Amaranthus brownii
Amaranthus brownii | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Caryophyllales |
Family: | Amaranthaceae |
Genus: | Amaranthus |
Species: | †A. brownii
|
Binomial name | |
†Amaranthus brownii |
Amaranthus brownii was an
A. brownii was first discovered during the
Taxonomy
The species was first collected during a ten-day visit to the island of Nihoa by the
Description
Amaranthus brownii was the only endemic species of Hawaiian Amaranthus in the Hawaiian Islands.
Distribution and habitat
Amaranthus brownii had a very limited
The plant grew during the moist, winter season from December through July in Nihoa's
Prehistoric Polynesian habitation on Nihoa[d] may have initially led to a decrease in the plant population of A. brownii.[19] Major threats to the plant included invasive species, fire, and hybridization with other Amaranthus species.[18] Inbreeding was a serious threat, as the small plant population must reproduce within its own circle resulting in genetic defects.[11] A. brownii was also forced to compete with the non-native weed (Portulaca oleracea), the plant's main alien species threat.[9] In 2002 and 2004, the invasive gray bird grasshopper (Schistocerca nitens) presented an even larger threat to A. brownii.[e] First recorded on the island in 1977,[20] the increasing population density of gray bird grasshoppers led to massive defoliation on the island, leaving A. brownii at greater risk of predation.[8] In 2004 alone, an estimated 400,000 gray bird grasshoppers destroyed almost 90% of the vegetation on Nihoa.[20][21] All these threats may have contributed to its ultimate extinction.[1]
Conservation
According to zoologist and conservationist Sheila Conant, A. brownii was important due to its uniqueness in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands as "the only Hawaiian endemic in this large genus which contains many economically and nutritionally important species."[16] However, in more than a decade of field surveys on Nihoa, no living plants were identified. Wildlife refuge staff visited the island during the dry season at least 21 times between 1983 and 1996.[8] Originally, botanists thought the absence of the plant in field surveys might have been explained by the time of visits [11] During the summer months, the stems of A. brownii dried up and could not be distinguished from other herbaceous plants.[8] However, a seven-day visit to the island in April 2006 still did not find any specimens.[8] Additional winter surveys were performed, but none were successful.[1]
A proposal for listing A. brownii under the U.S.
Notes
a.
Species of Amaranthus found in the Hawaiian Islands:
| ||||
Genus | Species | Common name | Status | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthus
|
A. brownii | none | Extinct | Nihoa (end) |
A. dubius | Spleen amaranth | n/a | Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Hawaii | |
A. hybridus | Green amaranth | n/a | Oahu, Maui | |
A. lividus
|
Purple amaranth | n/a | Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii | |
A. spinosus | Spiny amaranth (pakai kuku) | n/a | Kure Atoll, Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii | |
A. viridis | Slender amaranth (pakai, ʻaheahea, pakaikai, pakapakai) | n/a | Kahoolawe, Hawaii
| |
A. brownii is one of 12 endemic flowering plant species in the family Amaranthaceae found in the Hawaiian Islands:[24] | ||||
Genus | Species | Common name | Status | Range |
Achyranthes | A. atollensis | Hawaiʻi chaff flower | Extinct | Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Laysan (ex.) |
A. mutica | Blunt chaff flower | Critically endangered | Kauai (ex.), Hawaii (island) | |
A. splendens | Maui chaff flower | Vulnerable | Oahu, Molokai (ex.), Lanai, Maui | |
Amaranthus
|
A. brownii | Extinct | Nihoa | |
Charpentiera | C. densiflora | Dense-flowered pāpala (pāpala) | Critically endangered | Kauai, Maui |
C. elliptica | Pāpala | Kauai | ||
C. obovata | Broadleaf pāpala (pāpala) | Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island) | ||
C. ovata | Koʻolau Range pāpala (pāpala) | Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Hawaii (island) | ||
C. tomentosa | Waiʻanae Range pāpala (pāpala) | Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island) | ||
Nototrichium | N. divaricatum | Nā Pali rockwort (kuluʻī) | Kauai | |
N. humile | Kaʻala rockwort (kuluʻī) | Endangered | East Maui
| |
N. sandwicense | Hawaiʻi rockwort (kuluʻī) | All eight southeastern Hawaiian Islands
|
b. ^ Nihoa: fl, fr, June 20, 1923, C. S. Judd No. 2[2]
c. ^ Herbst & Takeuchi 6545; BISH.[15] Also see the database record at the U.S. National Herbarium: Herbst, D.R.; Takeuchi, W. No. 6545; Collection Date: 27 Jul 1980; Hawaiian Islands, Nihoa, Middle Valley. Alt. 91 m.; Barcode: 00453038 USNM No.: 02921853.
d. ^ According to Mark J. Rauzon, anthropologist Kenneth Emory, a member of the Tanager Expedition, identified 66 archaeological sites on the island of Nihoa, and to date 86 sites have been found. Emory estimated that 7.7 percent of the island (12 out of 156 acres) was used for terraced, dry-land crop production, and along with fish and seafowl, Emory believed 100 people (or more) could have survived on a long-term basis. However, questions about good potable water sources and the fact that only six skeletons have been found cast doubt on this figure.[25]
e. ^ Compare the destruction of vegetation on Nihoa in 2004 to that of Laysan island. In 1894, Max Schlemmer introduced rabbits to Laysan. Eventually, the rabbit problem and bird poaching led U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to declare the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a bird sanctuary in 1909. By 1918, 26 plant species had disappeared from the island and the Laysan millerbird had become extinct. The Tanager Expedition arrived in 1923 and exterminated the last of the surviving rabbits.[26]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b Christophersen, Erling; Caum, Edward L. (1931). Vascular plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin No. 81; Tanager Expedition Publication No. 7. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. pp. 25–26.
Nihoa: fl, fr, June 17, 1923, E. L. Caum No. 73. Type, B. P. Bishop Mus.
- ^ a b Clapp, Roger B.; Eugene Krindler; Robert R. Fleet (1977). F. R. Fosberg; M.-H. Sachet; D. R. Stoddart (eds.). "The Natural History of Nihoa Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Atoll Research Bulletin (207). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution: 31–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- S2CID 85804033.
- ^ Christophersen & Caum 1931, p. 4: "At the time when we started work on the "Tanager" collections Dr. F. B. H. Brown had already described some of the new species and varieties which they contained, and his descriptions are here included He has also passed his opinion on some of the other plants for which we express our indebtedness."
- ^ a b United States Fish and Wildlife Service (1996). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for Three Plants from the Island of Nihoa, Hawaii" (PDF). Federal Register. 61 (163). United States Government Printing Office: 43178–43184. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ Christophersen & Caum 1931, p. 5; Clapp 1977, p. 147.
- ^ a b c d e Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (2007). Amaranthus brownii (No common name); 5-Year Review; Summary and Evaluation (PDF) (Report). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
- ^ a b c d e f United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2003). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for Five Plant Species From the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii" (PDF). Federal Register (United States Government Printing Office) 68 (99): 28053–28075. Retrieved 2011-05-12; See also: "Listing actions". Endangered Species Update (University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and Environment). April–June 2004.
- ^ ISBN 0-8248-2166-1.
- ^ ISBN 1-58178-029-X.
- ^ a b United States Fish and Wildlife Service (March 1998). Final Recovery Plan for Three Plant Species on Nihoa Island (PDF) (Report). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 10547–10550. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ State of Hawaii; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Office of Hawaiian Affairs; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2009). "The United States of America's Nomination of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument for Inscription on the World Heritage List". Honolulu, Hawaii: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (2008). "Recovery Plan for Three Plant Species on Nihoa Island". Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2008-09-05; See also: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998.
- ^ a b Wagner, Warren L.; Derral R. Herbst; Sy H. Sohmer (1986). "Contributions to the flora of Hawaiʻi. I. Acanthaceae—Asteraceae". Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 26–27. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: 102–122.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8248-1659-9.
- ^ hdl:10125/921. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
- ^ Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources (2005). "Amaranthus brownii fact sheet" (PDF). Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. State of Hawaii. Archived from the original(PDF) on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ISBN 0-7876-5028-5.
- ^ a b Lockwood, Jeffrey A.; Alexandre V. Latchininsky (2008). "Confessions of a Hit Man". Conservation Magazine (Seattle, WA: Society for Conservation Biology) 9 (3). Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- S2CID 12374828.
- ^ a b NatureServe (2009). "Amaranthus brownii". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
- ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2010-04-08). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 5-Year Status Reviews of 69 Species in Idaho, Washington, Hawaii, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" (PDF). Federal Register. 75 (67). United States Government Printing Office: 17947–17950. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
- ISBN 1-56647-716-6.
- ISBN 0-8248-2330-3.
- ISBN 978-0-595-29988-1.
Further reading
- Carr, Gerald D. (1985). "Additional Chromosome numbers of Hawaiian flowering plants". Pacific Science. 39 (3). University of Hawaii Press: 302–306. ISSN 0030-8870.
- Carr, Gerald D. (2006). "Hawaiian Native Plant Genera". Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- Eliasson, Uno H. (2004). "The Evolutionary Patterns of the Plant Family Amaranthaceae on the Galápagos and Hawaiian Islands". Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 131 (2). Torrey Botanical Society: 105–109. JSTOR 4126911.(subscription required)
- Gagné, Wayne C.; Sheila Conant (1983). "Nihoa: Biological Gem of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands". Bishop Museum News (7). Bernice P. Bishop Museum: 3–5.
- Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2008). "Taxon: Amaranthus brownii Christoph. & Caum". Taxonomy for Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
- Kartesz, John T.; Rosemarie Kartesz (1980). A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1434-2.
- Leone, Diana (2002). "Plan to protect NW Hawaiian Isle plants". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2002). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, HI; Proposed Rule" (PDF). Federal Register. 67 (93). United States Government Printing Office: 34522–34545. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- Yen, Douglas E. (1969). Nihoa — 1969: A Preliminary Report. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.
Unpublished Department of Anthropology Manuscript
External links
- "Amaranthus brownii species profile". Environmental Conservation Online System. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- Amaranthus brownii Christoph. & Caum. Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum. Retrieved May 20, 2011.