Amine Gemayel

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Amine Gemayel
Selim Hoss
Preceded by
Succeeded byMichel Aoun (disputed)

Selim Hoss
(acting)

René Moawad
Personal details
Born (1942-01-22) 22 January 1942 (age 82)
Bikfaya, Greater Lebanon
Political partyKataeb Party
Spouse
St. Joseph University
ReligionMaronite Catholicism
Websitewww.aminegemayel.org

Amine Pierre Gemayel (

Arabic: أمين بيار الجميٌل, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [ʔæmiːn ɪlʒmaj.jɪl]; born 22 January 1942) is a Lebanese politician who served as President of Lebanon
from 1982 to 1988.

Born in Bikfaya, his father was Pierre Gemayel, the founder of the Christian Kataeb Party (Also known as the "Phalanges"). He worked as a lawyer, then was elected as a deputy for Northern Metn in 1970 by-election, following the death of his uncle, Maurice Gemayel, and once again in the 1972 general election. At the start of the Lebanese Civil War, the Phalanges were a member of the Lebanese Front, allied with Syria against the leftist National Movement. However, Syria became their enemy, while they started receiving the support of Israel. This phase saw the rise of his brother, Bachir, who had disputes with Amine about the military leadership, such as uniting the Christian militias by force.

In 1982, Bachir was elected to presidency, but was assassinated before taking office. Endorsed by the United States and Israel, he was elected on 23 September as the eighth president. At the age of 40 years, he was the youngest president to take office.

He re-organized the

Mountain War. By the end of the conflict, the government suffered heavy defeat, and lost control over wide areas of Mount Lebanon. It was followed by February 6 Intifada
, where the army was expelled out of West Beirut, and disintegrated into sectarian groups.

As a result of heavy pressure, and the withdrawal of the multinational forces, Gemayel visited

Selim Hoss
as acting Prime Minister.

Right before his term expired, Gemayel dismissed the cabinet and formed a military government headed by

Taef Agreement
. Gemayel moved to Switzerland and later France, starting a self-imposed exile.

In 2000, he returned to Lebanon, and organized opposition to Syria, and the leadership of the Phalangist Party. He joined the Qornet Shehwan Gathering, and participated in the Cedar Revolution following the assassination of Rafic Hariri. In 2006, Pierre Gemayel, his son, who was a deputy in the parliament, was assassinated. He ran in the by-election, but lost against a Free Patriotic candidate. His other son, Samy, succeeded him as president of the Phalangist Party.

Early life and education

Gemayel descends from a

Paris Peace Conference in 1919 as a political representative of the Maronite Christian community in Lebanon.[1]

Gemayel obtained a law degree from the

St. Joseph University in Beirut in 1965.[1][3]

Career

Amine Gemayel began his career after his graduation practicing as an attorney in 1965.[1] He then concentrated on building up his family's newspaper business.[4] In a 1970 by-election, he was elected to succeed his deceased uncle, Maurice Gemayel, as a member of the National Assembly; he defeated Fuad Lahoud by a margin of 54% to 41%. In 1972, in the last election to be held for 20 years, he was reelected by a large margin.[citation needed]

While his younger brother Bashir was regarded as a political radical, espousing the expulsion of Palestinian guerrillas from Lebanese soil and a radical overhaul of the political system, and hinting at a possible peace settlement with Israel, Amine Gemayel was considered more moderate.[5] Always a consensus politician, he avoided, at least in his pre-presidential years, alienating Muslim politicians as his brother had done.[citation needed] When Bashir Gemayel was assassinated by a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, therefore, Amine was regarded as a natural choice to bring together both the supporters of his slain brother, and his Muslim opponents.

On 21 September 1982, he was elected the president of the republic. His term in office ended on 22 September 1988 (six years as per the Lebanese Constitution). He then joined the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University as a fellow and lecturer (1988–1989). He is affiliated with the University of Maryland as a distinguished visiting professor. From 1990 to 30 July 2000, he resided in Paris as an exiled leader of the opposition, and lectured extensively on Lebanon and the Middle East in various countries worldwide. Since July 2000, he has been living in Lebanon where he pursues his political agenda.

Presidency

Gemayel never promised the Israelis anything in order to be elected president, but he promised that he would follow the path of his brother Bashir whatever that path was. He left his post in the Kataeb Party after being elected president.[6] Once elected, he refused to meet any Israeli official.[1] With foreign armies occupying two-thirds of the country (Syria in the north and east, Israel in the south), and private armies independent of government control occupying most of the rest, Gemayel's government lacked any real power. His efforts to reach a peace settlement with Israel were stymied by Syria and by Muslim politicians at home. His government found itself largely unable to collect income tax, as warlords controlling the ports and major cities pocketed the tax take themselves.[citation needed] Many criticized Gemayel for not moving decisively enough to assert the authority of the government, but others have pointed out that with most of the country under foreign occupation, there was little that he could do.[citation needed] He managed to keep a semblance of constitutional order.

Amin Gemayel's Inauguration, Beirut 1982

This order began to unravel in 1988. Gemayel, whose term was due to end on 23 September, was constitutionally barred from reelection. Amine Gemayel opposed

Selim Hoss
, whom Gemayel had dismissed in favour of Aoun.

When Amine Gemayel took office, Lebanon was torn by Israel's invasion of June 1982, and its subsequent occupation of large areas of Lebanese territory. This made the withdrawal of Israeli troops a top priority on his political agenda. As head of state, he set himself three main objectives which still form the basis of his political activity today: (1) Reestablishing the independence and sovereignty of Lebanon; (2) Maintaining an effective dialogue between Lebanon's different communities and (3) Restoring and modernizing the institutions of the state.

In 1984, Amine Gemayel dissolved the "Arab Deterrence Force", which provided the legal framework for Syria's military presence since 1976;[3] and in 1985, he refused to ratify the so-called "Damascus Agreement" brokered by the Syrian government between the fending Lebanese chiefs of militias, which aimed at disintegrating any independent decision-making process in Lebanon.

US president Reagan meats with Lebanese president Amine Gemayel in White house

In 1987, he promulgated the law annulling the "Cairo Agreement" of 1969, which authorized the PLO to use Lebanon as a base for military operations against Israel, disregarding Lebanese sovereignty.

The Puma Scandal

Amine Gemayel was believed to be behind the purchase of what were supposed to be new, French-made Puma helicopters. That was in 1983. Then the planes were discovered to be used and Ukrainian-made, making them worth far less than original price (184 million francs, a rough equivalent of $80 million at the time). The deal was signed in Beirut in July of the year 1983 by Lebanese Defense Minister Issam Khoury and the “Société Francaise de Vente et Financement de Materiels Terrestres et Maritimes” (SOFRANTEM). Gemayel denied that he had any connection with the affair. According to the minutes of Parliament's session, published in the Official Gazette in 1994, Parliament held the French government responsible for the financial losses as a result of breaking the contract. Officials also held then Army Commander General Ibrahim Tannous responsible for “neglect” because an illegal military deal was sealed during his term of office. The minutes showed that Parliament also held Gemayel responsible, and that it referred the case to the state prosecutor for further investigation. This was all brought up in 2002 as part of investigations by a special parliamentary committee into former President Amin Gemayel's role in the Puma aircraft sale.[8]

Other activities

Apart from his political activities, Amine Gemayel established, in 1976, the "INMA Foundation", which coordinates several institutions dealing with social, political and economic issues concerning Lebanon and the Middle East.[9] He also founded "Beit-al-Mustakbal", (the house of the future), a think-tank and research center which published Haliyyat, a quarterly journal edited in Arabic, French and English, comprising a chronology of the main events in the area, press reports, and a series of essays.[9] In addition, he started a French-language daily newspaper entitled Le Reveil.[9]

Post-presidential years

US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
in February 2007.

Gemayel started a self-imposed exile for the next twelve years, living variously in Switzerland, France, and the United States. At first, he claimed that he was threatened by Syria, but he later published in his memoirs that Geagea threatened him with personal harm.[10]

In 1989, he joined

Qornet Chehwan Gathering
, a group of anti-government Christian politicians.

In 2003, Amine Gemayel attempted to act as an intermediary between U.S. President

Secretary General of the United Nations when Kofi Annan's term expired.[citation needed
]

After the Cedar Revolution the Kataeb factions were united under the leadership of Gemayel. After Gemayel's son Pierre was assassinated in November 2006, Amine ran for his late son's seat. Amine lost by a small margin to an unknown candidate presented by Michel Aoun as a member of the Free Patriotic Movement.[14]

In February 2008, Gemayel was appointed the president of the Phalange or Kataeb Party, replacing Karim Pakradouni, who resigned from office in 2007.[15]

Personal life

Gemayel married Joyce Tyan in December 1967. They had a daughter, Nicole, and two sons, Pierre and Sami. Pierre Gemayel was elected to Parliament in 2000, appointed to the Cabinet in 2005. He was assassinated by unidentified assailants in Jdeideh, a Beirut suburb, on 21 November 2006. Amine Gemayel angrily blamed Syria for the murder of his son.[16] He is fluent in French and English.

Publications

  • 1986: Peace and Unity (Colin and Smythe)
  • 1988: L'Offense et le Pardon (Gallimard), reflections on the events in Lebanon.
  • 1990: Méditations d'espoir (JC. Lattès), a series of lectures delivered in the United States in 1989.
  • 1992: Rebuilding Lebanon's Future, published by Harvard University (C.F.I.A.).

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Maroun, Pierre (February–March 2003). "Dossier: Amine Gemayel Former President of Lebanon". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 5 (2). Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  2. ^ Pronunciation of Amine Gemayel. Infoplease. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  3. ^ a b c Moubayed, Sami (October 2001). "Amin Gemayel Says His Family's History "Runs Parallel To Lebanon's"". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  4. ^ "A Favorable First Impression". Time. 1 November 1982. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  5. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Archived 19 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Bartleby. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  6. ^ "Anti-Gemayel 'front' formed in Lebanon". The Milwaukee Journal. 23 July 1983. Retrieved 23 March 2013.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Mark, Clyde R. (2005). "Lebanon". CRS Issue Brief for Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  8. ^ "Judiciary dredges up Gemayel's role in Puma scandal | News, Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". www.dailystar.com.lb. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  9. ^ .
  10. ^ "السيرة الذاتيّة لأمين الجميّل: عندما يصبح الارتهان للخارج "مقاومة" [11]". الأخبار (in Arabic). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  11. ^ "Gemayel Returns to Lebanon". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 2 (7). 5 August 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  12. .
  13. ^ "Gemayel on mission to ask Saddam to resign". DAWN.COM. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  14. ^ Opposition Wins Metn By-Election by narrow Margin, Gemayel Reaps Majority Maronite Votes. Naharnet, 6 August 2007. Retrieved on 22 February 2008
  15. ^ "Gemayel appointed president of Phalange Party". The Daily Star. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  16. ^ Gemayel murder leads to second 'Independence Intifada' Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Ya Libnan, 24 November 2006. Retrieved on 22 February 2008.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by President of Lebanon
1982–1988
Succeeded by
Selim Hoss

Acting