Ambrosian Rite
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The Ambrosian Rite (
The Ambrosian Rite has risked suppression at various points in its history. It was reformed after the
History
The Church of Milan's own liturgy is named Ambrosian after its patron saint
According to
From the time of St. Ambrose, whose hymns are well-known and whose liturgical allusions may certainly be explained as referring to a rite which possessed the characteristics of that which is called by his name, until the period of
In the eighth century, manuscript evidence begins. In a short treatise on the various cursus entitled "Ratio de Cursus qui fuerunt ex auctores" (sic in Cotton Manuscripts, Nero A. II, in the British Library), written about the middle of the eighth century, probably by an Irish monk in France, is found perhaps the earliest attribution of the Milan use to St. Ambrose, though it quotes the authority of St. Augustine, probably alluding to the passage already mentioned: "There is yet another Cursus which the blessed Bishop Augustine says that the blessed Ambrose composed because of the existence of a different use of the heretics, which previously used to be sung in Italy".[3]
According to a narrative of
In the eleventh century
In the first half of the fifteenth century Cardinal
Since his time the temper of the Milan Church has been most conservative, and the only alterations in subsequent editions seem to have been slight improvements in the wording of rubrics and in the arrangement of the books. The district in which the Ambrosian Rite is used is nominally the old archepiscopal province of Milan before the changes of 1515 and 1819, but actually, it is not exclusively used even in the city of Milan itself. In parts of the Swiss Canton of
Important editions of the Ambrosian Missal were issued in 1475, 1594, 1609, 1902 and 1954. The last of these was the final edition in the form of the Ambrosian Rite that preceded the Second Vatican Council and is now used mainly in the church of San Rocco al Gentilino in Milan.
Following the guidelines of the
When the
Work, still in progress, began on all the Ambrosian liturgical texts. On 11 April 1976 Cardinal Colombo published the new Ambrosian
The Ambrosian Missal also restored two early-medieval Ambrosian Eucharistic prayers, unusual for placing the epiclesis after the Words of Institution, in line with Oriental use.
In 1984-1985 the new Ambrosian Liturgy of the Hours was published and in 2006 the new Ambrosian rite of
Origin
The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907 gives three theories of the ancient origin of the rite, none conclusive. The question resolves itself into whether the Ambrosian Rite is archaic Roman or a much-Romanized form of the Gallican Rite.
J. M. Neale and others from the Anglican tradition referred the
Louis Duchesne in his "Origines du culte chrétien" theorizes that the rite was imported or modified from the East, perhaps by the Cappadocian Arian Bishop Auxentius (355-374), the predecessor of St. Ambrose, and gradually spread to Gaul, Spain, and Britain.[3] Jungmann later concluded that "Duchesne's thesis can be accepted in the sense that Milan was the centre from which a Gallican type liturgy took its origin."[6] Here, "Gallican" means a Latin (not Eastern) liturgy somewhat different from that of Rome.[7]
Antonio Maria Ceriani and Magistretti maintain that the Ambrosian Rite has preserved the pre-Gelasian and pre-Gregorian form of the Roman Rite.[3]
Differences from the Roman Rite
Some features of the Ambrosian Rite distinguish it from the Roman Rite liturgy.
Mass
The main differences in the Mass are:[8]
- The principal celebrant blesses all the readers, not only the deacon. The reader asks for the blessing saying to the priest: "Bless me, father". Then, while tracing the sign of the cross, the main celebrant tells the reader: "Read in the name of the Lord".
- The Gospel is followed by a short antiphon.
- The Rite of Peace comes before the Presentation of the Gifts.
- The Creed follows the Preparation of the Gifts, before the Prayer over the Gifts.
- There are some differences between the First Roman Canon, the first in the Roman Missal; but its Eucharistic Prayers II, III, and IV are the same as in the Roman Rite. In addition, the Ambrosian Rite has two proper Eucharistic Prayers, used mainly on Easter and Holy Thursday.
- The priest breaks the ) is sung or recited.
- The Agnus Deiis not said.
- Before the final blessing, the people say Kyrie, eleison ("Lord have mercy") three times.
- At the end of the Mass, instead of saying "The Mass is ended, go in peace" the priest says simply "Go in peace", to which the people respond "In the name of Christ".
- The Ambrosian Rite has its own cycle of readings at Mass.
- Many of the prayers said by the priest during Mass are peculiar to the Ambrosian Rite, which has a particularly rich variety of prefaces.
Liturgical year
The main differences in the liturgical year are:
- Advent has six weeks, not four.
- mardi gras", i.e. "Fat Tuesday", in French) in areas where the Roman Riteis used.
- On Fridays in Lent, Mass is not celebrated and, with a few exceptions, Communionis not distributed.
- Red, rather than the green used in the Roman Rite, is the standard colour of vestments from Pentecost to the third Sunday of October, and there are other differences in liturgical coloursthroughout the year.
Other
Other differences are that:
- The Liturgy of the Hours (also known as the Divine Office or Breviary) is different in structure and in various features.[9][10]
- The liturgical rites of Holy Week are quite different.
- The rite of funerals is different.
- Baptism of infants is done by triple immersion of the head.
- The thurible has no top cover, and is swung clockwise before the censing of a person or object.[11]
- Ambrosian deacons wear the stole over the dalmatic and not under it.
- The Ambrosian fasciaat the waist, and is worn with a round white collar.
- Ambrosian chant is distinct from Gregorian chant.
- Some senior priests (notably .
- The liturgical burning of the faro (a large cotton sphere suspended in the air, inside the church) on feasts of martyrs.[12]
Early manuscripts
The early manuscripts of the Ambrosian Rite are generally found in the following forms:[3]
- The "Sacramentary" contains the Burial of the Dead, and various benedictions. It is essentially a priest's book, like the Euchologionof the Greeks.
- The "Canticles. It is sometimes included with the "Manual".
- The "Manual" is nearly the complement of the "Sacramentary" and the "Psalter" as regards both the Mass and the Divine Office. It contains for the Divine Office: the Lucernaria, Antiphons, Responsoria, Psallenda, Completoria, Capitula, Hymns, and other changeable parts, except the Lessons, which are found separately. And for the Mass, it contains the Ingressœ, Psalmellœ, Versus, Cantus, Antiphonœ ante and post Evangelium, Offertoria, Confractoria, and Transitoria. The "Manual" often also contains occasional services such as are now usually found in a Ritual.
- The "Antiphoner" is a Manual with notes.
- The "Rituale" and "Pontificale" have contents similar to those of Roman books of the same name, though the early Manuscripts are less ample.
Sacramentaries and missals
The following are some of the most noted Manuscripts of the rite:[3]
- The "Biasca Sacramentary"; Bibl. Ambros., A. 24, bis inf., late ninth or early tenth century. Described by Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXXI, edited by Ceriani in his "Monumenta Sacra et Profana", VIII, the Ordinary is analyzed and the Canon is given in full in Ceriani's "Notitia Lit. Ambr".
- The "Lodrino Sacramentary"; Bibl. Ambr., A. 24, inf., eleventh century. Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXXII.
- The "Sacramentary of San Satiro", Milan; treasury of Milan Cathedral; eleventh century. Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXXIII.
- Sacramentary; treasury of Milan Cathedral; eleventh century. Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXXIV.
- The "Sacramentary of Armio", near the Lago Maggiore; treasury of Milan Cathedral; eleventh century. Delisle, 'Anc. Sacr.", LXXV.
- Sacramentary belonging to the Marchese Trotti; eleventh century. Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXXVI.
- Sacramentary; Bibl. Ambros., CXX, sup., eleventh century. Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXXVII.
- The "Bergamo Sacramentary"; library of Sant' Alessandro in Colonna, Bergamo; tenth or eleventh century. Published by the Benedictines of Solesmes, "Auctarium Solesmense" (to Migne's Patrologia), "Series Liturgica", I.
- Sacramentary; treasury of Monza Cathedral; tenth century. Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXV.
- "Sacramentary of San Michele di Venegono inferiore" (near Varese); treasury of Monza Cathedral; eleventh century. Delisle, "Anc. Sacr.", LXVIII. These two of Monza Cathedral are more fully described in Frisi's "Memorie storiche di Monza", III,75-77, 82-84.
- "Missale Ambrosianum", of Bedero (near Luino); Bibl. Ambr., D., 87 inf.; twelfth century. Noted by Magistretti in "Della nuova edizione tipica del messale Ambrosiano".
Antiphoner
- Antiphoner: "Antiphonarium Ambrosianum"; British Museum, Add. Manuscripts, 34,209; twelfth century; published by the Benedictines of Solesmes, with a complete facsimile and 200 pages of introduction by Paul Cagin, in "Paléographie musicale", V, VI.
Manuals
- "Manual of Lodrino;" Bibl. Ambr., SH. IV, 44; tenth or eleventh century. Imperfect. Described by Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 18.
- "Manuale Ambrosianum" belonging to the Marchese Trotti; tenth or eleventh century. Imperfect. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 19.
- "Manuale Ambrosianum"; Bibl. Ambr., CIII, sup.; tenth or eleventh century. Imperfect. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 20.
- "Manuale Ambrosianum"; from the Church of Cernusco (between Monza and Lecco); Bibl. Ambr., I, 55, sup.; eleventh century. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 28.
- "Manuale Ambrosianum"; from the Church of San Vittore al Teatro, Milan; Bibl. Ambr., A, 1, inf.; twelfth century. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 22.
- "Manuale Ambrosianum"; from the Church of Brivio (near the Lecco end of the Lake of Como); Bibl. Ambr., I, 27, sup.; twelfth century. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 30.
Rituals
- "Liber Monachorum S. Ambrosii"; Bibl. Ambr., XCVI, sup.; eleventh century. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 33, 79-93.
- "Rituale Ambrosianum", from the Church of S. Laurentiolus in Porta Vercellina, Milan; Sacrar. Metrop., H. 62; thirteenth century. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", II, 37, 143-171.
- Beroldus Novus"; Chapter Library, Milan; thirteenth century. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", 17, 94-142.
- "Asti Ritual"; Bibl, Mazarine, 525; tenth century. Described by Gastoué in "Rassegna Gregoriana", 1903. This, though from the old province of Milan, is not Ambrosian, but has bearings on the subject.
- Ceremonial: "Calendarium et Ordines Ecclesiæ Ambrosianæ"; Beroldus; Bibl, Ambr., I, 158, inf. twelfth century. Published by Magistretti, 1894.
Pontificals
- "Pontificale Mediolanensis Ecclesiæ"; Chapter Library, Milan; ninth century. Printed by Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", I
- "Pontificale Mediolanensis Ecclesiæ"; Chapter Library, Milan; eleventh century. Magistretti, "Mon. Vet. Lit. Amb.", 1, 27.
- "Ordo Ambrosianus ad Consecrandam Ecclesiam et Altare;" Chapter Library, Lucca; eleventh century. Printed by Mercati, "Studi e testi" (of the Vatican Library), 7.
Ambrosian service-books
Some editions of the printed Ambrosian service-books:
- Missals: (Pre-Borromean) 1475, 1482, 1486, 1488, 1494, 1499, 1505, 1515, 1522, 1548, 1560; (St. Charles Borromeo) 1594; (F. Borromeo) 1609-18; (Monti) 1640; (Litta) 1669; (Fed. Visconti) 1692; (Archinti) 1712; (Pozzobonelli) 1751, 1768; (Fil. Visconti) 1795; (Gaisruck) 1831; (Ferrari) 1902.
- Breviaries: (Pre-Borromean) 1475, 1487, 1490, 1492, 1507, 1513, 1522, and many others; (St. Charles Borromeo), 1582, 1588; (Pozzobonelli) 1760; (Galsruck) 1841; (Romilli) 1857; (Ferrari) 1896, 1902. Rituals: n. d. circ., 1475 (a copy in Bodlwian), 1645, 1736, 1885.
- Psalters: 1486, 1555.
- Ceremonials: 1619, 1831.
- Lectionary: 1660
- Litanies: 1494, 1546, 1667.
The editions of the Missals, 1475, 1751, and 1902; Breviaries, 1582 and 1902; Ritual, 1645; both Psalters, both Ceremonials, the Lectionary, and Litanies are in the British Museum.[3]
English translations
- We Give You Thanks and Praise. The Ambrosian Eucharistic Prefaces. translated by Alan Griffiths, first published by The Canterbury Press, Norwich, (a publishing imprint of Hymn Ancient & Modern Limited, a registered charity) St. Mary's Woods, St. Mary Plain, Norwich, Norfolk. This is an English translation of the two hundred proper prefaces at present used with the Eucharistic prayers of the Ambrosian Rite.
- The Revised Divine Liturgy According to Our Holy Father Ambrose of Milan (Vols 1 and 2). by Bishop Michael Scotto-Daniello and published by Createspace/Amazon. This is a Missalette and a book of Prefaces for the Ambrosian Rite.
- The Divine Liturgy of St. Ambrose, as authorized by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia.
See also
Notes
- ^ "Rito ambrosiano". Chiesa di Milano (in Italian). 2023-06-23. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
- ^ ISSN 2589-7993.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jenner 1907
- ^ Il Segno: La Parola ogni giorno dell'anno Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Video of the rite". Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
- ^ "Ambrosian Rite | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
- ^ J. A. Jungmann, The Early Liturgy (Notre Dame, Ind. 1959) 227–237.
- ^ Ambrosian Rite Ordinary of the Mass (in Italian)
- ^ "Liturgia delle Ore - Cathopedia, l'enciclopedia cattolica". it.cathopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
- ^ "Breviarium Ambrosianum". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
- ^ The form of the thurible and the manner in which it is swung can be seen in this video Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Shawn Tribe. "The Lighting of the "Faro" in the Ambrosian Rite". Novus Motus Liturgicus. Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
References
- Navoni, Marco (1996). Dizionario di Liturgia Ambrosiana (Marco Navoni ed.). Milan. ISBN 88-7023-219-0.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Griffiths, Alan (1999). We Give You Thanks and Praise. Canterbury Press. ISBN 1-58051-069-8.
- A. Ratti / M. Magistretti, Missale Ambrosianum Duplex, Mediolani 1913
- Missale Ambrosianum iuxta ritum Sanctae Ecclesiae Mediolanensis, ex decreto Sacrosancto OEcumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum, auctoritate Ioannis Colombo Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyter Cardinalis Archiepiscopi Mediolanensis promulgatum, Mediolani 1981
- Messale Ambrosiano secondo il rito della santa Chiese di Milano. Riformato a norma dei decreti del Concilio Vaticano II. Promulgato dal Signor Cardinale Giovanno Colombo, arcivescovo di Milano, Milano 1976
- Messale ambrosiano festivo. Piemme. 1986. ISBN 88-384-1421-1.
- The Revised Divine Liturgy According to Our Holy Father Ambrose of Milan, Volume I.(2014) Createspace/Amazon ISBN 978-1497509573
- The Revised Divine Liturgy According to Our Holy Father Ambrose of Milan, Volume II. (2014) Createspace/Amazon ISBN 978-1499652451
- Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jenner, Henry (1907). "Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia article
- Ambrosian Rite resources Archived 2020-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
- The Ambrosian Rite Archived 2020-11-21 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
- Ordinary of the Mass; English Translation published in 1909