Amflora
Amflora | |
---|---|
Granule bound starch synthase, neomycin phosphotransferase II |
Amflora (also known as EH92-527-1) is a genetically modified potato cultivar developed by BASF Plant Science. "Amflora" potato plants produce pure amylopectin starch that is processed to waxy potato starch. It was approved for industrial applications in the European Union on 2 March 2010 by the European Commission.[2] In January 2012, the potato was withdrawn from the market in the EU.
History
Originally registered on 5 August 1996, Amflora was developed by
After the European Commission's approval of the potato, BASF announced it was going to produce Amflora seed starting in April 2010 in Germany's Western Pomerania (20 ha) and Sweden (80 ha). It also announced it was planting 150 ha in the Czech Republic "for commercial aims with an unnamed partner."[3]
Due to lack of acceptance of GM crops in Europe, BASF Plant Science decided in January 2012 to stop its commercialization activities in Europe and would no longer sell Amflora there, but it would continue seeking regulatory approval for its products in the Americas and Asia.[4]
In 2013, an EU court annulled the approval of BASF's Amflora, saying that the EU Commission broke rules when it approved the potato in 2010.[5]
Biology
Industrial applications
Regular potato starch contains two constituent types of molecules: amylopectin (80 percent), which is more useful as a
After two decades of research efforts,[8] BASF's biotechnologists using genetic engineering succeeded in creating a potato, named "Amflora", where the gene responsible for the synthesis of amylose had been turned off, thus the potato is unable to synthesize the less desirable amylose.
Amflora potatoes would be processed and sold as starch to industries that prefer waxy potato starch with only amylopectin. Amflora is intended only for industrial applications such as papermaking and other technical applications.[9] Europe produces more than two million metric tons of natural potato starch a year, and BASF with its Amflora product hoped to enter into this large market.[7]
Other possible uses
According to
Political disagreements
Various
Reactions by Greek politicians
After Amflora's licensing by the European Commission on 2 March 2010, the
PASOK's MP Maria Damanaki accepted the decision of the European Commission, while Greek Agriculture Minister Katerina Batzeli said the production of Amflora will not be allowed in Greece.[14]
Licensing procedure
Amflora could not be sold within the European Union without approval, and its licence could only be issued after voting at the Council of Ministers of the European Union with a 74 percent threshold of support. Two rounds of voting were held, first by experts in December 2006 and then by the agricultural ministers in July 2007, but both failed to reach the 74 percent threshold. Although the voting was by secret ballot, The New York Times reported that Amflora was supported by the agricultural ministers of Germany and Belgium, and was opposed by the agricultural ministers of Italy, Ireland, and Austria, while the agricultural ministers of France and Bulgaria abstained from voting.[8]
After a licence was issued on 2 March 2010, BASF announced its intention to ask for approval of more varieties of genetically modified potatoes, such as the "Fortuna" potato.[3]
References
- ^ a b c "Notification for Placing the Potato Clone EH92-527-1, Being Genetically Modified for Increased Content of Amylopectin, on the Market" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ "European Commission approves Amflora starch potato - BASF - the Chemical Company - Corporate Website". Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ a b "GM potatoes: BASF at work". Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ James Kanter for The New York Times. January 16, 2012. BASF to Stop Selling Genetically Modified Products in Europe
- ^ Dunmore, Charlie (December 13, 2013). "EU court annuls approval of BASF's Amflora GMO potato". Retrieved February 26, 2015.
- ^ "GMO compass database". Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
- ^ a b http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/function/conversions:/publish/content/products-and-industries/biotechnology/plant-biotechnology/images/BASF_Plant_Science_Amflora.pdf[dead link]
- ^ a b c d Rosenthal, Elisabeth (July 24, 2007). "A Genetically Modified Potato, Not for Eating, Is Stirring Some Opposition in Europe". The New York Times.
- ^ Tagliabue, John (June 10, 2010). "A Potato Remade for Industry Has Some Swedes Frowning". The New York Times. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
- ^ "ΠΑΣΕΓΕΣ: Η Ευρ. Επιτροπή ενέκρινε την καλλιέργεια της μεταλλαγμένης πατάτας Amflora". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
- ^ "La Via Campesina | International Peasants' Movement". Via Campesina English. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "Να απαγορευτεί η καλλιέργεια της μεταλλαγμένης πατάτας Amflora από τους αγρότες της χώρας μας | Τάσος Κουράκης".
- ^ "Ενημέρωση".
- ^ "Amflora - 4/3/2010 7:00:00". Archived from the original on September 27, 2011.
Further reading
- "Potato Clone EH92-527-1", Summary Information Format (SNIF) for Products Containing Genetically Modified Higher Plants (GMHPs) (PDF), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, archived (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2012
- "Part II Summary", Application for Amylopectin Potato Event EH92-527-1 according to Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2006, retrieved August 17, 2011
- "Protocol", Event-specific Method for the Quantification of Amylopectin Potato Event EH92-527-1 Using Real-time PCR (PDF), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, archived (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2012