Amen

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Amen (

Abrahamic declaration of affirmation[2] which is first found in the Hebrew Bible, and subsequently found in the New Testament.[3] It is used in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim practices as a concluding word, or as a response to a prayer.[2] Common English translations of the word amen include "verily", "truly", "it is true", and "let it be so".[4][5] It is also used colloquially, to express strong agreement.[2]

Pronunciations

In English, the word amen has two primary pronunciations,

classical music and in churches with more formalized liturgy
.

The ay-men pronunciation is a product of the

evangelical denominations generally. It is also the pronunciation typically used in gospel music.[7]

Etymology

Amen is a word of

early Church.[3][10] From Greek, amen entered other European languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology of the English word, amen passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English.[11]

From Hebrew, the word was later adopted into the

Arabic religious vocabulary and leveled to the Arabic root أ م ن[citation needed], which is of similar meanings to the Hebrew. The interjection occurs in the Christian and Islamic lexicons, most commonly in prayer, as well as secularly, albeit less commonly, so as to signify complete affirmation or deference. In religious texts, it occurs in Arabic translations of the Bible and after reciting the traditionally first chapter
of the Quran, which is formally akin to religious supplications.

Popular among some

theosophists,[12] proponents of Afrocentric theories of history,[13] and adherents of esoteric Christianity[14] is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun (which is sometimes also spelled Amen). Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Hindu Sanskrit word Aum.[15][16][17][18] Such external etymologies are not included in standard etymological reference works. The Hebrew word, as noted above, starts with aleph, while the Egyptian name begins with a yodh.[19]

In French, the Hebrew word amen is sometimes translated as Ainsi soit-il, which means "So be it."[20]

The linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that, as in the case of Hallelujah, the word amen is usually not replaced by a translation due to the speakers' belief in iconicity, their perception that there is something intrinsic about the relationship between the sound of the signifier (the word) and what it signifies (its meaning).[21]: 62 

Hebrew Bible

The word occurs in the Hebrew Bible 30 times; in Deuteronomy alone 12 times beginning at 27:15. The fixed phrase 'Amen, Amen' is seen five times – Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52; Numbers 5:22; Nehemiah 8:6. It is translated as 'of truth' two times in Isaiah 65:16. Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted:[3]

  1. Initial amen, referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence, e.g. 1 Kings 1:36.[3]
  2. Detached amen, again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence, e.g. Nehemiah 5:13.[3]
  3. Final amen, with no change of speaker, as in the subscription to the first three divisions of Psalms.[3]

New Testament

Ornamented "Amen" from the 1845 illuminated Sermon on the Mount designed by Owen Jones.

In the New Testament, the Greek word ἀμήν is used as an expression of faith or as a part of a liturgical formula.[5] It also may appear as an introductory word, especially in sayings of Jesus. Unlike the initial amen in Hebrew, which refers back to something already said, it is used by Jesus to emphasize what he is about to say (ἀμὴν λέγω, "truly I say to you"),[22] a rhetorical device that has no parallel in contemporary Jewish practice.[23] Raymond Brown says that Jesus's peculiar and authentic reminiscent use of amen in the Fourth Gospel is an affirmation that what he is about to say is an echo from the Father.[24] The word occurs 52 times in the Synoptic Gospels; the Gospel of John has 25.[25]

In the

King James Bible
, the word amen is seen in a number of contexts. Notable ones include:

  • The
    Deuteronomy 27.[3]
  • A double amen ("amen and amen") occurs in
    Psalm 89 (Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52), to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them.[26]
  • Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Romans 1:25, 9:5, 11:36, 15:33, and several times in Chapter 16.[3] It also appears in doxologies in the Psalms (41:14; 72:19; 89:53; 106:48). This liturgical form from Judaism.[27]
  • It concludes all of
    Paul's general epistles
    .
  • In Revelation 3:14, Jesus is referred to as, "the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of God's creation." The whole passage reads as "And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God". Notably, the text never specifically says that Jesus is the Amen. Although the letter is attributed to Jesus, the text refers to the Amen as having spoken the information that is being reported by Jesus in the letter. That the Amen is a witness, suggest some scholars, implies that the Amen is a being of some kind whose words are being referenced.
  • Amen concludes the last book of the New Testament, at Rev. 22:21.

Congregational use

Judaism

Although amen, in Judaism, is commonly used as a response to a blessing, it also is often used by Hebrew speakers as an affirmation of other forms of declaration (including outside of religious context).

Jewish rabbinical

blessing
recited, even in a non-liturgical setting.

The

Shma
.

Jews usually use Hebrew pronunciations of the word:

Christianity

The use of "amen" has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word[33] for prayers and hymns and an expression of strong agreement.[23] The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested (1 Corinthians 14:16[26]), and Justin Martyr (c. 150) describes the congregation as responding "amen" to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist.[3][33] Its introduction into the baptismal formula (in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity) was probably later.[34][33]

In Isaiah 65:16, the authorized version has "the God of truth" ("the God of amen" in Hebrew). Jesus often used amen to put emphasis to his own words (translated: "verily" or "truly"). In John's Gospel, it is repeated, "Verily, verily" (or "Truly, truly"). Amen is also used in oaths (Numbers 5:22; Deuteronomy 27:15–26; Nehemiah 5:13; 8:6; 1 Chronicles 16:36).[26]

Amen is also used in standard, international French, but in

Cajun French
Ainsi soit-il ("so be it") is used instead.

Amen is used at the end of the Lord's Prayer,[35] which is also called the Our Father or the Pater Noster.

In some Christian churches, the "amen corner" or "amen section" is any subset of the congregation likely to call out "Amen!" in response to points in a preacher's sermon.[36] Metaphorically, the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure. The term has also been used as a place name, and as a title for musical and literary works; see Amen Corner.

Islam

ʾĀmīn in Arabic.

ʾĀmīn (

salat), and as an assent to the prayers of others.[37][38]

Arabic dictionaries define ʾāmīn as an imperative verbal noun, whose meaning is answer or reply (i.e., imploring God to grant one's prayer). The word was borrowed from Hebrew into Arabic in only this context, thus it is strictly used in Arabic as a final amen to conclude supplications or to declare affirmation, and has no initial amen usage with the meaning of truly or certainly as found in the word’s original Hebrew language grammar.

See also

References

  1. ^ Payne Smith, Robert (1879). Thesaurus Syriacus. Oxford: The Calerndon Press. p. 118.
  2. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. "amen". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Thurston, Herbert (1907). "Amen" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, ἀμήν". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  5. ^
    OCLC 43615529
    .
  6. ^ "amen – definition of amen in English by Oxford Dictionaries". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  7. ^ "Two Ways of Pronouncing 'Amen'".
  8. ^ Paul Joüon, SJ, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, trans. and revised by T. Muraoka, vol. I, Rome: Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 2000.
  9. ^ Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith, Philip Lazowski, (KTAV), 2004, p. 43
  10. ^ "Amen". Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  11. ^ "Amen". American Heritage Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
  12. ^ "Collation of Theosophical Glossaries – Amen". Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
  13. ^ "Origin of Amen". 14 July 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Amen". The Assembly of IaHUShUA MaShIaChaH. 15 December 2005. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  15. ^ Yogananda, Paramahansa. Autobiography of a Yoga, 1946, chapter 26.
  16. ^ [] Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "Hindu Culture – Omkar and Swastika". hindubooks.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  18. ^ Erman, Adolf & Grapow, Hermann: Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Im Auftrage der Deutschen Akademien, Berlin: Akademie Verlag (1971), p. 85
  19. ^ "Amen: Behind the word and meaning". ASH. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  20. ^ "Strong's Greek: 281. ἀμήν (amen) -- truly". biblehub.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  21. ^ a b c "Amen". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  22. ^ Raymond Brown, The Gospel According to John Vol 1, Anchor Bible Dictionary, page 84
  23. Encyclopedia Biblica
  24. ^ a b c "Bible Dictionary: Amen". eastonsbibledictionary.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  25. ^ cf. John L. McKenzie, SJ, "Dictionary of the Bible", New York: MacMillan Publ. Co., Inc., 1965. Entry: "Amen," (p. 25)
  26. Orach Chaim 56 (amen in kaddish
    )
  27. blessings recited by the prayer reader
    )
  28. blessings
    made by any individual outside of the liturgy)
  29. ^ Tractate Shabbat 119b and Tractate Sanhedrin 111a
  30. ^ To Pray as a Jew: A Guide to the Prayer Book and the Synagogue Service, Hayim Halevy Donin
  31. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amen" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 804.
  32. ^ Among certain Gnostic sects, Amen became the name of an angel.
  33. ^ Wycliffe. "Matthew 6:9–15". Wycliffe Bible.
  34. ^ Hovda, Robert W. (1983). "The amen corner". Worship. 57 (2): 150–156.
  35. ^ Hastings, James (2004) [1901]. A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels: Volume I. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 52.
  36. .

Further reading

External links

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