of the war. Resistance leaders from several countries met clandestinely in Geneva in 1944, a meeting attended by Spinelli. The Manifesto put forward proposals for creating a European federation of states, the primary aim of which was to tie European countries so closely together that they would no longer be able to go to war with one another. As in many European left-wing political circles, this sort of move towards federalist ideas was argued as a reaction to the destructive excesses of nationalism. The ideological underpinnings for a united Europe can thus be traced to hostility to nationalism. In the founding meeting of the MFE, he said: "If a post war order is established in which each State retains its complete national sovereignty, the basis for a Third World War would still exist even after the Nazi attempt to establish the domination of the German race in Europe has been frustrated."[citation needed]

The Manifesto criticised the "capitalist imperialism which our own generation has seen expand to the point of forming totalitarian states and to the unleashing of world wars".[3] It also declared that "the European revolution must be socialist, that is it must have as its goal the emancipation of the working classes and the realization for them of more humane living conditions".[4] However it opposed "doctrinaire" formulations of transitions to socialism and said "private property must be abolished, limited, corrected, extended: instance by instance, however, not dogmatically according to principle".[5]

Federalist advocate

After the war, Spinelli, leading the federalist MFE, played a vanguard role in the early episodes of European integration, criticising the small steps approach and the dominance of intergovernmentalism, feeling even that the chance to unite Europe had been missed as sovereign states were re-established without any common bond other than the functionalist

OEEC and the largely symbolic Council of Europe. Even the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) was felt to be too sectoral. The MFE believed governments alone would never relinquish their national power without popular pressure. They advocated a European constituent assembly to draft a European Constitution.

A critic of the USSR, Spinelli argued that "only when it is faced by a united federal Europe will the USSR be brought to a halt".[6]

This approach eventually had a response from governments when they set up the "ad hoc assembly" of 1952–3. It was Spinelli who persuaded Italian Prime Minister

European Defence Community
(EDC) treaty on a provision for a parliamentary assembly to draw up plans for placing the EDC, the ECSC and any other development within a global constitutional framework to "replace the present provisional organization" with "a subsequent federal or confederal structure based on the principle of the separation of powers and having, in particular, a two-chamber system of representation". The Assembly was invited to submit its proposals within six months of its constitutive meeting following the entry into force of the EDC treaty. In fact, the Foreign Ministers, meeting three months after the signature of the EDC treaty, invited the ECSC Assembly immediately to draft a "treaty constituting a European Political Authority" without waiting for ratification of the EDC Treaty.

Spinelli played a significant role in advising the drafting of the Assembly's proposal for a European "Statute". However, the failure of France to ratify the EDC treaty meant it was all to no immediate avail. Some of its ideas, however, were taken up in subsequent events.

European politician

Following the crisis of the failure of the EDC and the "re-launch" under the Paul-Henri Spaak committee, which led to the 1958 EEC Treaty, Spinelli, recognising that the EEC institutions were the only real existing form of European integration, but still considering that they were insufficient and that they lacked a democratic legitimacy, embarked on a "long march through the institutions". In 1970, he was nominated by the Italian government to be a member of the European Commission[7] from 1970 to 1976, taking responsibility for industrial policy to develop European policies in a new field.

Spinelli decided to run in the

West equilibrium maintained".[9]

While an MEP he was a member of the Communist and Allies Group.[10] Spinelli advocated what he described as a "democratic and social transformation of the European Community". He praised the French communists for providing a "positive contribution to this battle"[10] and said that under his influence the PCI had "adopted the line which I had sought and supported for many years, especially the need to transcend economic unification and move towards a European political union".[9]

To this end, he began to gather like-minded Members of the European Parliament around him, taking care to involve Members from different political groups. An initial meeting at the "Crocodile" restaurant in Strasbourg set up the "Crocodile Club", which, once it was of sufficient size, tabled a motion for Parliament to set up a special committee (eventually established in January 1982 as the Committee on Institutional Affairs, with Spinelli as General Rapporteur) to draft a proposal for a new treaty on union. [11]

The idea was that the European Parliament should act as a constituent assembly, although Spinelli was prepared to make compromises on the way to secure broad majorities behind the process. On 14 February 1984, the European Parliament adopted his report and approved the Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union. The decision was taken with 237 votes for and 31 against (43 abstentions).[12]

Spinelli's project was soon buried by the governments of the member states. However, it provided an impetus for the negotiations which led to the

Charles De Gaulle
) of hostility to anything but an intergovernmental approach to Europe. This momentum was enough to obtain the support of a majority of national governments to trigger the treaty revision procedure.

Personal life

He married

anti-fascist activist and fellow advocate of European federalism, in 1945 and they had three daughters: Diana, Barbara, and Sara. Ursula already had another three daughters (Silvia, Renata, and Eva) from her first husband Eugenio Colorni, who was killed by the Nazis in Rome in 1944. Eva Colorni was married to Indian economist Amartya Sen
in the last seven years of her life.

Reception

Although the resultant treaties fell short of what Spinelli would have liked, his efforts triggered a new momentum in European integration, including a major increase in the powers of the European Parliament within the EU system. In honour of his work, the largest building of the Espace Léopold, the European Parliament complex in Brussels, was named after him.

On 15 September 2010, under the name Spinelli Group, an initiative was founded to reinvigorate the strive for federalisation of the European Union (EU). Prominent supporters of the group are: Jacques Delors, Joschka Fischer, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Andrew Duff, Elmar Brok.

Honours

See also

References

  • Piero S. Graglia, Altiero Spinelli, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2008
  1. ^ Haller, Max (2008). European Integration as an Elite Process: The Failure of a Dream?. Routledge. p. 102. See also Spinelli, Altiero (1987). Come ho tentato di diventare saggio (1987). This autobiographical work was to be in two parts. The first part, which appeared during Spinelli's life-time under the title Io Ulisse (1984), covers the life of the author until the Liberation (1943). Spinelli's writing on the second part (La goccia e la roccia) was interrupted by his death in 1986.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ "Altiero Spinelli – European Federalist" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  3. ^ Continental Plans for European Union 1939–1945. De Gruyter. 2019. p. 474.
  4. ^ Wiesner, Claudia (2018). Inventing the EU as a Democratic Polity Concepts, Actors and Controversies. Springer International Publishing. p. 91.
  5. ^ The Cold War: Interpreting Conflict Through Primary Documents: Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2018. p. 114.
  6. ^ Fabbrini, Sergio (2005). Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States Exploring Post-National Governance. Taylor & Francis. p. 32.
  7. ^ At last, Mr Eurotec. The Economist (London, England), Saturday, 6 March 1971; pg. 92; Issue 6654.
  8. ^ Murray, Philomena (2019). Visions of European Unity. Routledge.
  9. ^ a b Euro-communism Its Roots and Future in Italy and Elsewhere. 1978. pp. 179–80.
  10. ^ a b Dunphy, Richard (2004). Contesting Capitalism? Left Parties and European Integration. Manchester University Press. p. 54.
  11. ^ The European Parliament's Role in Closer European Integration', London, Macmillan (1998)ISBN 0-333-72252-3 and New York, St Martin's Press (1998) ISBN 0-312-21103-1. Reprinted in paperback by Palgrave, London (2001) ISBN 0-333-94938-2
  12. ISBN 0-333-94938-2

External links

Media related to Altiero Spinelli at Wikimedia Commons

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