Alveolar consonant
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Alveolar | |
---|---|
◌͇ |
Alveolar (
The
The bare letters [s, t, n, l], etc. cannot be assumed to specifically represent alveolars. The language may not make such distinctions, such that two or more coronal places of articulation are found allophonically, or the transcription may simply be too broad to distinguish dental from alveolar. If it is necessary to specify a consonant as alveolar, a diacritic from the Extended IPA may be used: [s͇, t͇, n͇, l͇], etc., though that could also mean extra-retracted.[3] The letters ⟨s, t, n, l⟩ are frequently called 'alveolar', and the language examples below are all alveolar sounds.
(The Extended IPA diacritic was devised for
In IPA
Alveolar consonants are transcribed in the IPA as follows:
IPA | Description | Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning in English | ||
n̥ | voiceless alveolar nasal | Burmese[4] | နှာ | [n̥à] | 'nose' |
n | voiced alveolar nasal
|
English | run | [ɹʌn] | |
t | voiceless alveolar plosive
|
English | top | [tɒp] | |
d | voiced alveolar plosive
|
English | debt | [dɛt] | |
t͡s | voiceless alveolar affricate | English | pizza | [pit͡sə] | |
d͡z | voiced alveolar affricate | Italian | zaino | [ˈd͡zaino] | backpack |
s | voiceless alveolar fricative | English | suit | [suːt] | |
z | voiced alveolar fricative | English | zoo | [zuː] | |
t͡ɬ | voiceless alveolar lateral affricate | Tsez | элIни | [ˈʔe̞t͡ɬni] | winter |
d͡ɮ | voiced alveolar lateral affricate | Pa Na[5] | [d͡ɮau˩˧] | 'deep' | |
ɬ | voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
|
Welsh | llwyd | [ɬʊɪd] | grey |
ɮ | voiced alveolar lateral fricative
|
Zulu | dlala | [ˈɮálà] | to play |
θ̠ | voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
|
Irish English
|
Italy | [ˈɪθ̠ɪli] | |
ð̠ | voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
|
Scouse English | maid | [meɪð̠] | |
ɹ | voiced alveolar approximant
|
English | red | [ɹɛd] | |
l | alveolar lateral approximant
|
English | loop | [lup] | |
ɫ | velarized alveolar lateral approximant
|
English | milk | [mɪɫk] | |
ɺ̥ | voiceless alveolar lateral flap | Karu | [ɺ̥je.ˈtɐ̃.hə͂] | 'that' | |
ɺ | voiced alveolar lateral flap
|
Venda | [vuɺa] | 'to open' | |
ɾ̥ | voiceless alveolar flap
|
Icelandic | hrafn | [ˈɾ̥apn̪̊] | 'raven' |
ɾ | voiced alveolar flap
|
English | better | [bɛɾɚ] | |
r̥ | voiceless alveolar trill | Konda | [pur̥i] | 'anthill' | |
r | voiced alveolar trill
|
Spanish | perro | [pero] | 'dog' |
tʼ | alveolar ejective
|
Georgian | ტიტა | [tʼitʼa] | 'tulip' |
t͡sʼ | alveolar ejective affricate | Chechen | цIе | [t͡sʼe] | 'name' |
sʼ | alveolar ejective fricative | Amharic
|
ጼጋ | [sʼɛɡa] | |
t͡ɬʼ | alveolar lateral ejective affricate | Navajo | tłʼóoʼdi | [t͡ɬʼóːʔtɪ̀] | '(at) the outside' |
ɬ’ | alveolar lateral ejective fricative | Adyghe | плӀы | [pɬ’ə] | 'four' |
ƭ | voiceless alveolar implosive | Mam | t'ut'an | [ɗ̥ɯɗ̥aŋ] | 'finish' |
ɗ | voiced alveolar implosive | Vietnamese | đã | [ɗɐː] | Past tense indicator |
k͡ǃ q͡ǃ ɡ͡ǃ ɢ͡ǃ ŋ͡ǃ ɴ͡ǃ |
apical alveolar clicks (many distinct consonants) | Nama
|
!oas | [ᵑ̊ǃˀoas] | hollow |
k͡ǁ q͡ǁ ɡ͡ǁ ɢ͡ǁ ŋ͡ǁ ɴ͡ǁ |
alveolar lateral clicks (many distinct consonants)
|
Nama | ǁî | [ᵑ̊ǁˀĩː] | discussed |
Lack of alveolars
There are no languages which have no alveolars at all. The alveolar or dental consonants [t] and [n] are, along with [k], the most common consonants in human languages.
Labioalveolar consonants
In labioalveolars, the lower lip contacts the alveolar ridge. Such sounds are typically the result of a severe overbite. In the
See also
- Index of phonetics articles
- Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
- Place of articulation
Notes
- ^ "alveolar". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
"alveolar". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. - CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins.
- ^ E.g. in Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics, p. 559–560
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
- ^ Chen, Qiguang [陈其光]. 2001. "A Brief Introduction of Bana Language [巴那语概况]". Minzu Yuwen.
- ^ Ian Maddieson and Sandra Ferrari Disner, 1984, Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge University Press
References
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.