Amfilohije Radović

University of Athens[1]
Signature

Amfilohije (

Amfilohije's honorary and liturgical title was: His Grace,

Amfilohije was described as one of the most powerful people in Montenegro, as well as one of the most influential individuals within the Bishops' Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the supreme body of the Serbian Orthodox Church.^[2]

Biography

Early life, education and personal life

Amfilohije was born as Risto Radović (

In

At Cetinje in December 1990 public protests by people against his appointment as metropolitan followed, due to the reputation of Amfilohije as a Serb nationalist and his denial of a separate Montenegrin identity.^[15]

As Metropolitan of Montenegro in the early 1990s

Amfilohije was elected Metropolitan of Montenegro in December 1990 and enthroned in the Cetinje Monastery on 30 December that year.^[16]

At the time, the

In Cetinje, Amfilohije opened a new theological school, a publishing house known as Svetigora and a radio station called Radio Svetagora.[1]^[5] Amfilohije was the main supervisor of his publishing house Svetigora.^[22]

In 1992, Metropolitan Amfilohije founded Svetigora, a periodical journal of the Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, which is still published monthly. Journal contains mostly the church teachings, poetry, lectures, spiritual lessons, reportages, news and chronicles from the Metropolitanate, the Serbian Church and the all other Orthodox churches. In 1998, Metropolitan Amfilohije also started nationwide radio station of the same name.

At the time his relations with the Montenegrin government were lukewarm and he lobbied for religious education by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral to be compulsory in schools.^[23]

More than 569 churches and monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church were built or reconstructed during his reign.^[24][25] During his thirty-year rule of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Montenegro, soup kitchens were opened in several cities in Montenegro, from which currently about 600 most vulnerable families get a hot meal, usually at home, every day, while the number of those receiving one-time food assistance is also large.^[26][27]

Amfilohije became a prominent advocate and supporter of Serbdom and was a self declared Serbian nationalist.^[5][14] His appointment as metropolitan coincided with the rise of Slobodan Milošević and the mobilisation of the Serb population in Yugoslavia that was supported by the SOC, along with an increase in Serbian nationalist sentiment.^[1][5] The SOC increasingly embraced a nationalist path, mainly by radical elements within its ranks as represented by the figure of Amfilohije.^[28][29] He and several other SOC bishops claimed that the responsibility of Yugoslavia's problems were based upon genocidal tendencies among Yugoslav ethnic groups and the West, with its modernity and ideologies such as communism, individualism, materialism and secularism.^[30] Amfilohije made comments on the situation in Kosovo and claimed that expansionist countries of the Catholic and Protestant West and Muslim East were "an insane wind trying ceaselessly to extinguish this sacred lamp", defined as Serbia.^[31]

As the Yugoslav Wars spread, Amfilohije along with other high ranking clerics strengthened their positions as the older generation of clerics and theologians that made compromises with the past Yugoslav communist government were sidelined.^[32] During this period Amfilohije made anti-Muslim and anti-Croat comments.^[33][34][35] In 1992, claims against Bosniaks, Croats and Albanians were made and repeated by high ranking Serb Orthodox clergy such as Amfilohije that the Serbs faced a genocide from them through a global conspiracy assisted by the Vatican City and Germany.^[36] In the early 1990s, Amfilohije and Bishop Vasilije Kačavenda deepened religious and ethnic divisions during the Yugoslav Wars and alleged that a global conspiracy existed against the SOC.^[37] Amfilohije stated that the "natural space" of the Serbs lay with the Orthodox East and that they needed to fight the Protestant and Catholic West and also Islam, as according to him "without death there will be no resurrection".^[38]

Amfilohije became a prominent contributor to debates regarding identity and sovereignty issues of Montenegro.

The MOC attempted to characterise Amfilohije as a "dangerous fundamentalist" that wanted to impose the SOC upon all Orthodox Montenegrins and autocephalists viewed him as part of an "anti-Montenegrin" assimilation campaign.^[41][18][42] Protests by Montenegrin autocephalists were held against Amfilohije, sometimes in places when he was present such as at the inauguration ceremony for the Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection in Podgorica and the interruption of a conference of Montenegrin academia honouring Petar II Petrović-Njegoš.^[43] The Montenegrin opposition viewed Amfilohije and his supporters as agents of a "Greater Serbian project" and accused the metropolitan of wanting to maintain ecclesiastical control over all churches in Montenegro.^[44]

Early on Amfilohije supported Milošević, his policies and the Serbian nationalist standpoint during the breakup of Yugoslavia and wars that took place in Croatia and Bosnia.^[39][40][20] During a 1990 interview with Serbian newspaper NIN, Amfilohije stated that Milošević should be "commended" as he understood "the vital interests of the Serb people" and that "if they continue as they started, the results will be very impressive."^[45] In another interview with the foreign media Amfilohije said that the Kosovo jubilee of the late 1980s made Serbia demonstrate "a national unity, unseen probably since 1914."^[45] In comments made to a Kosovo Serb newspaper Jedinstvo in 1990, Amfilohije acknowledged the self determination of Slovenes and Croats to statehood and said the Serbs should do likewise adding that "reconciliation over the graves of innocents" was impossible "until the Croatian people renounce the evil".^[46]

In anticipation of an invasion by Yugoslav troops of southern Croatia, the SOC, represented on the ground by Amfilohije conducted a religious ceremony (17 February 1991) in a historic Orthodox church on the Prevlaka peninsula on the Croatia-Montenegro border.^[47] During the siege of Dubrovnik, Amfilohije played the gusle (a stringed instrument) and sang verses to Yugoslav Montenegrin troops from the epic poem "Battle of Mojkovac".^[39][48][20] He made many visits to Serb soldiers in Bosnia to give his support.^[4] Amfilohije often praised the wartime Bosnian Serb leadership such as Biljana Plavšić, whom he labelled the "Kosovo Maiden", and Radovan Karadžić.^[39][20] Amfilohije invited the Serb paramilitary leader Željko Ražnatović Arkan and his group the Tigers, a paramilitary group on two separate occasions to guard the Cetinje Monastery in 1991 and 1992.^[4][20][49] On the second of those visits during Orthodox Christmas Eve (1992), Montenegrin autocephalists had assembled at King Nikola's Square and Arkan with his Tigers were present at the monastery where Amfilohije told the gathered crowd that "Skadar would be Montenegrin again".^[39][4]

At the time Amfilohije was also involved as an arbiter in external and internal conflicts within and between Serbian political parties in

On 18 June 2005, a small corrugated iron church was placed by a helicopter atop the summit of Mount Rumija by the 172nd Airborne Brigade of the Serbian and Montenegrin Army of Podgorica at the request of the Council Church of Podgorica, a dependent of the Orthodox Serb Metropolitan of Montenegro.^[61][62] The symbolic action aimed at demonstrating the dominance of the SOC over other religions and to support the Serbian character of Montenegro, the event also revealed the close links between Amfilohije and the army.^[61] The SOC stated that a former church existed some 500 years in that location which was destroyed by the Ottomans.^[61] The action was criticised in Montenegro by public figures such as Andrej Nikolaidis who stated there never was a church in that location and Amfilohije received negative press from a part of Montenegrin media of appropriating the site for one faith to the exclusion of others and generating inter religious disharmony.^[61][62] In a letter addressed to Đukanović, Amfilohije stated that any removal of the church would be an act of vandalism.^[62]

After the independence of Montenegro (since 2006)

During the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, Amfilohije supported the continuation of Serbian–Montenegrin unionism and was an important figure in the campaign for unity.^[63] In Montenegro, Amfilohije was viewed as a more able articulator for the interests of Montenegrin Serbs than politicians of the time.^[63] Amfilohije protested an attempt in 2006 by the MOC to storm a church near Cetinje and stated that he thought the Montenegrin government were behind the actions of the MOC.^[63][64] A future unification of all Orthodox churches within Montenegro was opposed by Amfilohije.^[65] Montenegrin politician Ranko Krivokapić was a major rival of Amfilohije.^[65][66] During May 2011, Amfilohije was charged with hate speech and underwent a court trial in Podgorica, due to comments made toward people who wanted to remove a church located at Mount Rumija.^[65][66] The trial lasted until November 2012, where Amfilohije rejected the charges against him and later at the conclusion of his case he received a caution from the court.^[65][66] During 2013, Amfilohije attempted to have Petar II Petrović-Njegoš declared a saint, yet those efforts were opposed by Montenegrin authorities and the SOC synod.^[66] At the Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection in Podgorica, the image of Amfilohije is featured among the frescoes.^[66]

In 2008,

On 8 October 2014, at a church celebration in

As of late December 2019, the newly proclaimed Law on Religious Communities in Montenegro, which

Death and legacy

See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion § Eastern Orthodoxy

On 7 October 2020, Amfilohije tested positive for COVID-19 during its pandemic in Montenegro.^[89] He appeared to recover initially, and, on 20 October, tested negative for COVID-19. However, the situation worsened sharply on 29 October, when he developed shortness of breath. The head of the Pulmonology Clinic of the Clinical Center, Jelena Borovinić, stated on 29 October that the health condition of Metropolitan Amfilohije was difficult and that he was "placed in the mode of invasive ventilation". She explained that the deterioration of Amfilohije's health condition occurred after pneumonia developed, due to complications caused by COVID-19. He died on 30 October 2020 in Podgorica, Montenegro, at the age of 82.^[90]

Serbian Ambassador to Montenegro Vladimir Božović confirmed the media rumors that the Serbian government offered to transfer Amfilohije to Serbia for treatment, while the Metropolitan was treated at the local hospital in Cetinje, the Metropolitan thanked him and said he wanted to stay in Montenegro and share the fate of all other Montenegrin people.^[91]

Metropolitan Amfilohije was, at his own request, buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ in Podgorica in a resting place prepared for his lifespan.^[92] Amfilohije has begifted his personal library, consisting of several thousands books, to the medieval Stanjevići monastery.^[93] Noted Serbian poet Matija Bećković wrote a poem in his honour.^[94]

Despite to the Montenegrin government's bans on mass public gatherings due to the spread of COVID-19 virus, in front of the Podgorica Cathedral, there were thousands of believers present, as well as heads of the Orthodox Church in

Joanikije of Budimlja and Nikšić, Serbian Patriarch Irinej, Montenegrin Prime Minister-designate Zdravko Krivokapić, President of the Parliament of Montenegro Aleksa Bečić, as well as Serbian poet and Amfilohije's close friend Matija Bećković.^{[95][96][97][98]}

In a telegram of condolences, Belgrade Chief Mufti Mustafa Jusufspahić paid his respects to the late Metropolitan, recalling the events during the nationalist protests in Belgrade during May 2004, when the Bajrakli Mosque was attacked, and when only Metropolitan Amfilohije stood in front of the unbridled mass defending the sanctuary, "defending good from evil in all of us".^[99]

He donated his last pension to a poor priest who was working on several books in Belgrade.^[100]

Zdravko Krivokapić, the Prime Minister-designate of Montenegro, publicly asked the outgoing Government of Duško Marković to declare a day of mourning on the occasion of the death of the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral, which the government refused to do; meanwhile, several municipalities of Montenegro declared a day of mourning at the local level: Andrijevica, Budva, Berane, Kotor, Herceg Novi, Tivat and Plužine.^[101]

Serbian Patriarch Irinej tested positive for COVID-19 after attending, as well as presiding over, the open casket funeral for Amfilohije, which saw few among a large attendance, including the clergy who provided liturgy, wear safety masks.^[102][103] Those attending the funeral, which was held on 1 November, also did not keep their social distance and agreed to abide by the tradition of walking up to an open casket to kiss a deceased Eastern Orthodox cleric's hands and forehead.^[102][103] Irinej died 19 days after the funeral due to coronavirus, on 20 November.^{[102][103][104]}

Public opinion

Amfilohije as a metropolitan understood Montenegrin sentiments and the social currents of Montenegro.

cottage industry arose around criticising Amfilohije in the 1990s.^[105] The MOC has engaged in a public relations campaign aimed at what they considered to be the negative aspect of Amfilohije's character.^[18] Those efforts have included the MOC publishing a book by Vešeljko Koprivica about Amfilohije called Amfilohijeva sabrana ne djela (Misdeeds of Amfilohije) that attempts to portray the metropolitan as a Serb nationalist that stirred conflict during the breakup of Yugoslavia and its wars.^[18][105]

The role of Amfilohije in the political and social life of Montenegro has been denounced as a supporter of "militant Greater Serbian politics" and "ideas that lead to war" by his ideological opponents.[106]^[105][54] In the rivalry between Amfilohije of the SOC and Metropolitan Miraš Dedeić of the canonically unrecognized MOC have often exchanged personal slurs and both have become representatives of the Serb and Montenegrin factions within the country.^[107] Supporters of Amfilohije are calling him "Đedo" (the Grandfather).^[108]

Amfilohije's supporters have claimed that more churches and monasteries have been built and rebuilt during his rule than during the Nemanjić dynasty.^[109]

Awards

Selected orders and medals

• Commemorative Medal of
  Bartholomew I of Constantinople, 1991^[110]
• Medal of the
  Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem commemorating 2000 years of Christianity, 2000^[110]
• Order of Lomonsov, The national committee of state awards of the Russian Federation, 2001[110]
• Medal of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem commemorating 1500 years of Mar Saba, 2002^[110]
• Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, I Degree, Russian Academy of Military Science, 2003^[110]
• Order of the St. Cyril of Turov, Belarusian Orthodox Church, 2008^[110]
• Order of Saint Prince Vladimir,
  Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 2012^[110]
• Order of The Holy Great Martyr George, Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić, 2013^[110]
• Order of King Peter of the Society for Nurturing the Traditions of the Liberation Wars of Serbia until 1918, 2014^[110]
• Medal of Orthodox Spiritual Academy of St. Petersburg of Saint John the Apostle, 2015^[110]
• Commemorative Medal of Vergina, Greece

Honorary degrees

• Moscow Theological Academy, 2006^[111]
• The Institute of Theology at the Belarusian State University in Minsk, 2008
• St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris, 2012^[112]
• Saint Petersburg Theological Academy, 2015^[113]

Selected works

Amfilohije's bibliography consists of more than 1000 units^[114] and his selected works have been published in 36 volumes.^[115] Together with bishop Atanasije Jevtić, Amfilohije translated the Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament to Serbian.^[116]

His selected works include Tajna Svete Trojice po učenju Grigorija Palame (1973), study in Greek, doctorate dissertation. Smisao liturgije (1974), study in Greek. Tumačenje Starog zaveta kroz vekove (1979), Belgrade. Sinaiti i njihov značaj u Srbiji XIV vijeka (1981), study. Filokalijski pokret XVIII i početkom XIX vijeka (1982), study. Osnove pravoslavnog vaspitanja (1983), studies. Duhovni smisao hrama Svetog Save (1987), Belgrade. Vraćanje duše u čistotu (1992), Podgorica Istorijski presjek tumačenja Starog zavjeta (1995), Nikšić. Sveti Petar Cetinjski i rat (1996), essay in edited book: The Lamb of God and the Beast from the Abyss

Selected translations (mostly from Serbian to Greek and vice versa) Kasijana by Nikolaj Velimirović, 1973 (Serbian to Greek)[110] Žitije Svetog Simeona i Save by Justin Popović, 1974[110] Starac Arsenije Kapadokijski, 1987[110] Od maske do ličnosti, 1993[110] Premudrosti Solomonove ( Wisdom of Solomon), 1995[110] Azbučni Otačnik, 1995[110] Knjiga Premudrosti Isusa sina Sirahova (Book of Sirach), 2007[110] Eight deuterocanonical books of the Additions to Esther, 2 Esdras, Judith, Sirach, Baruch, Tobit, Letter of Jeremiah, Additions to Daniel), 2011-2012[110] Mitropolit pergamski Jovan Zizjulas[110]

References

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Sources

• Buchenau, Klaus (2014). "The Serbian Orthodox Church". In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.). Eastern Christianity and politics in the twenty-first century. Routledge.
  ISBN 9781317818656
  .
• Šístek, František (15 September 2011). "Clericalization of Nationalism. Interpreting the Religious Rivalry between Serbian and Montenegrin Orthodox Churches, 1989–2009". Spaces and Borders. pp. 117–130.
  ISBN 978-3-11-022813-7
  .
• Stamatović, Aleksandar (1999). "Mitropolit Amfilohije Radović i naše vrijeme". Kratka istorija Mitropolije Crnogorsko-primorske (1219-1999) (in Serbian). Rastko.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amfilohije Radović.

• Metropolitan Amfilohije (Radovic) of Montenegro and the Coastlands
• Documentary film about the life of Metropolitan Amfilohije

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Visarion (Kostić)	Bishop of Banat 1985–1990	Succeeded by Atanasije (Jevtić)
Preceded by Danilo (Dajković)	Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral 1990–2020	Succeeded by Joanikije (Mićović)