Amyntas III of Macedon

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Amyntas III
King of Macedonia
First reign393/2 – 388/7[1]
PredecessorPausanias
SuccessorArgaeus II
Second reign387/6 – 370
PredecessorArgaeus II
SuccessorAlexander II
Born?
Died370 BC
Wives
IssueAlexander II
Perdiccas III
Philip II
Eurynoe (wife of Ptolemy of Aloros)
Archelaus
Arrhidaeus
Menelaus
Iphicrates (adopted)
FatherArrhidaeus, son of Amyntas
Motherunknown
ReligionAncient Greek religion

Amyntas III (

Ancient Greek: Ἀμύντας) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 393/2 to 388/7 BC and again from 387/6 to 370 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty through his father Arrhidaeus, a son of Amyntas, one of the sons of Alexander I. His most famous son is Philip II, father of Alexander the Great
.

Family

Polygamy was used by Macedonian kings both before and after Amyntas to secure marriage alliances and produce enough heirs to offset losses from intra-dynastic conflict.[2] Consequently, Amyntas took two wives: Eurydice and Gygaea. He first married Eurydice, daughter of Sirras and maternal granddaughter of the Lynkestian king Arrhabaeus, probably in a Macedonian effort to strengthen the alliance with both the Illyrians and Lynkestians or to detach the Lynkestians from their historical alliance with the Illyrians, after the Macedonian defeat by Illyrians or an Illyrian-Lynkestian invasion in 393 BC.[3][4][5][6] Through Eurydice, Amyntas had three sons, all of whom became kings of Macedonia one after the other, and a daughter: Alexander II, Perdiccas III, Philip II, and Eurynoe.

The Roman historian Justin relates several, possibly apocryphal, stories about Eurydice and Eurynoe. He claims that Eurynoe prevented her mother and her lover (unnamed, but likely Ptolemy of Aloros) from assassinating Amyntas late in his reign by revealing the plan to her father.[7] However, Eurynoe is not referred to by name in any other source and, moreover, is unlikely to have known the details of this supposedly secret plot.[2][8] According to Justin, Amyntas spared Eurydice because they shared children, but that she would later help murder Alexander and Perdiccas in order to place Ptolemy on the throne.[9] Alexander was in fact killed by friends of Ptolemy at a festival in 368 BC, but the extent to which Eurydice knew of or participated in this plot is opaque.[10] Perdiccas, on the other hand, assassinated Ptolemy in 365 BC only to be killed in battle by the Illyrians in 359 BC.[11]

Amyntas most likely married Gygaea soon after marrying Eurydice, because Gygaea's children made no attempt to claim the throne before the 350s BC, implying that they were younger than Eurydice's children.[12] Additionally, both Diodorus and Justin call Alexander II the eldest son of Amyntas.[13][14] Through Gygaea, Amyntas had three more sons: Archelaus, Arrhidaeus, and Menelaus. Unlike Eurydice's children, none of Gygaea's sons ascended to the throne and were all killed by their half-brother Philip II.[15]

Amyntas also adopted the Athenian general Iphicrates around 386 BC in recognition of his military services and marital ties with the Thracian king, Cotys I.[16]

Lineage and accession

Amyntas became king at a troubled time for Macedonia and the Argead dynasty. The unexpected death of his great-grandfather King

Archelaus, Perdiccas' son, ascended to the throne around 413 BC and allegedly murdered Alcetas and his son, thus eliminating that family branch as well.[20] However, Archelaus would himself be killed, possibly murdered, in 400 or 399 BC by his lover Craterus.[18] His death prompted another succession crisis, resulting in five kings ruling in less than seven years, with nearly all ending violently.[21] As Diodorus tells us, the younger Amyntas seized the throne at this point in 393/2 BC after assassinating the previous king Pausanias.[22] Following his accession, Macedonia experienced no major internal political problems for the entirety of Amyntas' reign.[23]

King of Macedon

Shortly after he became king in 393 or 392, he was driven out by the

Thessalians, he recovered his kingdom. Medius, head of the house of the Aleuadae of Larissa, is believed to have provided aid to Amyntas in recovering his throne. The mutual relationship between the Argeadae
and the Aleuadae dates to the time of Archelaus.

To shore up his country against the threat of the Illyrians, Amyntas established an alliance with the

Odrysians. Kotys had already married his daughter to the Athenian general Iphicrates
. Prevented from marrying into Kotys' family, Amyntas soon adopted Iphicrates as his son.

After the

Athenians' claim and joined other Greeks in voting to help Athens to recover possession of Amphipolis.[27][28]

With Olynthus defeated, Amyntas was now able to conclude a treaty with Athens and keep the timber revenues for himself. Amyntas shipped the timber to the house of the Athenian Timotheus, in Piraeus.

Amyntas died aged 50, leaving his throne to his eldest son, Alexander II.

See also

Citations

  1. ^ March, Duane (1995). "The Kings of Makedon: 399-369 B.C". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte: 280.
  2. ^ .
  3. ^ Carney 2019, pp. 27–28; Heckel, Heinrichs & Müller 2020, pp. 87, 273; King 2017, pp. 57, 64; Carney & Müller 2020, p. 391; Müller 2021, p. 36.
  4. .
  5. .
  6. .
  7. ^ Justin. "Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories". Translated by Watson, John Selby (1853), 7.4.7.
  8. ^ Hammond, N.G.L. (1979). A History of Macedonia Volume II: 550-336 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 183.
  9. ^ Justin 7.5.4-6
  10. ^ Greenwalt, William (2016). "Alexander II of Macedon". In Howe, Timothy; Müller, Sabine; Stoneman, Richard (eds.). Ancient Historiography on War and Empire. Oxbow Books. pp. 87–89.
  11. ^ Hammond 1979, p. 185-188.
  12. ^ Carney 2000, p. 47.
  13. ^ Diodorus Siculus. "Library". Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes. Vol. 4–8. Translated by Oldfather, C.H. Harvard University Press, 16.2.4.
  14. ^ Justin 7.4.9
  15. ^ Carney 2000, p. 39-42.
  16. ^ Borza 1990, p. 183.
  17. ^ Hammond 1979, p. 115.
  18. ^ a b Roisman 2010, p. 157-158.
  19. ^ Errington, R. Malcolm (1990). A History of Macedonia. University of California Press. p. 15.
  20. ^ Roisman, Joseph (2010). "Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Blackwell. p. 154.
  21. ^ Diodorus, "Library", 14.89.2.
  22. ^ Errington 1990, p. 29.
  23. ^
    OCLC 894227661
    .
  24. , 1986, page 479, "Molossi, Alcetas, who was a refugee at his court, Dionysius sent a supply of arms and 2,000 troops to the Illyrians, who burst into Epirus and slaughtered 15,000 Molossians. Sparta intervened as soon as they had learned of the events and expelled the Illyrians, but Alcetas had regained his..."
  25. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amyntas II". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 900–901.
  26. ^ Aeschines - On the Embassy 2.32
  27. ^ A history of Greece by George Grote

Bibliography

External links

Amyntas III of Macedon
Born:  ? Died: 370 BC
Preceded by
King of Macedon

393/2–388/7 BC
Succeeded by
Preceded by
King of Macedon

387/6–370 BC
Succeeded by