Anadenanthera peregrina
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Anadenanthera peregrina | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
Clade: | Mimosoid clade |
Genus: | Anadenanthera |
Species: | A. peregrina
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Binomial name | |
Anadenanthera peregrina | |
Range of Anadenanthera peregrina | |
Synonyms | |
Acacia angustiloba |
Anadenanthera peregrina, also known as yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica or calcium tree, is a perennial tree of the genus Anadenanthera native to the Caribbean and South America.[2] It grows up to 20 m (66 ft) tall, and has a thorny bark. Its flowers grow in small, pale yellow to white spherical clusters resembling Acacia (e.g. wattle) inflorescences. It is an entheogen which has been used in healing ceremonies and rituals for thousands of years in northern South America and the Caribbean.[3] Although the seeds of the yopo tree were originally gathered from the wild, increased competition between tribes over access to the seeds led to it being intentionally cultivated and transported elsewhere, expanding the plant's distribution through introduction to areas beyond its original native range.[4]
Related species
This plant is almost identical to that of a related tree, Anadenanthera colubrina,[5] commonly known as cebíl or vilca.[6] The beans of A. colubrina have a similar chemical makeup as Anadenanthera peregrina, with their primary constituent being bufotenin.[6]
Botanical varieties
Uses
Wood
The wood from A. peregrina produces very hard timber that is used for making
Toxicity
The beans (sometimes called seeds) and falling leaves are hallucinogenic and are toxic to cattle.
Chemical compounds
Chemical compounds contained in A. peregrina include:
- 2,9-dimethyltryptoline – plant[10]
- 2-methyltryptoline – plant[10]
- 5-MeO-DMT – bark,[10] bean
- 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine – bark[10]
- Bufotenin – plant[10] beans[11]
- Bufotenin-oxide – fruit,[10] beans[11]
- Catechol – plant[10]
- Leucoanthocyanin – plant[10]
- Leucopelargonidol – plant[10]
- N-Methyltryptamine – bark[10]
- Orientin – leaf[10]
- Saponarentin – leaf[10]
- Viterine – leaf[10]
The bark contains a high percentage of tannins, 587 mg CE/g extract.[14]
Entheogenic uses
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2007) |
Traditional usage
Some indigenous peoples of the
Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through bamboo tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms. Some tribes use yopo along with Banisteriopsis caapi to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of ayahuasca.
Effects
The first report of the effects of hallucinogenic snuff prepared from the beans of Anadenanthera peregrina dates back to 1496 when it was observed by Friar Ramon Pane, who was commissioned by Christopher Columbus, among the Taino Indians of Hispaniola. Pane's report was first published in 1511 in Martyr's descriptions of the New World. The description of its effects reads in part: "This kohobba powder," described as "an intoxicating herb, is so strong that those who take it lose consciousness; when the stupefying action begins to wane, the arms and legs become loose and the head droops." It is administered with a cane about one foot long of which they introduce one end "in the nose and the other in the powder and ...draw it into themselves through the nose". It worked quickly: "almost immediately they believe they see the room turn upside-down and men walking with their heads downwards". The administering witch-doctor took the drug along with his patients, intoxicating "them so that they do not know what they do and ... speak of many things incoherently", believing that they are in communication with spirits.[18]
Active constituents
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Bufotenin
The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% bufotenin.[19] At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated bufotenin[19] requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.
The
Dimethyltryptamine and 5-MeO-DMT
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2014) |
The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT.[19] The leaves and bark also contain small amounts of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds.[22][23][24]
At up to 0.04% (0.4 mg per gram) 5-MeO-DMT, an effective light 5 mg dose of insufflated 5-MeO-DMT would require over 12 grams of beans. It would be extremely difficult to insufflate such a quantity, as tolerance would likely develop before the 12-gram nasal intake could be completed. Individual sensitivity to 5-MeO-DMT varies. It has been documented that the threshold dose in some individuals is as much as 10 mg insufflated[25] requiring over 24 grams of beans for an effective dose of 5-MeO-DMT.
At up to 0.16% (1.6 mg per gram) DMT, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated DMT would require 25 grams or more. Because of its volume, it's likely to be impossible to insufflate the 25 grams of beans required to reach the active dose of DMT present in the beans. An extract of 25 grams of beans could contain up to 1,850 mg of bufotenin, a potentially dangerous dose. With insufflated freebase bufotenin, the maximum published safe dose used has been 100 mg.[19]
Unlike bufotenin, both DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively unstable and begin to degrade rather quickly. Schultes and colleges (1977) examined a 120-year-old bean collection and found 0.6% bufotenin with no DMT or 5-MeO-DMT present at all. They also examined a batch of beans that contained all three compounds when fresh, but found only bufotenin in the beans after only two years of storage.[20]
Oral usage
When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (
Use with MAOIs
Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with Banisteriopsis caapi, an herb containing monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).[20] Typically Banisteriopsis caapi is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.[20] Occasionally Banisteriopsis caapi is found mixed in with the snuff.[20]
See also
- Anadenanthera colubrina
- Cohoba
- List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
- Nu-nu, a psychotropic snuff used by Matsés people
- Psychedelic plants
References
- . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Anadenanthera peregrina - ILDIS LegumeWeb". www.ildis.org. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
- PMID 17610173.
- ^ a b "Anadenanthera peregrina - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
- PMID 29281656.
- ^ a b "Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina) seeds". Azarius. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
- ^ PDF Caracterização da Madeira de Angico-Vermelho Archived December 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ J.G. Architectural
- ^ FAO
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Dr. Duke's Archived February 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
- ^ a b c "UNO". Archived from the original on 2005-01-20. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
- ^ Medicina traditional Ergebnisse einethnomedizinischen ...(German) Archived February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-914171-51-8.
- PMID 29281656.
- S2CID 13153575.
- ^ Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1995 [full citation needed]
- S2CID 163915994.
- ^ EVANS-SCHULTES, Richard. "UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1969 Issue 4 - 003". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001
- ^ ISBN 0-7890-2642-2.
- ^ TiKHAL, Alexander Shulgin, 1997
- ^ Schultes 1976 [full citation needed]
- ^ Schultes 1977 [full citation needed]
- ^ Pachter et al. 1959 [full citation needed]
- ISBN 1-888755-02-4
Further reading
- ISBN 0-89281-979-0.