Ambulacraria

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Ambulacrarians
Temporal range: Early Cambrian–Recent
Various
sea stars and sea urchins among mussel shells in the rocky intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay
, southern Alaska, United States
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Clade: Ambulacraria
Metschnikoff, 1881
Phyla
  • Echinodermata
  • Hemichordata

Ambulacraria

Chordata, and the few extinct species belonging to the Vetulicolia
.

The two living clades with representative organisms are:

(These together sometimes are called the lower deuterostomes.[3])

Whether the

metazoans,[4][5][6] and other authors asserting that the best choices of phylogenetic methods support the position of Xenacoelomorpha as the sister group to Ambulacraria.[7][8]

Fossil taxa that may lie on the stem lineage:

Fossil ambulacrarians

Genera include:

Ontogeny

As for many animals, the

gastrula. The gastrula then develops into a dipleurula larva form in the Asteroidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, and Hemichordata, and into a pluteus larva form in the Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea.[3][10]
This, in its turn, is developed in various different kinds of larvae for different taxa of ambulacrarians.

It has been suggested that the adult form of the

last common ancestor of the ambulacrarians was anatomically similar to the dipleurula larva; this hypothetic ancestor sometimes also is called dipleurula.[11]

References

  1. S2CID 205247296
    .
  2. ^ Sea Cucumber Genome Imparts Insight on Genes Linked to Organ Regeneration
  3. ^ a b Lacalli, Thurston Castle. "Tutorial". Marine Invertebrate larvae: A study in morphological diversity. University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  4. S2CID 32169826
    .
  5. S2CID 3870574
    .
  6. S2CID 205247296
    .
  7. ^ Herve Philippe; et al. (3 June 2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.
    PMID 31104936
    .
  8. ^ Paschalia Kapli; Maximilian J. Telford (11 December 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances. 6 (50): eabc5162.
    PMID 33310849
    .
  9. PMID 20221405
    .
  10. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00189.x
    .
  11. ^ "Dipleurula". Lexikon der Biologie (in German). Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. Heidelberg. 1999. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
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