Anarchism in Bangladesh
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Anarchism |
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Anarchism in Bangladesh has its roots in the ideas of the
History
Bengal was largely stateless until the 6th century BCE, when the later
Bengali Renaissance
In the early 19th century, the
Debendranath's son
[L]ook at those who call themselves anarchists, who resent the imposition of power, in any form whatever, upon the individual. The only reason for this is that power has become too abstract—it is a scientific product made in the political laboratory of the Nation, through the dissolution of personal humanity.[6]
Bengali revolutionary movement
In 1905, the
In the wake of an assassination attempt on the Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, the
Bagha Jatin subsequently rose to the Jugantar leadership and developed a decentralised federated body of loose autonomous regional cells, which began to organize a series of actions throughout Bengal "to revive the confidence of the people in the movement",[13] Jatin undertook the armed robbery of banks using automobiles, 3 years before the similar crime spree committed by the Bonnot Gang.[14] After a number of assassinations attempts against colonial officials, the Governor-General of India Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound declared that: "a spirit hitherto unknown to India has come into existence (...), a spirit of anarchy and lawlessness which seeks to subvert not only British rule but the Governments of Indian chiefs..."[15][16] Jatin was eventually arrested in connection with the Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case and immediately suspended armed activity following his acquittal. Nevertheless, further assassinations were undertaken, with members of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinating two police officers in Mymensingh and Barisal.
Anushilan Samiti |
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Influence |
Anushilan Samiti |
Notable events |
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Despite the repression, the British colonial authorities were unable to stop the revolutionary activity, so they conceded to revert the partition in 1911,[17] reuniting the region under the Bengal Presidency.[18] But many Bengali revolutionaries had already been forced to flee from persecution by the British authorities, one of which was Tarak Nath Das, who joined Har Dayal in attempting organize Indian emigrants and educate them on anarchist ideas, going on to establish the Ghadar Movement.
During World War I, members of the Ghadar movement, Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar attempted to organize a mutiny against British rule. Jugantar seized arms from the Rodda company and used them to commit robberies in Kolkata. During the revolt, Bagha Jatin was killed in a firefight with police, while Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were caught up in the ensuing repression, which led to the widespread arrest, internment, deportation and execution of Bengali revolutionaries.[19] After the war, the government instituted the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, which extended the state of emergency, allowing the British authorities to carry out the preventive indefinite detention and incarceration without trial of people perceived to be part of the revolutionary movement.[20] This largely drove the Bengali revolutionary movement underground, with many of its leaders fleeing to Burma to escape the repression.[21]
In the 1920s, the
Attacks by the Bengali revolutionary movement continued into the early 1930s. In April 1930,
Pakistani Bengal
In 1947, the
Pakistani Bengal went through a period of repression, as the
Independent Bangladesh
After the liberation of Bangladesh,
The Communist Party participated in the opposition movement to the military rule of Hussain Muhammad Ershad, which finally came to an end in 1990.[33] The restoration of parliamentarism[34] brought with it the renewal of political freedoms for the Bangladeshi left-wing. But this also brought with it a crisis for the Communist Party, which now came to reckon with the Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The party fractured into a number of factions, one of which advocated the dissolution of the Communist Party and the reconstruction of the Bangladeshi left-wing along more democratic and libertarian lines.
In the 2000s, anarchist ideas began to spread throughout the Bangladesh workers' movement, particularly among workers in the tea and garment sectors. The
See also
References
- ^ Arnold, Sir Thomas Walker (1896). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. Archibald Constable and Co. pp. 227–228.
- ^ Andrew Clinton Willford (1991). Religious Resurgence in British India: Vivekananda and the Hindu Renaissance. University of California, San Diego, Department of Anthropology.
- ^ Bandyopadyay, Brahendra N. (1933) Rommohan Roy. London: University Press, p. 351.
- ^ Chaudhuri, Maitrayee. Feminism in India (Issues in Contemporary Indian Feminism) New York: Zed, 2005.
- OCLC 635928985.
- ^ Tagore, Rabindranath (1918). Nationalism. London: Macmillan Publishers. p. 11.
- ^ "Indian history: Partition of Bengal". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- ISBN 978-81-250-3684-5, pp. 248–249
- ISBN 978-9845123372
- OCLC 1129475950.
- OCLC 1129475950.
- ISSN 1932-362X. Archived from the originalon 7 March 2016.
- ISBN 9780883860380.
- ^ Rowlatt, Sidney Arthur Taylor (1918). Sedition Committee Report 1918. Calcutta, Superintendent government printing, India. p. §68-§69.
- ^ Minto Papers, M.1092, Viceroy's speech at First Meeting of Reformed Council, 25 January 1910
- ^ Das, M.N. (1964) India under Morley and Minto. George Allen and Unwin. p. 122.
- OCLC 858011609.
- OCLC 463062309.
- ISBN 978-0-7146-4580-3
- ISBN 978-0-7146-4580-3
- ISBN 978-1-84631-849-8
- ISBN 978-1-4051-9154-8
- ISBN 978-0-14-010781-4.
- ^ "Six-point Programme". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
- ISBN 978-1-317-68486-2. Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4438-9000-7.
- ISBN 978-1-4381-0485-0.
- ISBN 9781137526038.
- JSTOR 2643299.
- ISBN 9781135355760.
- ^ Planning Commission (November 1973). The First Five Year Plan (1973-78). Dacca: Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. pp. 48–49. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
- ISBN 978-113692-623-5.
- ^ "Communist Party of Bangladesh". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
- JSTOR 2645214.
- ^ Marriott, Red (28 October 2010). "Tailoring to Needs: Garment Worker Struggles". Insurgent Notes. No. 2. Journal of Communist Theory and Practice. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ a b "The Growth of Anarcho-Syndicalism in Bangladesh". Bangladesh Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation. 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ^ "Aims, Principles and Statues". Bangladesh Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation. 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- IWA-AIT.
External links
- Auraj - Bangladeshi anarchist publication
- Bangladesh Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
- Bangladesh section - The Anarchist Library
- Bangladesh section - Libcom.org