Amazon (company)

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This article is about the multinational technology company. For other companies, see Amazon (disambiguation) § Businesses and organizations.

Amazon.com, Inc.
Services
RevenueIncrease US$574.8 billion (2023)
Increase US$36.85 billion (2023)
Increase US$30.43 billion (2023)
Total assetsIncrease US$527.9 billion (2023)
Total equityIncrease US$201.9 billion (2023)
OwnerJeff Bezos (9.8%)
Number of employees
≈ 1,525,000 (2023)
Subsidiaries
List
Websiteamazon.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4]

Amazon.com, Inc.,[1] doing business as Amazon (/ˈæməzɒn/, AM-ə-zon; UK also /ˈæməzən/, AM-ə-zən), is an American multinational technology company, engaged in e-commerce, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.[5] It is considered one of the Big Five American technology companies; the other four are Alphabet (parent company of Google), Apple, Meta (parent company of Facebook), and Microsoft.

Amazon was founded on July 5, 1994, by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington.[6] The company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories. This diversification led to it being referred to as "The Everything Store".[7]

The company has multiple subsidiaries, including Amazon Web Services, providing cloud computing, Zoox, a self-driving car division, Kuiper Systems, a satellite Internet provider, and Amazon Lab126, a computer hardware R&D provider. Other subsidiaries include Ring, Twitch, IMDb, and Whole Foods Market. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US$13.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a physical retailer.[8]

Amazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.[9][10][11][12] As of 2023, it is the world's largest online retailer and marketplace, smart speaker provider, cloud computing service through AWS,[13] live-streaming service through Twitch, and Internet company as measured by revenue and market share.[14] In 2021, it surpassed Walmart as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, Amazon Prime, which has close to 200 million subscribers worldwide.[15][16] It is the second-largest private employer in the United States.[17]

As of October 2023, Amazon is the 12th-most visited website in the world and 82% of its traffic comes from the United States.[18][19]

Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its Amazon Prime Video, MGM+, Amazon Music, Twitch, Audible and Wondery[20] units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, Amazon Publishing, film and television content through Amazon MGM Studios, including the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio which acquired in March 2022. It also produces consumer electronics—most notably, Kindle e-readers, Echo devices, Fire tablets, and Fire TVs.

Amazon has been criticized for customer data collection practices,[21] a toxic work culture,[22] censorship,[23][24][25][26][27] tax avoidance,[28][29] and anti-competitive behavior.[30][31]

History

Main article: History of Amazon

1994–2009

Amazon was founded on July 5, 1994, by Jeff Bezos, who chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent, as Microsoft was in the area.[32]

Amazon went public in May 1997. It began selling music and videos in 1998, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.[33][34]

In 2002, it launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build web applications on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.[35][36] In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.[37] AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with Simple Storage Service (S3) in 2006,[38] and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008,[39] allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon. In 2006, Amazon also launched the Fulfillment by Amazon program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.[40]

2010–present

Amazon purchased the Whole Foods Market supermarket chain in 2017.[41] It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US$178 billion net sales in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.[42]

Amazon saw large growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, hiring more than 100,000 staff in the United States and Canada.[43] Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to "run normal shifts" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.[44][45] In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,[46] while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.[47]

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS Andy Jassy replacing him as CEO.[48][49] In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.[50]

On November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for Jeff Bezos to sell approximately 50 million shares of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about $2 billion.[51]

Products and services

Main article: List of Amazon products and services

Amazon.com

amazon.com
Logo since January 2000
Screenshot
Homepage
Type of site
E-commerce
Available in
  • Arabic
  • Chinese
  • Dutch
  • English
  • French
  • German
  • Hindi
  • Italian
  • Japanese
  • Polish
  • Portuguese
  • Spanish
  • Swedish
  • Turkish
OwnerAmazon
URLamazon.com (original US site)
CommercialYes
RegistrationOptional
Launched1995; 29 years ago (1995)
Current statusActive
Written inC++ and Java
[52]

Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media (

jewelry, watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, sporting goods, tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm supplies[53] and consulting services.[54] Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.[55]

Visits to amazon.com grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,[56] to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.[57] The e-commerce platform is the 14th most visited website in the world.[58]

Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.[59] The company's localized storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by top-level domain and country code:

Amazon Marketplaces worldwide
  Top-Level Domain
  Served by neighboring Domain
Sales by country (2023)[60]
Country share
United States 69.3%
Germany 6.5%
United Kingdom 5.8%
Japan 4.8%
Other 13.6%
Region Country Domain name Since Languages Notes
Africa Egypt amazon.eg September 2021 Arabic, English Formerly known as
Souq.com
Egypt
Americas Brazil amazon.com.br December 2012 Portuguese
Canada amazon.ca June 2002 English, French
Mexico amazon.com.mx August 2013 Spanish
United States amazon.com July 1995 English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional) International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the Kindle Store on Amazon US.[61]
Asia China amazon.cn September 2004 Chinese (Simplified) Formerly known as
Joyo.com
CHN
India amazon.in June 2013 English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi
Japan amazon.co.jp November 2000 Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified)
Saudi Arabia amazon.sa June 2020 Arabic, English Formerly known as
Souq.com
KSA
Singapore amazon.sg July 2017 English
Turkey amazon.com.tr September 2018 Turkish
United Arab Emirates amazon.ae May 2019 Arabic, English Formerly known as
Souq.com
UAE
Europe Belgium amazon.com.be October 2022 Dutch, French, English
France amazon.fr August 2000 French
Germany amazon.de October 1998 German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish Also serves Austria,[62] Denmark[63] and Switzerland[64]
Italy amazon.it November 2010 Italian
Netherlands amazon.nl November 2014 Dutch, English Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020[65]
Poland amazon.pl March 2021 Polish
Spain amazon.es September 2011 Spanish, Portuguese Also serves Portugal[66]
Sweden amazon.se October 2020 Swedish, English
United Kingdom amazon.co.uk October 1998 English Also serves Ireland[67]
Oceania Australia amazon.com.au November 2017 English Also serves New Zealand[68]

Merchant partnerships

In 2000, US toy retailer Toys "R" Us entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.[69][70][71]

In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with Borders Group, under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.[72] Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.[73]

On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with

The Sandman, and Watchmen. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these titles from their shelves.[74]

In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the

Dallas, Houston, New Orleans and Phoenix by 2014.[75]

In June 2017, Nike agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.[76][77] This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.[77][78] Companies including IKEA and Birkenstock also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.[79]

In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$ 104.44 million (₹759 crore) in financial year 2017–2018.[80]

As of October 11, 2017,

Booths branded products for home delivery in selected areas.[81]

In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with Apple Inc. to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.[82][83]

Private-label products

Main article: List of Amazon brands

Amazon sells many products under its own brand names, including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.[84] Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.[85]

Third-party sellers

Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.[86] Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[87]

Affiliate program

Publishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.[88] In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after Google Ads.[89] It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.[90]

Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the Amazon Web Services (AWS) XML service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.[91]

Product reviews

See also: Criticism of Amazon § Amazon reviews

Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "... the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[92]

When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach ... we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly ... to let truth loose".[93]

There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by public relations companies on behalf of their clients[94] and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.

Amazon sales rank

The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.

Nielsen BookScan service to verified authors.[97] While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,[98]
though Amazon states:

Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources

— Amazon.com Help[99]

Physical stores

In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical Amazon Books store in University Village in Seattle. The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products match those on its website.[100] Amazon opened its tenth physical book store in 2017;[101] media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[100] All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the "Amazon 4-Star" brand.[102]

In July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in Palmer Township in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. As of 2024, Amazon is Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.[103][104]

In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in San Francisco, as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.[105]

In 2020, Amazon Fresh opened several physical stores in the U.S. and the United Kingdom.[106]

Hardware and services

Amazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant

LCD tablets. Audible
provides audiobooks for purchase and listening.

In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of Astro, its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.[107]

In January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. Amazon Prime members to pay a $5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid will not be able to sign up for RXPass.[108]

Subsidiaries

See also: List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon

Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including

Audible, Diapers.com, Goodreads, IMDb, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), One Medical, Shopbop, Teachstreet, Twitch, Zappos, and Zoox.[109]

Amazon Web Services

Main article: Amazon Web Services

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of that provides

server farms. As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to Synergy Group.[110][111]

Audible

Main article: Audible (service)

Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital

audiobooks, radio and television programs, and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.[112]

Goodreads

Main article: Goodreads

social cataloging" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[113]

Ring

Main article: Ring (company)

Ring is a home automation company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its WiFi powered smart doorbells, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1 billion in 2018.[114]

Twitch

Main article: Twitch (service)
Electronic Entertainment Expo

Twitch is a live streaming platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for $970 million.[115] The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major esports competitions on the service, leading GameSpot senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the ESPN of esports".[116] As of 2015, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.[117]

Whole Foods Market

Whole Foods Market store in Ann Arbor, Michigan

Whole Foods Market is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.[118] Amazon acquired Whole Foods for $13.7 billion in August 2017.[119][120][8]

Other

Other Amazon subsidiaries include:

Amazon also has investments in renewable energy and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in Alberta.[152]

Operations

See also: List of Amazon locations

Logistics

Amazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station

Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:

  • Amazon Air, a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the US Postal Service.
Amazon delivery station in La Crosse by the La Crosse airport

Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "

Amazon Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.[155]

US Postal Service (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by UPS.[156] In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States).[157]

Supply chain

Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and New Castle, Delaware. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[158][159] Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by Amazon Robotics.[160]

In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.[40]

Corporate affairs

Board of directors

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos in 2016

As of June 2022, Amazon's board of directors were:[161]

Ownership

The 10 largest shareholder of Amazon in early 2024 were:[60]

Shareholder name Percentage
Jeff Bezos 9.1%
The Vanguard Group 7.5%
BlackRock 4.6%
State Street Corporation 3.3%
Fidelity Investments 3.1%
MacKenzie Scott 1.9%
T. Rowe Price 1.9%
Geode Capital Management 1.8%
JP Morgan Investment Management
 1.5%
Eaton Vance 1.5%
Others 63.8%

Finances

Sales by business (2023)[60]
Business share
Online Stores 40.3%
Third-party Seller Services 24.4%
Amazon Web Services 15.8%
Advertising 8.2%
Subscription Services 7.0%
Physical Stores 3.5%
Other 0.9%

Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.[162] As of 2018, Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[163] In Forbes Global 2000 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.[164]

For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.[165]

Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.[166]

Year Revenue[167]
in million US$ 		Net income
in million US$ 		Total Assets
in million US$ 		Employees
1995[168] 0.5 −0.3 1.1
1996[168] 16 −6 8
1997[168] 148 −28 149 614
1998[169] 610 −124 648 2,100
1999[169] 1,639 −720 2,466 7,600
2000[169] 2,761 −1,411 2,135 9,000
2001[169] 3,122 −567 1,638 7,800
2002[169] 3,932 −149 1,990 7,500
2003[170] 5,263 35 2,162 7,800
2004[170] 6,921 588 3,248 9,000
2005[170] 8,490 359 3,696 12,000
2006[170] 10,711 190 4,363 13,900
2007[170] 14,835 476 6,485 17,000
2008[171] 19,166 645 8,314 20,700
2009[172] 24,509 902 13,813 24,300
2010[173] 34,204 1,152 18,797 33,700
2011[174] 48,077 631 25,278 56,200
2012[175] 61,093 −39 32,555 88,400
2013[176] 74,452 274 40,159 117,300
2014[177] 88,988 −241 54,505 154,100
2015[178] 107,006 596 64,747 230,800
2016[179] 135,987 2,371 83,402 341,400
2017[180] 177,866 3,033 131,310 566,000
2018[181] 232,887 10,073 162,648 647,500
2019[182] 280,522 11,588 225,248 798,000
2020[183] 386,064 21,331 321,195 1,298,000
2021[184] 469,822 33,364 420,549 1,608,000
2022[184] 513,983 −2,722 462,675 1,541,000
2023[1] 574,785 30,425 527,854 1,525,000

Corporate culture

During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of

dogfooding of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.[citation needed
]

Lobbying

Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and

Federal Reserve. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.[188] In 2019, it spent $16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.[189]

Amazon.com was a corporate member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[190]

In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the Federal Aviation Administration to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld lobbying firm in June.[191] Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.[192] In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.[193]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Amazon
Time in the wake of social media website Parler's termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.[202] In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[203] Companies like Groupon, eBay and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.[204][205]

The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to Brad Stone, "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."[59] In July 2014, the Federal Trade Commission launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[206] In 2019, Amazon banned selling skin-lightening products after pushback from Minnesota health and environmental activists.[207] In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general Letitia James was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.[208] After the COVID-19 pandemic, Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the Biden Administration, to "reduce the visibility” of books critical of the COVID-19 vaccine,[209][210] which was revealed after Rep. Jim Jordan (acting on behalf of the House Judiciary Committee) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.[211]

Jane Friedman[212] discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and Goodreads. Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)."[213][214][215][216]

In 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of Ring (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.[217] It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation for this change.[217]

See also

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External links

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