AmmTX3
Superfamily | Short scorpion toxins |
---|---|
Family | Scorpion toxins |
Subfamily | α-KTX15 |
Amino acid | ZIETNKKCQGGSCASVCRKVIGVAAGKCINGRCVCYP[1] |
Molecular weight | 3823.5 Da |
AmmTX3, produced by
Etymology and source
AmmTX3 (α-KTX15.3) is a peptide that can be isolated from the venom of Androctonus mauretanicus.
Chemistry
AmmTX3 has a molecular mass of 3823.5 Da and consists of a single chain of 37 amino acid residues. These residues are cross-linked by three disulfide bridges.[1] The toxin contains the dyad characteristic (K27 and Y36) that is found in pore-blocking potassium channel-specific toxins, and is therefore likely to act as a pore blocker.
AmmTX3 is a member of the α-KTX15 subfamily. This subfamily currently exists of six very homologous peptides, originating from scorpion venom: Aa1, AaTX1, AaTX2, AmmTX3, BmTx3 and Discrepin.[1][2] Toxins of the α-KTX15 subfamily all seem to have an effect on the A-type potassium current.
Target
AmmTX3 is a specific pore blocker of
Mode of action
By blocking specifically the Kv4 channels, AmmTX3 reduces the
While AmmTX3 nearly completely blocks the transient component of the A-type potassium current in cerebellar granular neurons at 0.5 μM, the sustained component of the current, which is thought to be Kv3.1 mediated, seems unaffected, in contrast to Aa1 and BmTX3.[1][2][4]
AmmTX3 is predominantly used in research setting, where it is often injected into specific brain areas to learn more about the role of Kv4 channels in those areas. For example, AmmTX3 possibly impairs the consolidation of spatial information and learning strategy through Kv4 channel inhibition, as found within rats in a radial-maze task.[6] AmmTX3 also increases spontaneous pacemaking frequency in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons[3]
Toxicity
The Ki of AmmTX3 was found to be approximately 131 nM when tested on striatal neurons in cell culture.[1] AmmTX3 has a small blocking effect on hERG channels with an IC50 of 7.9 ± 1.4 μM.[7]