Amur

Coordinates: 52°56′50″N 141°05′02″E / 52.94722°N 141.08389°E / 52.94722; 141.08389
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Amur River
)
Amur
Heilong
Map of the Amur watershed
EtymologyFrom Mongolian: amar ("rest")
Location
Countries
Cities
Physical characteristics
SourceOnon-Shilka
 • locationKhan Khentii Strictly Protected Area, Khentii Province, Mongolia
 • coordinates48°48′59″N 108°46′13″E / 48.81639°N 108.77028°E / 48.81639; 108.77028
 • elevation2,045 m (6,709 ft)
2nd sourceArgun
 • locationGreater Khingan, Hulunbuir, China
 • coordinates49°56′13″N 122°27′54″E / 49.937°N 122.465°E / 49.937; 122.465
Source confluence 
 • locationNear Pokrovka, Russia
 • coordinates53°19′58″N 121°28′37″E / 53.33278°N 121.47694°E / 53.33278; 121.47694
 • elevation303 m (994 ft)
MouthStrait of Tartary
 • location
Near Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
 • coordinates
52°56′50″N 141°05′02″E / 52.94722°N 141.08389°E / 52.94722; 141.08389
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length2,824 km (1,755 mi)[1][2]
Basin size1,855,000 km2 (716,000 sq mi)[1]
Width 
 • maximum5,000 m (16,000 ft)
Depth 
 • maximum57 m (187 ft)
Discharge 
 • locationStrait of Tartary, Sea of Okhotsk (near mouth)
 • average(Period of data: 1896–2004)11,330 m3/s (400,000 cu ft/s)[3]

357.4 km3/a (11,330 m3/s)

(Period of data: 1934–2012)10,929 m3/s (386,000 cu ft/s)

343 km3/a (10,900 m3/s) to 364 km3/a (11,500 m3/s)[2]
 • minimum514 m3/s (18,200 cu ft/s)
 • maximum30,700 m3/s (1,080,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationNikolayevsk-on-Amur, Russia (Basin size: 1,730,000 km2 (670,000 sq mi)[4]
 • average(Period of data: 1896–2004)10,100 m3/s (360,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationKhabarovsk, Russia
 • average(Period of data: 1896–2004)8,360 m3/s (295,000 cu ft/s)[3] (Period of data: 1940–2009)8,321 m3/s (293,900 cu ft/s)[5]
 • minimum4,360 m3/s (154,000 cu ft/s)[3]
 • maximum25,500 m3/s (900,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Basin features
River systemStrait of Tartary
Tributaries 
 • leftShilka, Zeya, Bureya, Amgun
 • rightArgun, Huma, Songhua, Ussuri
Amur
Russian name
Tâi-lô
Hik-lîng Kang
Manchu nameManchu scriptᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ
Romanization
Sahaliyan ula

The Amur River (

world's tenth longest river
.

The Amur is an important river for the

Name

The Russian name Amur comes the Tungusic term for “river”.[citation needed] Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia.[12]

Historically, it was common to refer to a river simply as "water". There are similar words for "water" or "river" in a number of Asiatic languages: e.g.mul ("water") in Korean, muren or mörön ("river") in Mongolian, and 水 midu > mizu ("water") in Japanese. The name "Amur" may have evolved from a root word for water, coupled with a size modifier for "Big Water".[13]

Its ancient Chinese names were Yushui, Wanshui and Heishui,

Black River.[1]

Course

The river rises in the hills in the western part of Northeast China at the confluence of its two major affluents, the Shilka and the Argun (or Ergune), at an elevation of 303 metres (994 ft).[15] It flows east forming the border between China and Russia, and slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about 400 kilometres (250 mi), receiving many tributaries and passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a major tributary, the Huma He.[16] Afterwards it continues to flow south until, between the cities of Blagoveshchensk in Russia and Heihe in China, it widens significantly as it is joined by one of its most important tributaries the Zeya.[17]

The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at the confluence with the

braided character, flowing north-northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The valley narrows after about 200 kilometres (120 mi) and the river again flows north onto plains at the confluence with the Amgun. Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream of which it flows into the Strait of Tartary.[18]

During years with heavy precipitation, the Amur river system is connected with the

arroyo of Mutnaya Protoka, and the water will meet the Argun River (Ergune) after about 30 kilometres (19 mi). The Amur Basin of the Kherlen River−Argun/Ergune River−Amur River system has a total length of 5,052 kilometres (3,139 mi) to its river mouth on the Sea of Japan.[19]

Tributaries

The largest tributaries of the Amur are, from source to mouth:[7][20]

There are also numerous lakes in the floodplain of the Amur. Some of the largest ones are Bolon, Khummi and Udyl.[21]

History and context

Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur:

Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred,[citation needed
] use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black River).

The Amur is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in, Chinese–Russian relations. The Amur became especially prominent in the period of the Sino–Soviet political split of 1956–1966.

For many[

Ulch), Mongol (Daur) people, some Ainu and, near its mouth, the Nivkhs.[22] For many of these groups, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century these peoples were not known to Europeans, and little known to the Han Chinese, who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens. The Chinese-language term Yúpí Dázi 魚皮韃子 ("Fish-skin Tatars") came to apply to the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins.[23]

A remnant of Yishiha's monuments at Tyr c. 1860

The Mongols, ruling the region as the Yuan dynasty, established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13th and 14th centuries; ruins of a Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr.[24]

During the reigns of the Yongle and Xuande Emperors (early-15th century), the Ming dynasty reached the Amur in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire to the northeast, which would later become known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and the early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government.[25][26] Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was later relocated during the Qing Dynasty.[27] In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria.[citation needed]

Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among Amur natives such as the Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais.[28]

Russian

Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons.[citation needed
]

Albazin is shown as Jaxa, the old (Ming) site of Aigun
as Aihom and the later, Qing Aigun, as Saghalien Oula.

At the time, the Manchus were busy with

Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands.[citation needed
]

Argun.[30] The Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur was viewed as a threat by the Qing.[31]

Nanai village along the Amur, north of Khabarovsk, 1895

The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of the river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860).[32]

Bridges and tunnels

Amur
Mongolian Cyrillic
Хар Мөрөн / Амар Мөрөн
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ
RomanizationSahaliyan Ula
Russian name
RussianАмур
RomanizationAmur

The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge with an overall length of 2,590 metres (8,500 ft), was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of the river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well.[citation needed]

Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed.

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[33] The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.[34] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.[35][36] Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",[37] and then 3rd quarter of 2021.[38]

Wildlife

Nanai men with dog sled on the Amur, 1895

It is believed there are at least 123 species of fish from 23 families inhabiting the Amur. The majority are of the

Amur maple and the Amur honeysuckle.[39]

Four species of the

Amur sturgeon, Sakhalin sturgeon and sterlet. The Kaluga and Amur sturgeon are endemic. The sterlet was introduced from the Ob in the 1950s.[40] This region is home to the Kaluga fish (Acipenseriformes
).

Direction

Flowing across northeast

Ice drift
on the Amur

The Amur has always been closely associated with the island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: "Sakhalin" derives from a

Karafuto" is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described the Amur in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890.[citation needed
]

The average annual discharge varies from 6,000 cubic metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) (1980) to 12,000 cubic metres per second (420,000 cu ft/s) (1957), leading to an average 9,819 cubic metres per second (346,800 cu ft/s) or 310 cubic kilometres (74 cu mi) per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with 30,700 cubic metres per second (1,080,000 cu ft/s) whereas the minimum discharge was recorded in March 1946 with a mere 514 cubic metres per second (18,200 cu ft/s).[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Muranov, Aleksandr Pavlovich; Greer, Charles E.; Owen, Lewis. "Amur River". Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  2. ^ .
  3. ^ a b c d e "DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN" (PDF). pp. 60–67.
  4. ^ "Variations of the Present-Day Annual and Seasonal Runoff in the Far East and Siberia with the Use of Regional Hydrological and Global Climate Models" (PDF).
  5. .
  6. ^ Liaoning province's archive, Manchu Veritable Record Upper Vol《滿洲實錄上函/manju-i yargiyan kooli dergi dobton》
  7. ^ a b c Амур (река в Азии), Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  8. ^ FishBase: Species in Amur. Archived 2019-02-18 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  9. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2012. Amur River. Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Topic ed. Peter Saundry
  10. .
  11. .
  12. ^ a b The fishes of the Amur River:updated check-list and zoogeography Archived 2020-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Source elevation derived from Google Earth
  14. . Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  15. . Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  16. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amur" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 899.
  17. ^ "Untitled Document".
  18. ^ "Река Амур in the State Water Register of Russia". verum.wiki (in Russian).
  19. ^ "Water of Russia - Khabarovsk Krai".
  20. .
  21. ^ Hölzl, Andreas (2018). "Udi, Udihe, and the language(s) of the Kyakala". International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction. 15: 111–146.
  22. ^ Головачев В. Ц. (V. Ts. Golovachev), «Тырские стелы и храм „Юн Нин“ в свете китайско-чжурчжэньских отношений XIV—XV вв.» Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine (The Tyr Stelae and the Yongning Temple viewed in the context of Sino-Jurchen relations of the 14-15th centuries) Этно-Журнал, 2008-11-14. (in Russian)
  23. on Google Books. pp. 158-159.
  24. ^ Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste (1735). Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise. Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. pp. 15–16. Archived from the original on 2009-07-02. Retrieved 2009-04-01. Numerous later editions are available as well, including one on Google Books Archived 2017-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of Aigun, as Aykom. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.
  25. ^ Forsyth 1994 Archived 2016-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, p. 214.
  26. ^ Du Halde (1735), pp. 15-16
  27. ^ Foust, Muscovite and Mandarin p. 245-250
  28. .
  29. ^ "The Convention of Peking of 1860 is concluded". Presidential Library. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  30. ^ Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade Archived 2013-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, China Daily, June 19, 2007.
  31. ^ Andrew Higgins (July 16, 2016). "An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, Between Russia and China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  32. ^ "Russia Completes Construction of First-Ever Rail Bridge to China", The Moscow Times, March 21, 2019, retrieved November 16, 2020
  33. ^ Россия и Китай соединили железнодорожный мост через Амур [Russia and China connected a railway bridge across the Amur] (in Russian), RBK Group, March 21, 2019, retrieved November 16, 2020
  34. ^ "Railway bridge over Amur river to China will be built by end of 2020, envoy says". TASS. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  35. ^ "Новости Хабаровска".
  36. ISSN 2076-3263
    .
  37. ^ Endemic sturgeons of the Amur River: kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrencki Archived 2020-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ "Amur at Komsomolsk". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2008-08-14.

Further reading

External links