American Brazilians
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An American Brazilian (Portuguese: américo-brasileiro, norte-americano-brasileiro, estadunidense-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person who is of full, partial or predominant American descent or a U.S.-born immigrant in Brazil.
The Confederados is a cultural sub-group in the nation of Brazil. They are the descendants of people who emigrated from the Confederate States of America to Brazil with their families after the American Civil War.
At the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, a migration of
That was one of the main reasons why emperor
History
Background and beginning
After the end of the American Civil War, the
They heard about
Embittered and wounded, the
Emigration companies
Even before the end of the war in 1865, there was already talk of emigrating to Brazil, but very little was known about this country. After the war ended, there was such a revival of the issue that several
In November 1865, the state of South Carolina formed a colonization society and sent Major Robert Meriwether and Dr. H. A. Shaw, among others, to Brazil to investigate the possibility of establishing a colony. On the way back, they published a report mentioning that two lords had already bought land and settled here.[7]
Many Southerners who accepted the Emperor's offer lost their land during the war, were unwilling to live under a conquering army, or simply did not expect an improvement in the southern economic situation. Furthermore, Brazil would not ban slavery until 1888. The Confederates were the first organized
Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste colonies
On December 27, 1865, Colonel and Senator William Hutchinson Norris of Alabama landed in the port of Rio de Janeiro. In 1866, William and his son Robert Norris climbed the Serra do Mar, stopped in São Paulo and speculated on land. They were offered land for free in what is now the neighborhood of Brás, but he did not accept it because it was marsh. They were also offered the land where São Caetano do Sul is today, and they refused for the same reason. They decided to go to Campinas, but at the time, the railroad went only 10 miles beyond São Paulo, and it was no advantage to take it, as Campinas is 45 miles from São Paulo. So the Norris bought an ox cart and headed for Campinas. They took 15 days to reach the city, and there they stayed for a while looking for land, until they cast their sights on the plain that stretched from Campinas to Vila Nova da Constituição, current Piracicaba.[8]
The Norris bought land from the Domingos da Costa Machado sesmaria and established themselves on the banks of Ribeirão Quilombo, at the time belonging to the municipality of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and where today is the center of the city of Americana. Upon his arrival, Colonel Norris began to give practical courses in agriculture to farmers in the region, interested in cotton cultivation and new agricultural techniques. The plow he brought from the United States caused so much sensation and curiosity that, within a short time, they had a practical agricultural school, with many students who paid him for the privilege of learning and still cultivating their gardens. The Colonel wrote to his family that he had made US$5,000 for that alone. In mid-1867, the rest of his family arrived, accompanied by many relatives.[8]
Numerous
The installation of the Carioba factory by the North American engineer Clement Willmot and Brazilian associates, located one mile from the train station, also dates from this period. This industry really played a very important role in the foundation and development of Americana. The education of children was one of the priorities for American families who set up schools on the properties and hired teachers from the United States. The teaching methods developed by American teachers proved to be so efficient that they were later adopted by Brazilian official education.[8]
Religious services were celebrated on the properties by
Amazonas state colony
Jason Williams Stone, an
Pará state colony
The city of Santarém, in the state of Pará, received a wave of refugee families from the American Civil War that took place in the South of the United States. The first to land was the Riker family. In the 1970s, David Afton Riker published a book called The Last Confederate in the Amazon, which chronicles the saga of this migration and life in the new homeland. The Confederates and their descendants became notable in the business and political life of the region.[10]
It is not known how many immigrants came to Brazil as
Recent immigration
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Descendants and culture
The first generation of Confederates remained an island community. As is typical, in the third generation, most families had already married native Brazilians or immigrants from other origins. Confederate descendants increasingly began to speak the
Descendants make a connection to their history through the American Descendant Fellowship, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving immigrant culture. The descendants of the confederates also hold an annual festival in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste called "Festa Confederada", which is dedicated to funding the Campo Cemetery. During the festival, Confederate flags and
The
Today, the Campo Cemetery (and the
The American immigrants introduced into their new home many new foods, such as pecans, Georgia peanuts and watermelon; new tools such as the iron plow and kerosene lamps; innovations such as modern dentistry, modern agriculture, and the first blood transfusion; and the first non-Catholic churches (Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist).
Immigration in numbers
- American immigration to Brazil by State up to January (1867)[14]
State | Immigrants |
---|---|
São Paulo
|
800 |
Espírito Santo | 400 |
Rio de Janeiro
|
200 |
Paraná | 200 |
Pará | 200 |
Minas Gerais | 100 |
Bahia | 85 |
Pernambuco | 85 |
Total | 2,070 |
The
Descendants of the immigrants
- Number of American descendants by state
State | Descendants |
---|---|
São Paulo
|
100,490 |
Espírito Santo | 50,258 |
Rio de Janeiro
|
25,220 |
Paraná | 25,000 |
Pará | 24,800 |
Minas Gerais | 12,610 |
Bahia | 10,686 |
Pernambuco | 10,000 |
Total | 260,000 |
Confederado phrases in Brazil
"...My father took part in the 1st Battalion that left Gonzalez. He was hurt in a battle in Virginia and sent back home, but he soon afterwards recovered and went back to the war. He was confined to prison and released. He returned home and once again returned to the battle field. "...In those days of shocking terror, both rebuilding and staying there turned impossible. Daily crimes surrounded us and there was nothing we could do..."[16]
"Our farm was beautiful, had several
"I have
"I remember when I was 4 years old, I was lost in a textile factory and I couldn't tell the people anything because I only spoke English", recalled an engineer and third-generation descendant. "I didn't learn Portuguese until I started school."[18]
"They came here because they felt that their 'country' had been invaded and their land confiscated," said great-granddaughter of the original McKnight family that moved to Brazil from Texas, in the Southern United States. "To them, there was nothing left there. So, they came here to try to re-create what they had before the war."[18] "I grew up listening to the stories. They were angry and bitter. When they talked about it, moving here, the war, leaving their homes, it was always a very sore subject for them."[18]
Culture
The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where most of the original Confederados from the region were buried. Because of their
The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of American Descendants, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. The Confederados also have an annual festival, called the Festa Confederada which is dedicated to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is marked by Confederate flags, traditional dress of Confederate uniforms and hoop skirts, food of the American south with a Brazilian flair, and dances and music popular in the American south during the antebellum period.
Education
Today, Brazil is home to many American schools.[19]
- São Paulo:
-
-Chapel International School
-Pan American Christian Academy
- St. Francis College
-American School of Campinas
- Rio de Janeiro:
-American School of Rio de Janeiro
-ICS – International Christian School – Rio
-Our Lady of Mercy School
-Brasília International School
-American School of Belo Horizonte
-Pan American School of Porto Alegre
-International School of Curitiba
- Pará:
-International School of Amazonas
Notable people
- Luís Inácio Adams
- Zuzu Angel
- Orville Adalbert Derby, geologist
- Eduardo Dougherty
- Bob Falkenburg
- Charles Frederick Hartt
- David Neeleman
- Llewellyn Ivor Price
- Júlio Ribeiro
- Fabiana Semprebom, model
- Tim Soares (born 1997), basketball player for Ironi Ness Ziona of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
- Dorothy Stang
- Larry Taylor, basketball player
- Dionne Warwick
- Ellen Gracie Northfleet, judge
- Elsie Lessa
- Ivan Lessa
- José Lewgoy, actor
- Rita Lee
- Warwick Kerr
- Kátia Lund
- Lewis Joel Greene
- William Hutchinson Norris
- Guy Ecker, actor
- Arminio Fraga Neto
See also
- Rio de Janeiro
- Angolans in Brazil
- White Brazilians
- Brazilian American
References
- ^ US Embassy in Brazil US Embassy in Brazil. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Confederate Colonies of Brazil Archived May 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "North American immigrants in Brazil: myth and reality, the case of Santa Barbara" (PDF). Instituto de Economia / UNICAMP. July 29, 2020.
- ^ "Visits to the U.S. by Foreign Heads of State and Government—1874–1939". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ^ "Embaixador dos Estados Unidos Todd C. Chapman chega ao Brasil". Embaixada e Consulados dos EUA no Brasil (in European Portuguese). March 29, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
- ^ a b c "This story is no longer available – Washington Times". The Washington Times.
- ^ a b c "Confederates in Brazil – Article". mason.gmu.edu. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Folha de S.Paulo – SP abriga sulista que o vento levou – 16/03/98".
- ^ "Jason W. Stone b. 19 Feb 1830 Dana, Worcester, Massachusetts d. 1913 Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil: Whipple Database".
- ^ OCLC 12972743. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
- ^ a b "G1 > Edição São Paulo – NOTÍCIAS – Descendentes de confederados celebram em SP o fim da Guerra Civil dos EUA".
- ^ "Secretaria Municipal de Cultura e Turismo de Santa Bárbara d'Oeste". Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ^ Orrizio, Riccardo. Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe. Simon and Schuster, 2001, pages 110–111.
- ^ Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade
- ^ Total U.S. Immigration
- ^ a b Confederado phrases in Brazil
- ^ Confederado phrases in Brazil
- ^ a b c Confederates histories in Brazil
- ^ American Schools in Brazil
Further reading
- Harter, Eugene C. (2000). The Lost Colony of the Confederacy. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 1585441023.