South Tyrol
Alto Adige
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Autonomous province Bolzano – South Tyrol Autonome Provinz Bozen – Südtirol (German) Provincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto Adige (Italian) Provinzia Autonoma de Balsan/Bulsan – Südtirol (Ladin) | |
Provincial Council | |
• Governor | Arno Kompatscher (SVP) |
Area | |
• Total | 7,399.97 km2 (2,857.14 sq mi) |
Population (1 January 2019) | |
• Total | 531,178 |
• Density | 72/km2 (190/sq mi) |
GDP | |
• Total | €21.603 billion (2015) |
• Per capita | €41,568 (2015) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal code | 39XXX |
Telephone prefix | 0471, 0472, 0473, 0474 |
Vehicle registration | BZ |
HDI (2021) | 0.912[2] very high 5th of 21 |
ISTAT | 021 |
Website | www |
South Tyrol[a] (German: Südtirol, German: [ˈsyːtiˌroːl, ˈzyːttiˌʁoːl] ⓘ; Italian: Alto Adige, Italian: [ˈalto ˈaːdidʒe]; Ladin: Südtirol) is an autonomous province in northern Italy. An English translation of the official German and Italian names could be the autonomous province Bolzano – South Tyrol, reflecting the multilingualism and different naming conventions in the area. Together with the autonomous province of Trento, South Tyrol forms the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.[4] The province is the northernmost of Italy, the second largest with an area of 7,400 square kilometres (2,857 sq mi), and has a total population of about 534,000 inhabitants as of 2021.[5] Its capital and largest city is Bolzano (German: Bozen; Ladin: Balsan or Bulsan).
The province is granted a considerable level of self-government, consisting of a large range of exclusive legislative and executive powers and a fiscal regime that allows it to retain 90% of revenue, while remaining a net contributor to the national budget. As of 2016, South Tyrol is the wealthiest province in Italy and among the wealthiest in the European Union.
In the wider context of the European Union, the province is one of the three members of the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion, which corresponds almost exactly to the historical region of Tyrol.[6] The other members are the Austrian federal state Tyrol to the north and east, and the Italian autonomous province of Trento to the south.
According to the 2011 census, 62.3% of the population used German as their first language (standard German in the written form and the South Tyrolean dialect of Austro-Bavarian in the spoken form); 23.4% of the population spoke Italian, mainly in and around the two largest cities (Bolzano, with an Italian-speaking majority, and Meran, with a slight German-speaking majority); 4.1% spoke Ladin, a Rhaeto-Romance language; 10.2% of the population (mainly recent immigrants) spoke another native language in addition to Italian and German. Of 116 South Tyrolean municipalities, 103 have a German-speaking, eight a Ladin-speaking, and five an Italian-speaking majority.[7] The Italianization of South Tyrol and the settlement of Italians from the rest of Italy after 1918 significantly modified local demographics.[8][9]
Name
South Tyrol (occasionally South Tirol) is the term most commonly used in English for the province,
Alto Adige (literally translated in English: "Upper Adige"), one of the Italian names for the province, is also used in English.
The official name of the province today in German is Autonome Provinz Bozen — Südtirol. German speakers usually refer to it not as a Provinz, but as a Land (like the Länder of Germany and Austria).[17] Provincial institutions are referred to using the prefix Landes-, such as Landesregierung (state government) and Landeshauptmann (governor).[18] The official name in Italian is Provincia autonoma Bolzano — Alto Adige, in Ladin Provinzia autonoma Bulsan — Südtirol.[19][20]
History
Annexation by Italy
South Tyrol as an administrative entity originated during the
With the rise of
The subsequent alliance between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared that South Tyrol would not follow the destiny of Austria, which had been annexed by Nazi Germany. Instead the dictators agreed that the German-speaking population be transferred to German-ruled territory or dispersed around Italy, but the outbreak of the Second World War prevented them from fully carrying out their plans.[21] Every citizen was given the choice to give up their German cultural identity and stay in fascist Italy, or to leave their homeland for Nazi Germany to retain their cultural identity. This resulted in the division of South Tyrolese families.
In this tense relationship for the population, Walter Caldonazzi from Mals was part of the resistance group around the priest Heinrich Maier, which passed plans and information about production facilities for V-1 rockets, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, and Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to the Allies. The group planned for an independent Austria with a monarchical form of government after the war, which would include Austria, Bavaria and South Tyrol.[22][23]
In 1943, when the Italian government signed
Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement
After the war, the Allies decided that the province would remain a part of Italy, under the condition that the German-speaking population be granted a significant level of self-government. Italy and Austria negotiated an agreement in 1946, recognizing the rights of the German minority.
This, together with the arrival of new Italian-speaking immigrants, led to strong dissatisfaction among South Tyrolese, which culminated in terrorist acts perpetrated by the
Südtirolfrage
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2017) |
The South Tyrolean Question (Südtirolfrage) became an international issue. As the implementation of the post-war agreement was deemed unsatisfactory by the Austrian government, it became a cause of significant friction with Italy and was taken up by the United Nations in 1960. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of the campaign of terrorism.
The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new Austro-Italian treaty was signed and ratified. It stipulated that disputes in South Tyrol would be submitted for settlement to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, that the province would receive greater autonomy within Italy, and that Austria would not interfere in South Tyrol's internal affairs. The new agreement proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved, and the separatist tensions soon eased.
The autonomous status granted in 1972 has resulted in a considerable level of self-government,[24] and also allows the entity to retain almost 90% of all levied taxes.[25]
Autonomy
In 1992, Italy and Austria officially ended their dispute over the autonomy issue on the basis of the agreement of 1972.[26]
The extensive self-government[24] provided by the current institutional framework has been advanced as a model for settling interethnic disputes and for the successful protection of linguistic minorities.[27] This is among the reasons why the Ladin municipalities of Cortina d'Ampezzo/Anpezo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana/Fodom and Colle Santa Lucia/Col have asked in a referendum to be detached from Veneto and reannexed to the province, from which they were separated under the fascist government.[28]
Euroregion
In 1996, the
Geography
South Tyrol is located at the northernmost point in Italy. The province is bordered by Austria to the east and north, specifically by the Austrian federal states
The landscape itself is mostly cultivated with different types of
Entirely located in the Alps, the province's landscape is dominated by mountains. The highest peak is the Ortler (3,905 metres, 12,812 ft) in the far west, which is also the highest peak in the Eastern Alps outside the Bernina Range. Even more famous are the craggy peaks of the Dolomites in the eastern part of the region.
The following mountain groups are (partially) in South Tyrol. All but the Sarntal Alps are on the border with Austria, Switzerland, or other Italian provinces. The ranges are clockwise from the west and for each the highest peak is given that is within the province or on its border.
Name | Highest peak (German/Italian) | metres | feet |
---|---|---|---|
Ortler Alps | Ortler/Ortles | 3,905 | 12,811 |
Sesvenna Range |
Muntpitschen/Monpiccio | 3,162 | 10,374 |
Ötztal Alps | Weißkugel/Palla Bianca | 3,746 | 12,291 |
Stubai Alps | Wilder Freiger/Cima Libera | 3,426 | 11,241 |
Sarntal Alps | Hirzer/Punta Cervina | 2,781 | 9,124 |
Zillertal Alps | Hochfeiler/Gran Pilastro | 3,510 | 11,515 |
Hohe Tauern |
Dreiherrnspitze/Picco dei Tre Signori | 3,499 | 11,480 |
Eastern Dolomites | Dreischusterspitze/Punta Tre Scarperi | 3,152 | 10,341 |
Western Dolomites | Langkofel/Sassolungo | 3,181 | 10,436 |
Located between the mountains are many valleys, where the majority of the population lives.
Administrative divisions
The province is divided into eight districts (German: Bezirksgemeinschaften, Italian: comunità comprensoriali), one of them being the chief city of Bolzano. Each district is headed by a president and two bodies called the district committee and the district council. The districts are responsible for resolving intermunicipal disputes and providing roads, schools, and social services such as retirement homes.
The province is further divided into 116
Districts
District (German/Italian) | Capital (German/Italian) | Area | Inhabitants[29] |
---|---|---|---|
Bozen/Bolzano | Bozen/Bolzano | 52 km2 | 107,436 |
Burggrafenamt/Burgraviato | Meran/Merano | 1,101 km2 | 97,315 |
Pustertal/Val Pusteria | Bruneck/Brunico | 2,071 km2 | 79,086 |
Überetsch-Unterland/Oltradige-Bassa Atesina | Neumarkt/Egna | 424 km2 | 71,435 |
Eisacktal/Valle Isarco | Brixen/Bressanone | 624 km2 | 49,840 |
Salten-Schlern/Salto-Sciliar | Bozen/Bolzano | 1,037 km2 | 48,020 |
Vinschgau/Val Venosta | Schlanders/Silandro | 1,442 km2 | 35,000 |
Wipptal/Alta Valle Isarco | Sterzing/Vipiteno | 650 km2 | 18,220 |
Largest municipalities
German name | Italian name | Ladin name | Inhabitants[29] |
---|---|---|---|
Bozen | Bolzano | Balsan, Bulsan | 107,724 |
Meran
|
Merano | Maran | 40,926 |
Brixen | Bressanone | Persenon, Porsenù | 22,423 |
Leifers | Laives | 18,097 | |
Bruneck | Brunico | Bornech, Burnech | 16,636 |
Eppan an der Weinstraße | Appiano sulla Strada del Vino | 14,990 | |
Lana | Lana | 12,468 | |
Kaltern an der Weinstraße | Caldaro sulla Strada del Vino | 7,512 | |
Ritten | Renon | 7,507 | |
Sarntal | Sarentino | 6,863 | |
Kastelruth | Castelrotto | Ciastel | 6,456 |
Sterzing | Vipiteno | 6,306 | |
Schlanders | Silandro | 6,014 | |
Ahrntal | Valle Aurina | 5,876 | |
Naturns | Naturno | 5,440 | |
Sand in Taufers | Campo Tures | 5,230 | |
Latsch | Laces | 5,145 | |
Klausen | Chiusa | Tluses, Tlüses | 5,134 |
Mals | Malles | 5,050 | |
Neumarkt | Egna | 4,926 | |
Algund | Lagundo | 4,782 | |
St. Ulrich | Ortisei | Urtijëi | 4,606 |
Ratschings | Racines | 4,331 | |
Terlan | Terlano | 4,132 |
Climate
Climatically, South Tyrol may be divided into five distinct groups:
The Adige valley area, with cold winters (24-hour averages in January of about 0 °C (32 °F)) and warm summers (24-hour averages in July of about 23 °C (73 °F)), usually classified as humid subtropical climate — Cfa. It has the driest and sunniest climate of the province. The main city in this area is Bolzano.
The midlands, between 300 and 900 metres (980 and 2,950 ft), with cold winters (24-hour averages in January between −3 and 1 °C (27 and 34 °F)) and mild summers (24-hour averages in July between 15 and 21 °C (59 and 70 °F)). This is a typical oceanic climate, classified as Cfb. It is usually wetter than the subtropical climate, and very snowy during the winters. During the spring and autumn, there is an extended foggy season, but fog may occur even on summer mornings. Main towns in this area are Meran, Bruneck, Sterzing, and Brixen. Near the lakes in higher lands (between 1,000 and 1,400 metres (3,300 and 4,600 ft)) the humidity may make the climate in these regions milder during winter, but also cooler in summer, making it more similar to a subpolar oceanic climate, Cfc.
The alpine valleys between 900 and 1,400 metres (3,000 and 4,600 ft), with a typically humid continental climate — Dfb, covering the largest part of the province. The winters are usually very cold (24-hour averages in January between −8 and −3 °C (18 and 27 °F)), and the summers, mild with averages between 14 and 19 °C (57 and 66 °F). It is a very snowy climate; snow may occur from early October to April or even May. Main municipalities in this area are Urtijëi, Badia, Sexten, Toblach, Stilfs, Vöran, and Mühlwald.
The alpine valleys between 1,400 and 1,700 metres (4,600 and 5,600 ft), with a subarctic climate — Dfc, with harsh winters (24-hour averages in January between −9 and −5 °C (16 and 23 °F)) and cool, short, rainy and foggy summers (24-hour averages in July of about 12 °C (54 °F)). These areas usually have five months below the freezing point, and snow sometimes occurs even during the summer, in September. This climate is the wettest of the province, with large rainfalls during the summer, heavy snowfalls during spring and fall. The winter is usually a little drier, marked by freezing and dry weeks, although not sufficiently dry to be classified as a Dwc climate. Main municipalities in this area are Corvara, Sëlva, Santa Cristina Gherdëina.
The highlands above 1,700 metres (5,600 ft), with an alpine tundra climate, ET, which becomes an ice cap climate, EF, above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). The winters are cold, but sometimes not as cold as the higher valleys' winters. In January, most of the areas at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) have an average temperature of about −5 °C (23 °F), while in the valleys at about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), the mean temperature may be as low as −8 or −9 °C (18 or 16 °F). The higher lands, above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) are usually extremely cold, with averages of about −14 °C (7 °F) during the coldest month, January.
Geology
In South Tyrol, the following structure can be roughly recognized: The lowest floor forms the crystalline basement. About 280 million years ago, in the Lower Permian, multiple magmatic events occurred. At that time the Brixen granite was formed at the northern boundary of the Southern Alps, and at about the same time, further south in the Bolzano area, there was strong volcanic activity that formed the Adige Valley volcanic complex. In the Upper Permian a period began in which sedimentary rocks were formed. At first, these were partly clastic sediments, among which the Gröden sandstone is found. In the Triassic, massive carbonate platforms of dolomitic rocks then formed; this process was interrupted in the Middle Triassic by a brief but violent phase of volcanic activity.
In South Tyrol, the Eastern Alps consist mainly of metamorphic rocks, such as gneisses or mica schists, with occasional intercalations of marble and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks with metamorphic overprint (e.g., in the Ortler or southwest of the Brenner). Various metamorphic rocks are found in the Tauern Window, such as Hochstegen marble (as in Wolfendorn), Grünschiefer (as in Hochfeiler), or rocks of the Zentralgneiss (predominantly in the area of the Zillertal Main Ridge).[31]
The province of South Tyrol has placed numerous geological natural monuments under protection. Among the best known are the Bletterbach Gorge, a 12 km (7½ mile) long canyon in the municipality of Aldein, and the Ritten Earth Pyramids, which are the largest in Europe with a height of up to 30 metres (98 ft).[32]
Mountains
According to the Alpine Association, South Tyrol is home to 13 mountain groups of the Eastern Alps, of which only the Sarntal Alps are entirely within national borders. The remaining twelve are (clockwise, starting from the west): Sesvenna Group, Ötztal Alps, Stubai Alps, Zillertal Alps, Venediger Group, Rieserferner Group, Villgratner Mountains, Carnic Alps, Dolomites, Fleimstal Alps, Nonsberg Group and Ortler Alps. Of particular note are the Dolomites, parts of which were recognized by UNESCO in 2009 as a "Dolomite World Heritage Site".
Although some isolated massifs approach 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) and show strong
The extensive mountain
Valleys
The three main valleys of South Tyrol are the Adige Valley, the Eisack Valley and the Puster Valley, formed by the Ice Age Adige glacier and its tributaries. The highest part of the Adige valley in western South Tyrol, from Reschen (1,507 metres or 4,944 feet) to Töll (approx. 500 metres or 1,600 feet) near Merano, is called Vinschgau; the southernmost section, from Bolzano to Salurner Klause (207 metres or 679 feet), is divided into Überetsch and Unterland. From there, the Adige Valley continues in a southerly direction until it merges with the Po plain at Verona.
At Bolzano, the Eisack Valley merges into the Adige Valley. The Eisack Valley runs from Bolzano northeastward to Franzensfeste, where it merges with the Wipp Valley, which runs first northwestward and then northward over the Brenner Pass to Innsbruck. In the town of Brixen, the Eisack Valley meets the Puster Valley, which passes through Bruneck and reaches Lienz via the Toblacher Sattel (1,210 metres or 3,970 feet). In addition to the three main valleys, South Tyrol has a large number of side valleys. The most important and populated side valleys are (from west to east) Sulden, Schnals, Ulten, Passeier, Ridnaun, the Sarntal, Pfitsch, Gröden, the Gadertal, the Tauferer Ahrntal and Antholz.
In mountainous South Tyrol, about 64.5% of the total
Hydrography
The most important river in South Tyrol is the
In South Tyrol there are 176 natural lakes with an area of more than half a hectare (1¼ acre), most of which are located above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) altitude. Only 13 natural lakes are larger than 5 ha, and only three of them are situated below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude: the Kalterer See (215 metres, 705 ft), the Großer (492 metres, 1,614 ft) and the Kleiner Montiggler See (514 metres, 1,686 ft). Fourteen South Tyrolean reservoirs used for energy production include the Reschensee (1,498 metres, 4,915 ft), which with an area of 523 hectares (2.02 sq mi) forms the largest standing body of water in South Tyrol, the Zufrittsee (1,850 metres, 6,070 ft) and the Arzkarsee (2,250 metres, 7,382 ft).
The natural monuments designated by the province of South Tyrol include numerous hydrological objects, such as streams, waterfalls, moors, glaciers and mountain lakes like the Pragser Wildsee (1,494 metres, 4,902 ft), the Karersee (1,519 metres, 4,984 ft) or the Spronser Seen (2,117–2,589 metres, 6,946–8,494 ft).[36]
Vegetation
Approximately 50% of the area of South Tyrol is covered by
The flat valley bottoms were originally completely covered with
Politics
The local government system is based upon the provisions of the Italian Constitution and the Autonomy Statute of the Region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.[39] The 1972 second Statute of Autonomy for Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol devolved most legislative and executive competences from the regional level to the provincial level, creating de facto two separate regions.
The considerable legislative power of the province is vested in an assembly, the Landtag of South Tyrol (German: Südtiroler Landtag; Italian: Consiglio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano; Ladin: Cunsëi dla Provinzia Autonoma de Bulsan). The legislative powers of the assembly are defined by the second Statute of Autonomy.
The executive powers are attributed to the government (German: Landesregierung; Italian: Giunta Provinciale) headed by the Landeshauptmann Arno Kompatscher.[40] He belongs to the South Tyrolean People's Party, which has been governing with a parliamentary majority since 1948. South Tyrol is characterized by long sitting presidents, having only had two presidents between 1960 and 2014 (Silvius Magnago 1960–1989, Luis Durnwalder 1989–2014).
A fiscal regime allows the province to retain a large part of most levied taxes, in order to execute and administer its competences. Nevertheless, South Tyrol remains a net contributor to the Italian national budget.[41]
Last provincial elections
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Tyrolean People's Party | 97,092 | 34.53 | 13 | −2 | |
Team K | 31,201 | 11.09 | 4 | −2 | |
South Tyrolean Freedom | 30,583 | 10.88 | 4 | +2 | |
Greens | 25,445 | 9.05 | 3 | ±0 | |
Brothers of Italy | 16,747 | 5.96 | 2 | +1 | |
JWA List | 16,596 | 5.90 | 2 | New | |
Die Freiheitlichen | 13,836 | 4.92 | 2 | ±0 | |
Democratic Party | 9,707 | 3.45 | 1 | ±0 | |
For South Tyrol with Widmann | 9,646 | 3.43 | 1 | ±0 | |
League–United for Alto Adige | 8,541 | 3.04 | 1 | −3 | |
La Civica | 7,301 | 2.60 | 1 | New | |
Vita | 7,222 | 2.57 | 1 | New | |
Five Star Movement | 2,086 | 0.74 | – | −1 | |
Enzian | 1,990 | 0.71 | – | New | |
Forza Italia | 1,625 | 0.58 | – | ±0 | |
Centre-Right | 1,601 | 0.57 | – | New | |
Total | 281,219 | 100.00 | 35 | – | |
Valid votes | 281,219 | 96.87 | |||
Invalid/blank votes | 9,080 | 3.13 | |||
Total votes | 290,299 | 100.00 | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 429,841 | 67.54 | |||
Source: Official Results |
List of governors
Governors of South Tyrol | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | Portrait | Party | Term | Coalition | Legislature | Election | ||
Karl Erckert (1894–1955) |
SVP | 20 December 1948 | 19 December 1952 | SVP • DC • PSDI • UI[b] | I Legislature | 1948 | ||
20 December 1952 | 15 December 1955[c] | SVP • DC | II Legislature | 1952 | ||||
Alois Pupp (1900–1969) |
SVP | 7 January 1956 | 14 December 1956 | |||||
15 December 1956 | 30 December 1960 | III Legislature | 1956 | |||||
Silvius Magnago (1914–2010) |
SVP | 31 December 1960 | 3 February 1965 | IV Legislature | 1960 | |||
4 February 1965 | 16 February 1969 | V Legislature | 1964 | |||||
17 February 1969 | 14 May 1970 | VI Legislature | 1968 | |||||
15 May 1970 | 14 March 1974 | SVP • DC • PSI | ||||||
15 March 1974 | 10 April 1979 | VII Legislature | 1973 | |||||
11 April 1979 | 26 April 1984 | SVP • DC • PSDI | VIII Legislature | 1978 | ||||
27 April 1984 | 16 March 1989 | SVP • DC • PSI | IX Legislature | 1983 | ||||
Luis Durnwalder (b. 1941) |
SVP | 17 March 1989 | 10 February 1994 | X Legislature | 1988 | |||
11 February 1994 | 3 February 1999 | SVP • PPI • PDS | XI Legislature | 1993 | ||||
4 February 1999 | 17 December 2003 | SVP • DS • PPI • UDAA | XII Legislature | 1998 | ||||
18 December 2003 | 17 December 2008 | SVP • DS • UDAA | XIII Legislature | 2003 | ||||
18 December 2008 | 8 January 2014 | SVP • PD | XIV Legislature | 2008 | ||||
Arno Kompatscher (b. 1971) |
SVP | 9 January 2014 | 16 January 2019 | XV Legislature | 2013 | |||
17 January 2019 | 17 January 2024 | SVP • LAAS | XVI Legislature | 2018 | ||||
18 January 2024 | Incumbent | SVP • FdI • DF • LAAS • LC[d] | XVII Legislature | 2023 |
Provincial Government
The provincial government (Landesregierung) of South Tyrol (formerly also called provincial committee, Giunta provinciale in Italian, Junta provinziala in Ladin) consists of a provincial governor and a variable number of provincial councilors. Currently (2021), the provincial government consists of eight provincial councilors and the provincial governor. The deputies of the provincial governor are appointed from among the provincial councilors. The current governor is Arno Kompatscher (SVP), his deputies are the provincial councilors Arnold Schuler (SVP), Giuliano Vettorato (LN) and Daniel Alfreider (SVP).
The Governor and the Provincial Councilors are elected by
Secessionist movement
Given the region's historical and cultural association with neighboring Austria, calls for the secession of South Tyrol and its reunification with Austria do surface from time to time among some minor groups of German-speakers, although falling short of a majority in the province, the majority does not support a separation.[42] Among the political parties that support South Tyrol's reunification into Austria are South Tyrolean Freedom, Die Freiheitlichen and Citizens' Union for South Tyrol.[43]
Economy
In 2016 South Tyrol had a
The unemployment level in 2007 was roughly 2.4% (2.0% for men and 3.0% for women). Residents are employed in a variety of sectors, from
South Tyrol is home to numerous
The unemployment rate stood at 3.8% in 2020.[46]
Transport
The region is, together with northern and eastern Tyrol, an important transit point between southern Germany and Northern Italy. Freights by road and rail pass through here. One of the most important highways is the A22, also called the Autostrada del Brennero. It connects to the Brenner Autobahn in Austria.
The vehicle registration plate of South Tyrol is the two-letter provincial code Bz for the capital city, Bolzano. Along with the autonomous Trentino (Tn) and Aosta Valley (Ao), South Tyrol is allowed to surmount its license plates with its coat of arms.
Rail transport goes over the
Other railways are the
The Brenner Base Tunnel is under construction and scheduled to be completed by 2025. With a planned length of 55 kilometres (34 mi), this tunnel will increase freight train average speed to 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and reduce transit time by over an hour.[47]
Larger cities used to have their own tramway system, such as the
The Bolzano Airport is the only airport serving the region.
Demographics
Languages
Languages of South Tyrol. Majorities per municipality in 2011: | |
---|---|
Official | |
Source | astat info 6/2012, 38, Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011, pp. 6-7 |
German and Italian are both official languages of South Tyrol. In some eastern municipalities Ladin is the third official language.
A majority of the inhabitants of contemporary South Tyrol speak native
To reach a fair allocation of jobs in public service a system called ethnic proportion (Italian: proporzionale etnica, German: ethnischer Proporz) has been established. Every ten years, when the general census of population takes place, each citizen has to declare the linguistic group to which they belong or want to be aggregated to. According to the results they decide how many people of which group are going to be employed in public service.[citation needed]
At the time of the annexation of the southern part of Tyrol by Italy in 1919, the overwhelming majority of the population spoke German and identified with the Austrian or German nationality: in 1910, according to the last population census before World War I, the German-speaking population numbered 224,000, the Ladin 9,000 and the Italian 7,000.[8]
As a result of the Italianization of South Tyrol about 23% of the population are Italian-speakers (they were 33%, 138,000 of 414,000 inhabitants in the 1971 census) according to the census of 2011. 103 out of 116
The other four
The linguistic breakdown according to the census of 2011:[51]
Language | Number | % |
---|---|---|
German | 314,604 | 69.4% |
Italian | 118,120 | 26.1% |
Ladin | 20,548 | 4.5% |
Total | 453,272 | 100% |
Religion
The majority of the population is Christian, mostly in the Catholic tradition. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen corresponds to the territory of the province of South Tyrol. Since 27 July 2011 the bishop of Bolzano-Brixen is Ivo Muser.
Catholic Church
The vast majority of the population of South Tyrol is baptized Catholic. There is
The most famous bishop of Brixen was the polymath Nicholas of Cusa. Important figures of the regional ecclesiastical life in the 19th century were the beatified bishop of Trent Johann Nepomuk von Tschiderer and the mystic Maria von Mörl.
In 1964, with reference to modern political boundaries, the Bishopric of Brixen, which had lost its extensive territories of North and East Tyrol after World War I, was enlarged to form the Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen, whose extension is now identical to that of the province of South Tyrol. Since then, the faithful have been led by Bishops Joseph Gargitter (1964-1986), Wilhelm Egger (1986-2008), Karl Golser (2008-2011) and Ivo Muser (since 2011). The diocese comprises 28 deaneries and 281 parishes (in 2014), 23 its episcopal churches are the Cathedral of Brixen and the Cathedral of Bolzano. Cassian and Vigilius are venerated as diocesan patrons.[54] Important references in the current discourses of the local Catholic Church are St. Joseph Freinademetz and Blessed Joseph Mayr-Nusser.
Other communities
There is a
Culture
Traditions
South Tyrol has long-standing traditions, mainly inherited from its membership in the historical Tyrol. The Schützen associations are particularly fond of Tyrolean traditions.
The Scheibenschlagen are the traditional "throwing of burning discs" on the first Sunday of Lent, the Herz-Jesu-Feuer are the "fires of the
There are also several legends and sagas linked to the peoples of the Dolomites; among the best known are the legend of King Laurin and that of the Kingdom of Fanes, which belongs to the Ladin mythological heritage.
Alpine Transhumance (from German "Almabtrieb"), is a farm practice: every year, between September and October, the livestock that stayed on the high pastures is brought back to the valley, with traditional music and dances. Especially, the transhumance between the Ötztal (in Austria) and Schnals Valley and Passeier Valley was recognised by UNESCO as universal intangible heritage in 2019.[56]
Education
Architecture
The region features a large number of castles and churches. Many of the castles and Ansitze were built by the local nobility and the Habsburg rulers. See List of castles in South Tyrol.
Museums
Among the major museums of South Tyrol are:
- the Ötzi the Iceman
- the Museion, Museum of modern and contemporary art of Bolzano
- the Messner Mountain Museum of Reinhold Messner
- the White Tower (Brixen) museum
Media
German-language TV channels in South Tyrol:
Music
The Bozner Bergsteigerlied and the Andreas-Hofer-Lied are considered to be the unofficial anthems of South Tyrol.[58]
The folk musical group Kastelruther Spatzen from Kastelruth and the rock band Frei.Wild from Brixen have received high recognition in the German-speaking part of the world.[citation needed]
Award-winning electronic music producer Giorgio Moroder was born and raised in South Tyrol in a mixed Italian, German and Ladin-speaking environment.
Sports
South Tyrolese have been successful at
HC Interspar
The province is famous worldwide for its
See also
References
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- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
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- ^ "Trentino-Alto Adige (Autonomous Region, Italy) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location".
- ^ Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo/Buchenstein and Colle Santa Lucia, formerly parts of Tyrol, now belong to the region of Veneto.
- ^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch für Südtirol 2014 / statistico della Provincia di Bolzano 2014" (PDF). Table 3.18, page 119. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ a b Oscar Benvenuto (ed.): "South Tyrol in Figures 2008", Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol, Bozen/Bolzano 2007, p. 19, Table 11
- ^ ISBN 0-7658-0800-5.
- ^ Cf. for instance Antony E. Alcock, The History of the South Tyrol Question, London: Michael Joseph, 1970; Rolf Steininger, South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
- ^ Bondi, Sandro (25 January 2011), Lettera del ministro per i beni culturali Bondi al presidente del consiglio Durnwalder (PDF) (in Italian), Rome: Il Ministro per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, archived from the original (Letter) on 10 June 2011, retrieved 4 June 2011
- ISBN 3-8258-6961-X
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- ISBN 978-0-7658-0800-4, pp.2
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- ^ "Entstehungsgeschichte - NaturStein Südtirol". www.naturstein-suedtirol.it. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
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- ^ SPA, Südtiroler Informatik AG | Informatica Alto Adige. "Natur, Landschaft und Raumentwicklung | Landesverwaltung | Autonome Provinz Bozen - Südtirol". Landesverwaltung (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ISBN 3-901182-35-7, S. 14.
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- ^ SPA, Südtiroler Informatik AG | Informatica Alto Adige. "Landesagentur für Umwelt und Klimaschutz | Autonome Provinz Bozen - Südtirol". Landesagentur für Umwelt und Klimaschutz (in German). Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ SPA, Südtiroler Informatik AG | Informatica Alto Adige. "Natur, Landschaft und Raumentwicklung | Landesverwaltung | Autonome Provinz Bozen - Südtirol". Landesverwaltung (in German). Retrieved 7 June 2021.
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- ^ Mayr, Walter (25 August 2010). "The South Tyrol Success Story: Italy's German-Speaking Province Escapes the Crisis". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
Durnwalder's party, the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP), ...has ruled the province with an absolute or relative majority since 1948.
- ^ "Dati Regionali 2012 shock: Residuo Fiscale (saldo attivo per 95 miliardi al Nord)". 27 May 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
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- ^ Rysman, Laura (4 February 2019). "Italian Alpine Spas, Where Sports Are an Afterthought". NYT.
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- ISBN 978-0-7658-0800-4
- ^ "Explore Census Data".
- ^ "Explore Census Data".
- ^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch für Südtirol 2014 / Annuario statistico della Provincia di Bolzano 2014" (PDF). Table 3.18, page 119. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
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- ISBN 978-88-7073-531-4, S. 11–186, insbesondere S. 11–15 (PDF-Datei)
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- ^ Parteli, Elisabeth (15 January 2015). "Verdächtig religiös (German)". ff – Südtiroler Wochenmagazin, Nr. 4. pp. 36–47. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
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- ^ Rainer Seberich (1979). "Singen unter dem Faschismus: Ein Untersuchungsbericht zur politischen und kulturellen Bedeutung der Volksliedpflege". Der Schlern, 50,4, 1976, pp. 209–218, here p. 212.
- ^ /tɪˈroʊl, taɪˈroʊl, ˈtaɪroʊl/, tih-ROHL, ty-ROHL, TY-rohl.[3]
- ^ Union of Independents.
- ^ Died in office.
- ^ External support.
Bibliography
- (in German) Gottfried Solderer (ed.) (1999–2004). Das 20. Jahrhundert in Südtirol. 6 Vol., Bozen: Raetia Verlag. ISBN 978-88-7283-137-3.
- Antony E. Alcock (2003). The History of the South Tyrol Question. London: Michael Joseph. 535 pp.
- ISBN 978-0-7658-0800-4.
- Georg Grote (2012). The South Tyrol Question 1866–2010. From National Rage to Regional State. Oxford: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-336-1.
- Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair (2017). A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015. Oxford/Bern/New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-0343-2240-9.